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Child Development > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Imitation can be seen in infants as young as:

A

2-3 weeks

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2
Q

What is telegraphic speech

A

Early utterances of young children such as , “Throw ball,” that contain only the words necessary to convey the message. Less important words, such as articles, are omitted

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3
Q

Temperament

A

A basic disposition; a child’s inborn characteristics that impact how he or she interacts with the world and forms the beginnings of personality

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4
Q

An individual who is obsessively neat, stingy, perfectionistic, and passive aggressive is:

A

fixated on the anal stage

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5
Q

Glenn is a new dad. According to the research presented in the textbook, he should do all of the following EXCEPT

A

b.

deliver punishment in a way that makes his child fear him

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6
Q

Jean has parents who have intense work demands. She is in day care 50 hours a week and is then picked up by a nanny. Her parents interact with her for only a few hours a day. Which outcome is most likely?

A

d.

Jean’s attachment to her parents is the strongest of all her attachments.

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7
Q

Why is it important to study child development from a multicultural perspective?

A

“Minority” Americans will become the majority in this century as Anglo-Americans become a smaller group proportionally
Different cultures have different belief systems, ways of interacting, and communication styles
Nonwhite children are often not included or are misrepresented in developmental research
All of the above

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8
Q

Specific bonds

A

6-7 months

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9
Q

Which of the following is true of children with rejected sociometric status?

A

These children are likely to exhibit a range of academic and social problems that persist into middle and high school

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10
Q

Enrolled in low quality child care

A

Have an increased risk of SIDS
Are more likely to be socially rejected
Show poorer academic progress than other children relative to their apparent ability
Are rated as having more behavior problems
all of the above

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11
Q

The degree to which the findings from a laboratory study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable reflects the study’s:

A

Internal Validity

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12
Q

What is pruning

A

The disposing of neural connections and abilites that are not relevant to the child’s particular culture and exerience

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13
Q

What is the importance of touch to babies?

A

In preemies, massage causes faster growth, calmer babies and better development.
Babies who are massaged daily develop movement earlier, sleep more soundly and have less colic.
A & B

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14
Q

What approach to language learning is supported by Noam Chomsky?

A

nativist approach

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15
Q

________ refers to a phenomenon in which the fetus is sometimes able to slow down the rate of growth when it senses environmental stresses and drops in nutrition.

A

Thrifty pehnotype hypothesis

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16
Q

Joanna understands that her conversational partner is using irony in telling a story. Joanna is showing an awareness of the ________ aspects of language

A

Pragmatic

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17
Q

Changes within a culture over time that lead to differences among your study groups are especially a problem for:

A

cross-sectional studies

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18
Q

Otitis media

A

It is a bacterial infection of the middle ear, the most commonly diagnosed disease among infants and preschool children.
It can cause a buld up of fluid that can produce a mild to moderate hearling loss lasting for months after the disease has been treated.
Young children with recurring infections may have difficulties with speech and language development.
All of the above

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19
Q 
As an infant, Macie develops arm control before leg control. This is an example of:		
Answers:	a. 
bilateral development
	b. 
antedistal development
	c. 
proximodistal development
	d. 
cephalocaudal development
A

Cephalocaudal development

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20
Q

Which of the following is true of Amala & Kamala’s language?

A

A&B
The younger girl, Amala, made promising progress towards speech, babbling and cooing noises that mark the first stage in a normal child’s learning to talk
Kamala, the older girl, showed much slower progress in learning language

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21
Q

Based on the sociometric method, how are controversial children rated by their peers?

A

many positive ratings and many negative ratings

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22
Q

Which of the following practices lead to increased empathy in children?

A

B&C
Responsive, nonpunitive parenting
Explaining to children the effect of their behavior on others

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23
Q

What type of parent would say: “Do it because I say so!”?

A

authoritarian

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24
Q

An individual who has strong characteristics that are considered feminine and strong characteristics that are considered masculine is described as:

A

Androgynous

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25
Q

Why is increased television watching associated with more problems with attention?

A

Watching television fosters development of brain circuits, or “habits of mind,” that result in increased aggressiveness, lower tolerance levels and decreased attention span, in lieu of developing language circuits in the brain’s left hemisphere
Television-watching deprives children of hours that could be spent fostering creativity, self-reliance, learning and social interaction
Television is a mentally passive activity
All of the above

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26
Q

Which theorist’s approach underlies most current theories of attachment?

A

Bowlby

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27
Q

Which of the following are examples of resiliency factors?

A

A secure attachment in infancy
A good sense of humor
A positive self-concept
All of the above

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28
Q

Teratogen

A

Environmental chemicals such as alcohol or other recreational drugs, medications, or environmental pollutants that can cause birth defects or threaten a fetus

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29
Q

What of the following is true of reactive attachment disorder (RAD)?

