Final Exam Flashcards
Imitation can be seen in infants as young as:
2-3 weeks
What is telegraphic speech
Early utterances of young children such as , “Throw ball,” that contain only the words necessary to convey the message. Less important words, such as articles, are omitted
Temperament
A basic disposition; a child’s inborn characteristics that impact how he or she interacts with the world and forms the beginnings of personality
An individual who is obsessively neat, stingy, perfectionistic, and passive aggressive is:
fixated on the anal stage
Glenn is a new dad. According to the research presented in the textbook, he should do all of the following EXCEPT
b.
deliver punishment in a way that makes his child fear him
Jean has parents who have intense work demands. She is in day care 50 hours a week and is then picked up by a nanny. Her parents interact with her for only a few hours a day. Which outcome is most likely?
d.
Jean’s attachment to her parents is the strongest of all her attachments.
Why is it important to study child development from a multicultural perspective?
“Minority” Americans will become the majority in this century as Anglo-Americans become a smaller group proportionally
Different cultures have different belief systems, ways of interacting, and communication styles
Nonwhite children are often not included or are misrepresented in developmental research
All of the above
Specific bonds
6-7 months
Which of the following is true of children with rejected sociometric status?
These children are likely to exhibit a range of academic and social problems that persist into middle and high school
Enrolled in low quality child care
Have an increased risk of SIDS
Are more likely to be socially rejected
Show poorer academic progress than other children relative to their apparent ability
Are rated as having more behavior problems
all of the above
The degree to which the findings from a laboratory study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable reflects the study’s:
Internal Validity
What is pruning
The disposing of neural connections and abilites that are not relevant to the child’s particular culture and exerience
What is the importance of touch to babies?
In preemies, massage causes faster growth, calmer babies and better development.
Babies who are massaged daily develop movement earlier, sleep more soundly and have less colic.
A & B
What approach to language learning is supported by Noam Chomsky?
nativist approach
________ refers to a phenomenon in which the fetus is sometimes able to slow down the rate of growth when it senses environmental stresses and drops in nutrition.
Thrifty pehnotype hypothesis
Joanna understands that her conversational partner is using irony in telling a story. Joanna is showing an awareness of the ________ aspects of language
Pragmatic
Changes within a culture over time that lead to differences among your study groups are especially a problem for:
cross-sectional studies
Otitis media
It is a bacterial infection of the middle ear, the most commonly diagnosed disease among infants and preschool children.
It can cause a buld up of fluid that can produce a mild to moderate hearling loss lasting for months after the disease has been treated.
Young children with recurring infections may have difficulties with speech and language development.
All of the above
As an infant, Macie develops arm control before leg control. This is an example of: Answers: a. bilateral development b. antedistal development c. proximodistal development d. cephalocaudal development
Cephalocaudal development
Which of the following is true of Amala & Kamala’s language?
A&B
The younger girl, Amala, made promising progress towards speech, babbling and cooing noises that mark the first stage in a normal child’s learning to talk
Kamala, the older girl, showed much slower progress in learning language
Based on the sociometric method, how are controversial children rated by their peers?
many positive ratings and many negative ratings
Which of the following practices lead to increased empathy in children?
B&C
Responsive, nonpunitive parenting
Explaining to children the effect of their behavior on others
What type of parent would say: “Do it because I say so!”?
authoritarian
An individual who has strong characteristics that are considered feminine and strong characteristics that are considered masculine is described as:
Androgynous
Why is increased television watching associated with more problems with attention?
Watching television fosters development of brain circuits, or “habits of mind,” that result in increased aggressiveness, lower tolerance levels and decreased attention span, in lieu of developing language circuits in the brain’s left hemisphere
Television-watching deprives children of hours that could be spent fostering creativity, self-reliance, learning and social interaction
Television is a mentally passive activity
All of the above
Which theorist’s approach underlies most current theories of attachment?
Bowlby
Which of the following are examples of resiliency factors?
A secure attachment in infancy
A good sense of humor
A positive self-concept
All of the above
Teratogen
Environmental chemicals such as alcohol or other recreational drugs, medications, or environmental pollutants that can cause birth defects or threaten a fetus
What of the following is true of reactive attachment disorder (RAD)?
It is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts
It is the diagnostic term for a severe disorder of attachment that can affect children
It arises from a failure to form normal attachments to primary caregiving figures in early childhood
It can result from severe early experiences of neglect, abuse, abrupt separation from caregivers between the ages of six months and three years, frequent change of caregivers, or a lack of caregiver responsiveness to a child’s communicative efforts
All of the above
Which of the following is FALSE regarding premature infants?
.
The more immature the preterm infant is at birth, the higher the risk of medical problems just in infancy but not in childhood and beyond
What level of language proficiency is reached when someone learns a language well enough for academic success?