A

It is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts
It is the diagnostic term for a severe disorder of attachment that can affect children
It arises from a failure to form normal attachments to primary caregiving figures in early childhood
It can result from severe early experiences of neglect, abuse, abrupt separation from caregivers between the ages of six months and three years, frequent change of caregivers, or a lack of caregiver responsiveness to a child’s communicative efforts
All of the above

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30
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding premature infants?

A

.
The more immature the preterm infant is at birth, the higher the risk of medical problems just in infancy but not in childhood and beyond

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31
Q

What level of language proficiency is reached when someone learns a language well enough for academic success?

A

CALP

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32
Q

All of the following are hypotheses about infantile amnesia EXCEPT:

A

the traumatic experiences of infancy lead to repression of those painful memories

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33
Q

child who explores objects with her mouth is most likely in which Piagetian stage?

A

Sensorimotor

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34
Q

Perceptions of how one should behave as a girl or boy are referred to as:

A

Gender roles

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35
Q

What taste do infants prefer?

A

Sweet

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36
Q

Baby Stephan is participating in a study designed to test infants’ depth perception. The researchers place him on an apparatus, which consists of a large, transparent pane of glass with two checker-patterned displays below it. On the far side, the pattern is roughly 3 feet below to give the impression of a sudden drop-off. Baby Stephan is on a:

A

Visual Cliff

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37
Q

According to Gilligan, an individual in the postconventional stage of moral reasoning considers which of the following factors when making moral decisions?

A

Both care about the self and care about others

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38
Q 
When rat mothers lick their offspring more, that increased care can turn on gene pathways that produce more neurotransmitters involved in reducing anxiety. This is an example of a(n):
a. 
parent effect
b. 
child effect
c. 
epigenetic effect
d. 
inducible effect
A

Epigenetic effect

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39
Q 
Lucian grew up in a Romanian orphanage under conditions of severe deprivation. All of the following statements are true of extremely deprived children such as Lucien compared to typically developing children EXCEPT:
a. 
less myelination
b. 
smaller overall brain size
c. 
reduced pruning
d. 
reduced physiological activity
A

Reduced pruning

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40
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to an organism’s ability to adjust to environmental changes.
a. 
Sensitivity
b. 
Plasticity
c. 
Hardiness
d. 
Malleability
A

Plasticity

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41
Q

How can alcohol impact the developing fetus?

A

Alcohol passes very quickly through the placenta to the fetus, and the unborn baby feels a drink almost as fast as a pregnant woman
It can lead to irreversible damage
It can lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
All of the above

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42
Q

Those low on emotional intelligence
a.
have difficulty understanding both their emotions and others’ emotions
b.
only have difficulty recognizing their own emotions
c.
too quickly recognize others’ emotions as well as their own
d.
only have difficulty inferring other’s emotional states

A

have difficulty understanding both their emotions and others’ emotions

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43
Q

What is the meaning of Dominant Inheritance?

A

Child inherits a genetic disease when one parent (who has the disease) passes along a single faulty gene

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44
Q

What is emotional regulation

A

The individual’s ability to soothe uncomfortable feelings, manage feelings of anger and frustration, and to otherwise handle his or her emotions

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45
Q

You want to study number concepts in infants. Your best choice of research methods would be to:

A

habituate an infant to 3 blocks, and see if dishabituation occurs when you show 1 block

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46
Q 
Which of the following is true of Gilligan's theory of moral development?
It is based on an ethic of justice
It is based on an ethic of care
It applies more to males than females
All of the above
None of the above
A

It is based on an ethic of care

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47
Q

________ neurons may play a role in emotional contagion by linking action and perception such that the same neurons fire when a person either expresses an emotion or observes that emotion in others.

A

Mirror

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48
Q

How does culture impact children’s emotional development?

A

An individual’s culture may call for the free expression of an emotion or hiding that emotion
The culture provides the structure for when it is considered appropriate or inappropriate to feel and express various emotions
The culture shows the child how and when to express their feelings appropriately
All of the above

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49
Q

True of preterm births

A

They have increased in the US over the last 20 years
In the developing world, these are usually due to the mother’s overall health and nutrition
Adolescents who are not fully physically mature have a higher liklihod of having a preterm baby
They are more likely when a woman is under great stress
All of the above

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50
Q

According to Vygotsky, what is scaffolding?

A

The means to access the zone of proximal development

51
Q

Marion tells her friends to exclude Cindy from their group. When Cindy sits at their lunch table, the group ignores her. This illustrates:

A

Social aggression

52
Q

What is the single best predictor of adult adaptation and success?

A

A child’s ability to get along with other children

53
Q

Dr. Ha is interested in discovering whether children understand the difference between the following sentences: “Roy gave Lisa a cookie” and “Lisa gave Roy a cookie.” Dr. Ha’s research question focuses on:

A

Syntax

54
Q

Jonathan is in Head Start. From research on the topic, you would expect that after participating:

A

He will show greater school readiness

55
Q

Gracie is a 9-month-old in a high chair at the table. She sees her mother look at one of two books on the table. What is the most likely outcome?

A

Gracie will look longer at the book that is in the direction of her mother’s eye gaze.

56
Q

Stanley inherits one allele for normally pigmented skin and one allele for albinism. Stanley would not display albinism because the allele for albinism is:

A

Recessive

57
Q

If a child is exhibiting signs of an unfounded fear or phobia, this could be symptomatic of ____________ ?

A

Emotions that the child is internalizing within themselves

58
Q 
Dr. Ladd is a linguist. She tells her class that in all languages all sentences must have a verb. This supports which principle of language development? 
a. 
generativity 
b. 
linguistic determinism 
c. 
universal stimulus argument 
d. 
principles and parameters approach
A

Linguistic determinism

59
Q

Which of the following is NOT a stage in minority identity development?

A

Uprooting

60
Q

In order to protect children’s rights when they participate in research, studies usually are approved by a university’s:

A

IRB

61
Q

Most children who are very short:

A

Are entirely healthy and normal

62
Q

Parenting style is determined by the parent’s position along 2 dimensions which are:
Parental acceptance and parental rejection
Parental responsiveness and parental demandingness
Parental kindness and parental firmness
Parental security and parental insecurity
None of the above

A

Parental responsiveness and parental demandingness

63
Q

You want to have some fun playing with your friend’s 3-week-old baby. You know that if you stick your tongue out at him several times, with clear pauses between each time, he will likely:

A

Imitate you and stick his tongue out

64
Q

Why might a child be socially rejected?

A

A&B
The child is aggressive to others or creates disruption
The child may be of a different ethnic group or sex, is physically unattractive or handicapped, or is a newcomer to the classrooms

65
Q

Gender-based toy preferences are evident by:

A

2 years of age

66
Q

All of the following are risk factors for being the victim of peer aggression EXCEPT:

A

Having popular friends

67
Q

Adolescents have some difficulties due to the late development of the prefrontal cortex which is in charge of:

A 
All of the above
Controlling impulses
Inhibiting inappropriate behavior
Organizing things
Setting priorities
68
Q

Until the middle ages, children in Western society were:

A

Considered infants until age 6 or 7
Frequently died at birth or soon after
Considered little adults after age 7
All of the above

69
Q

Newborns prefer to look at:

A

Normal faces

70
Q

Jose is an infant who shifts his attention away from a frightening image. This is an illustration of:

A

Emotional regulation

71
Q

Colby is a challenging child. However, his mother is able to guide him well and they have a strong relationship. This represents:

A

goodness of fit

72
Q

How does TV impact adolescent girls’ body image and self-concept?

A

The vast majority of girls want to look like a TV character
Girls often try to change their appearance to look like a TV character
A & B

73
Q

Children raised in gay families:

A

Be as popular and as socially skilled as children raised in other families
Tend to be as emotionally well-adjusted as their peers
Are no more likley to have abnormal gender-role development
Are no more likely to themselves be gay than other children
All of the above

74
Q

Teens who watch more tv

A

Are more likely to associate material items and wealth with happiness
Teens who prefer to watch more MTV are more sexually active than their peers
Males who watch more TV have a much higher rate of sexual activity
Teen girls who watch more music videos are more worried about their weight and attractiveness
All of the above

75
Q

Ferdinand sees that his mother is anxious while interacting with a stranger. He, in turn, is less likely to want to interact with that stranger. This is an example of:

A

Social referencing

76
Q

Compared to many other species, human newborns are born:

A

less physically developed and more helpless

77
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A

Vygotsky, but not Piaget, believed that cognitive development must be considered within broader sociocultural influences.

78
Q

Eight-year-old Judy was brought to Dr. Jones’s clinical psychology practice by her parents for an assessment of her phobia of the dark. Dr. Jones decides to assess Judy’s fear by giving her a widely recognized IQ test that has established consistency using test-retest methods. Dr. Jones’s choice of assessment in this instance would be:

A

Reliable, but no valid

79
Q

What was proven in the work of David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel who studied the brain development of cats?

A

A & C
If an eye on a normal kitten is sewn shut for at least the first 4 months after birth, the kitten will never be able to see normally in that eye when it is freed.
Lack of stimulation during the critical period for sight prevented the appropriate development of connections between the visual cortex and the eye.