CALP
All of the following are hypotheses about infantile amnesia EXCEPT:
the traumatic experiences of infancy lead to repression of those painful memories
child who explores objects with her mouth is most likely in which Piagetian stage?
Sensorimotor
Perceptions of how one should behave as a girl or boy are referred to as:
Gender roles
What taste do infants prefer?
Sweet
Baby Stephan is participating in a study designed to test infants’ depth perception. The researchers place him on an apparatus, which consists of a large, transparent pane of glass with two checker-patterned displays below it. On the far side, the pattern is roughly 3 feet below to give the impression of a sudden drop-off. Baby Stephan is on a:
Visual Cliff
According to Gilligan, an individual in the postconventional stage of moral reasoning considers which of the following factors when making moral decisions?
Both care about the self and care about others
When rat mothers lick their offspring more, that increased care can turn on gene pathways that produce more neurotransmitters involved in reducing anxiety. This is an example of a(n): a. parent effect b. child effect c. epigenetic effect d. inducible effect
Epigenetic effect
Lucian grew up in a Romanian orphanage under conditions of severe deprivation. All of the following statements are true of extremely deprived children such as Lucien compared to typically developing children EXCEPT: a. less myelination b. smaller overall brain size c. reduced pruning d. reduced physiological activity
Reduced pruning
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to an organism’s ability to adjust to environmental changes. a. Sensitivity b. Plasticity c. Hardiness d. Malleability
Plasticity
How can alcohol impact the developing fetus?
Alcohol passes very quickly through the placenta to the fetus, and the unborn baby feels a drink almost as fast as a pregnant woman
It can lead to irreversible damage
It can lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
All of the above
Those low on emotional intelligence
a.
have difficulty understanding both their emotions and others’ emotions
b.
only have difficulty recognizing their own emotions
c.
too quickly recognize others’ emotions as well as their own
d.
only have difficulty inferring other’s emotional states
have difficulty understanding both their emotions and others’ emotions
What is the meaning of Dominant Inheritance?
Child inherits a genetic disease when one parent (who has the disease) passes along a single faulty gene
What is emotional regulation
The individual’s ability to soothe uncomfortable feelings, manage feelings of anger and frustration, and to otherwise handle his or her emotions
You want to study number concepts in infants. Your best choice of research methods would be to:
habituate an infant to 3 blocks, and see if dishabituation occurs when you show 1 block
Which of the following is true of Gilligan's theory of moral development? It is based on an ethic of justice It is based on an ethic of care It applies more to males than females All of the above None of the above
It is based on an ethic of care
________ neurons may play a role in emotional contagion by linking action and perception such that the same neurons fire when a person either expresses an emotion or observes that emotion in others.
Mirror
How does culture impact children’s emotional development?
An individual’s culture may call for the free expression of an emotion or hiding that emotion
The culture provides the structure for when it is considered appropriate or inappropriate to feel and express various emotions
The culture shows the child how and when to express their feelings appropriately
All of the above
True of preterm births
They have increased in the US over the last 20 years
In the developing world, these are usually due to the mother’s overall health and nutrition
Adolescents who are not fully physically mature have a higher liklihod of having a preterm baby
They are more likely when a woman is under great stress
All of the above
According to Vygotsky, what is scaffolding?
The means to access the zone of proximal development
Marion tells her friends to exclude Cindy from their group. When Cindy sits at their lunch table, the group ignores her. This illustrates:
Social aggression
What is the single best predictor of adult adaptation and success?
A child’s ability to get along with other children
Dr. Ha is interested in discovering whether children understand the difference between the following sentences: “Roy gave Lisa a cookie” and “Lisa gave Roy a cookie.” Dr. Ha’s research question focuses on:
Syntax
Jonathan is in Head Start. From research on the topic, you would expect that after participating:
He will show greater school readiness
Gracie is a 9-month-old in a high chair at the table. She sees her mother look at one of two books on the table. What is the most likely outcome?
Gracie will look longer at the book that is in the direction of her mother’s eye gaze.
Stanley inherits one allele for normally pigmented skin and one allele for albinism. Stanley would not display albinism because the allele for albinism is:
Recessive
If a child is exhibiting signs of an unfounded fear or phobia, this could be symptomatic of ____________ ?
Emotions that the child is internalizing within themselves
Dr. Ladd is a linguist. She tells her class that in all languages all sentences must have a verb. This supports which principle of language development? a. generativity b. linguistic determinism c. universal stimulus argument d. principles and parameters approach
Linguistic determinism
Which of the following is NOT a stage in minority identity development?
Uprooting
In order to protect children’s rights when they participate in research, studies usually are approved by a university’s:
IRB
Most children who are very short:
Are entirely healthy and normal
Parenting style is determined by the parent’s position along 2 dimensions which are:
Parental acceptance and parental rejection
Parental responsiveness and parental demandingness
Parental kindness and parental firmness
Parental security and parental insecurity
None of the above
Parental responsiveness and parental demandingness
You want to have some fun playing with your friend’s 3-week-old baby. You know that if you stick your tongue out at him several times, with clear pauses between each time, he will likely:
Imitate you and stick his tongue out
Why might a child be socially rejected?
A&B
The child is aggressive to others or creates disruption
The child may be of a different ethnic group or sex, is physically unattractive or handicapped, or is a newcomer to the classrooms
Gender-based toy preferences are evident by:
2 years of age
All of the following are risk factors for being the victim of peer aggression EXCEPT:
Having popular friends
Adolescents have some difficulties due to the late development of the prefrontal cortex which is in charge of:
All of the above Controlling impulses Inhibiting inappropriate behavior Organizing things Setting priorities
Until the middle ages, children in Western society were:
Considered infants until age 6 or 7
Frequently died at birth or soon after
Considered little adults after age 7
All of the above
Newborns prefer to look at:
Normal faces
Jose is an infant who shifts his attention away from a frightening image. This is an illustration of:
Emotional regulation
Colby is a challenging child. However, his mother is able to guide him well and they have a strong relationship. This represents:
goodness of fit
How does TV impact adolescent girls’ body image and self-concept?
The vast majority of girls want to look like a TV character
Girls often try to change their appearance to look like a TV character
A & B
Children raised in gay families:
Be as popular and as socially skilled as children raised in other families
Tend to be as emotionally well-adjusted as their peers
Are no more likley to have abnormal gender-role development
Are no more likely to themselves be gay than other children
All of the above
Teens who watch more tv
Are more likely to associate material items and wealth with happiness
Teens who prefer to watch more MTV are more sexually active than their peers
Males who watch more TV have a much higher rate of sexual activity
Teen girls who watch more music videos are more worried about their weight and attractiveness
All of the above
Ferdinand sees that his mother is anxious while interacting with a stranger. He, in turn, is less likely to want to interact with that stranger. This is an example of:
Social referencing
Compared to many other species, human newborns are born:
less physically developed and more helpless
Which of the following statements is true?
Vygotsky, but not Piaget, believed that cognitive development must be considered within broader sociocultural influences.
Eight-year-old Judy was brought to Dr. Jones’s clinical psychology practice by her parents for an assessment of her phobia of the dark. Dr. Jones decides to assess Judy’s fear by giving her a widely recognized IQ test that has established consistency using test-retest methods. Dr. Jones’s choice of assessment in this instance would be:
Reliable, but no valid
What was proven in the work of David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel who studied the brain development of cats?
A & C
If an eye on a normal kitten is sewn shut for at least the first 4 months after birth, the kitten will never be able to see normally in that eye when it is freed.
Lack of stimulation during the critical period for sight prevented the appropriate development of connections between the visual cortex and the eye.
ADHD seems to negatively impact: a. orienting, alerting, and executive functioning b. orienting and executive functioning c. orienting and alerting d. alerting and executive functioning
alerting and executive functioning
The fundamental attribution error leads people to:
attribute negative behaviors in others to trait-like dispositions but the same behavior in themselves to situations
What is one of the major factor that can affect children’s reactions to divorce?
The amount of hostility between the parents
Which groups of children tend to particularly benefit from high quality child care?
Poor children
Children whose mothers are less educated
Minority children
All of the above
As described by Moro and others, when a baby experiences a lack of support, she will:
flare her arms out and then close back around her center
Alden, a 5-year-old, watches a great deal of violent television. He thinks physical fights are normal. This illustrates:
Desensitization
What is the function of the limbic system?
None of the above
What is the importance of BICS in second language acquisition?
It is the individual’s ability to communicate basic needs and wants and carry on basic interpersonal conversations
It develops within the fist 1 to 3 years of an individual’s immersion ina new language
It is insufficient for academic success which requires CALP
All of the above
________ refers to a mental representation of the self and others and how they might interact in different circumstances.
Internal working models
A researcher presents a child with two identical glasses of water. She then pours one of the glasses into a tall glass beaker and asks the child if the amount of water has changed. This illustrates a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ task. a. symbolic representation b. conservation c. transitive reasoning d. object substance
Concervation
Michelle has gone from feeling good to having a flushed face and feeling warm. Based on these early cold symptoms, you would say she has had
Qualitative change in how she feels
Stacy shows her child a great deal of warmth. She responds to her child’s needs and changing emotions. Stacy is high on which component of parenting?
Nurturance
“Dog,” “s,” and “pre” are all examples of:
Morphemes
Indulgent or permissive parents:
Are associated with children who are less mature, more irresponsible, conforming to peers and lacking in leadership
According to Rousseau, the primary goal of child rearing should be:
To shield children from society’s corrupting influences
What of the folowing is true of myelin?
It is a fatty substance that coats the axons of nerve fibers and acts as an electrical insulator.
It improves the speed and efficiency of transmission of electrical signals.
It requires a high level of fat intake for development in early childhood.
Poor myelination may contribute to seizures.
All of the above
The ability to think about other people’s beliefs and desires is known as:
Theory of mind
Who said, “It is best to think of the child’s mind as a tabula rasa, a blank slate, and whatever comes into the mind comes from the environment?”
Locke
According to Bandura, what conditions are necessary before an individual can successfully model the behavior of someone else?
Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation
Physicians routinely examine reflexes in infants because they can:
reliably inform physicians about nervous system problems
Which of the following is true of Klinefelter Syndrome?
It is a common chromosomal abnormality affecting males
Males with this disorder tend to have a “pear like” body shape and most develop gynecomastia in puberty (male breasts)
Individuals with this disorder have underdeveloped testes that cannot produce sufficient quantities of the male hormone testosterone and, as a result, they lack development of normal male secondary sexual characteristics (Lack of facial and body hair & normal male musculature)
Individuals with this disorder often have less interest in sex than the typical male and generally do not produce enough sperm to allow them to become fathers
All of the above
Vygotsky stressed which of the following?
Language
Which of the following parent factors increase the likelihood of a parent abusing their child?
Lack of skills in soothing children
What is race dissociation?
A common phenomenon in preschool minority children
Ocurs when a minority child indicates preference for the majority culture or values
Is due to the powerful influence of the dominant culture
Does not mean a child has poor self-esteem or a negative view of their minority group
All of the above
Type “A” (Avoidant attachment) insecure-avoidant infants often have parents who:
Are insensitive to the infant’s cues, especially rejection of proximity seeking behavior
A monkey is put in a cage with two surrogate mothers: a wire-frame mother, which supplied milk, and a terry-cloth mother, which supplied no nutrition. The monkey will likely:
terry-cloth mother
Families from historically oppressed groups:
A & B
Have more often lived in extended families
More often pool their resources and sacrificed individual goals for the good of the family
Metacognition is the ability to:
think about our own minds and what we know
Which of the following is true about cochlear implants?
The earlier the patient receives the cochlear implant, the more normal will be her ability to distinguish between different speech sounds.
Gina is able to think flexibly and solve new problems she encounters. She has very good:
fluid intelligence
Your young daughter seems to be 1 month late in reaching the milestone of walking independently. Friends ask you if you’re worried that her motor development overall is stifled. With what you know about infant motor development, you would respond that there is a:
range for age-appropriate motor skills, and one skill is not necessarily linked to others
Type “C” (Ambivalent/resistant attachment) Insecure-resistant infants often have parents who:
are unpredictable and inconsistent in meeting their needs
According to your online lecture, which of these is NOT one of the seven correlates of effective schools?
high grades
Carroll’s three-stratum theory is composed of:
a.
g, broad abilities, and narrow abilities
b.
narrow abilities, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence
c.
g, verbal abilities, and performance abilities
d.
g, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence
g, broad abilities, and narrow abilities
What is the most serious and common difficulty of low birthweight and preterm infants?
Difficulty breathing and respiratory distress
Which of the following is true of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)?
It may be related to sleep apnea
It is less likely when an infant sleeps on his or her back
It is the most common cause of death among US infants aged 1 to 6 months
Exposure to cigarette smoke is a majr risk factor
All of the above
Allie, a 7-year-old, sees two rows of pennies of equal length. The experimenter spreads out one row and asks Allie if they have the same number. Allie says they do have the same number and one row just has more space between pennies. What stage is Allie in?
concrete operational period
Piaget believed infants make the A-not-B error because they cannot:
fully mentally represent unseen objects
What does Bronfenbrenner mean by the term “ecology” in Ecological Systems Theory?
The settings and institutions that influence the growing human being…the many different settings which affect development
Teen mother
Are more likely to drop out of school
Are more likley to work more hours for lower pay
A & B
What was the outcome of the Skeel’s study?
The girls reared in the orphanage lost intelligence and had much poorer long term outcomes
The girls reared in an institution for the mentally handicapped by a mother surrogate became brighter and had much better long term outcomes
Mental stimulation and emotional connection were found to result in IQ gains
All of the above
Marsha is the oldest child in her family, Katina is the middle child, and Sally is the baby. Research suggests that:
Marsha will likely have the highest intelligence score
A white individual at a low level of ethnic identity development:
Lacks a racial identity and may see himself or herself as a generic “person”
Sees minority individuals as “different” from the norm
May say, “I don’t notice what a person’s race is.“
All of the above
Assimilation
The process of taking in new information by incorporating it into an existing schema
Children are more likely to drop out of school when
They go to schools with rigid rules
Their school requires a competency exam
They believe that school faculty have little interest in them
They have frequently moved and changed schools
All of the above