80
Q 
ADHD seems to negatively impact: 
a. 
orienting, alerting, and executive functioning 
b. 
orienting and executive functioning 
c. 
orienting and alerting 
d. 
alerting and executive functioning
A

alerting and executive functioning

81
Q

The fundamental attribution error leads people to:

A

attribute negative behaviors in others to trait-like dispositions but the same behavior in themselves to situations

82
Q

What is one of the major factor that can affect children’s reactions to divorce?

A

The amount of hostility between the parents

83
Q

Which groups of children tend to particularly benefit from high quality child care?

A

Poor children
Children whose mothers are less educated
Minority children
All of the above

84
Q

As described by Moro and others, when a baby experiences a lack of support, she will:

A

flare her arms out and then close back around her center

85
Q

Alden, a 5-year-old, watches a great deal of violent television. He thinks physical fights are normal. This illustrates:

A

Desensitization

86
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

None of the above

87
Q

What is the importance of BICS in second language acquisition?

A

It is the individual’s ability to communicate basic needs and wants and carry on basic interpersonal conversations
It develops within the fist 1 to 3 years of an individual’s immersion ina new language
It is insufficient for academic success which requires CALP
All of the above

88
Q

________ refers to a mental representation of the self and others and how they might interact in different circumstances.

A

Internal working models

89
Q 
A researcher presents a child with two identical glasses of water. She then pours one of the glasses into a tall glass beaker and asks the child if the amount of water has changed. This illustrates a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ task. 
a. 
symbolic representation 
b. 
conservation 
c. 
transitive reasoning 
d. 
object substance
A

Concervation

90
Q

Michelle has gone from feeling good to having a flushed face and feeling warm. Based on these early cold symptoms, you would say she has had

A

Qualitative change in how she feels

91
Q

Stacy shows her child a great deal of warmth. She responds to her child’s needs and changing emotions. Stacy is high on which component of parenting?

A

Nurturance

92
Q

“Dog,” “s,” and “pre” are all examples of:

A

Morphemes

93
Q

Indulgent or permissive parents:

A

Are associated with children who are less mature, more irresponsible, conforming to peers and lacking in leadership

94
Q

According to Rousseau, the primary goal of child rearing should be:

A

To shield children from society’s corrupting influences

95
Q

What of the folowing is true of myelin?

A

It is a fatty substance that coats the axons of nerve fibers and acts as an electrical insulator.
It improves the speed and efficiency of transmission of electrical signals.
It requires a high level of fat intake for development in early childhood.
Poor myelination may contribute to seizures.
All of the above

96
Q

The ability to think about other people’s beliefs and desires is known as:

A

Theory of mind

97
Q

Who said, “It is best to think of the child’s mind as a tabula rasa, a blank slate, and whatever comes into the mind comes from the environment?”

A

Locke

98
Q

According to Bandura, what conditions are necessary before an individual can successfully model the behavior of someone else?

A

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation

99
Q

Physicians routinely examine reflexes in infants because they can:

A

reliably inform physicians about nervous system problems

100
Q

Which of the following is true of Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

It is a common chromosomal abnormality affecting males
Males with this disorder tend to have a “pear like” body shape and most develop gynecomastia in puberty (male breasts)
Individuals with this disorder have underdeveloped testes that cannot produce sufficient quantities of the male hormone testosterone and, as a result, they lack development of normal male secondary sexual characteristics (Lack of facial and body hair & normal male musculature)
Individuals with this disorder often have less interest in sex than the typical male and generally do not produce enough sperm to allow them to become fathers
All of the above

101
Q

Vygotsky stressed which of the following?

A

Language

102
Q

Which of the following parent factors increase the likelihood of a parent abusing their child?

A

Lack of skills in soothing children

103
Q

What is race dissociation?

A

A common phenomenon in preschool minority children
Ocurs when a minority child indicates preference for the majority culture or values
Is due to the powerful influence of the dominant culture
Does not mean a child has poor self-esteem or a negative view of their minority group
All of the above

104
Q

Type “A” (Avoidant attachment) insecure-avoidant infants often have parents who:

A

Are insensitive to the infant’s cues, especially rejection of proximity seeking behavior

105
Q

A monkey is put in a cage with two surrogate mothers: a wire-frame mother, which supplied milk, and a terry-cloth mother, which supplied no nutrition. The monkey will likely:

A

terry-cloth mother

106
Q

Families from historically oppressed groups:

A

A & B
Have more often lived in extended families
More often pool their resources and sacrificed individual goals for the good of the family

107
Q

Metacognition is the ability to:

A

think about our own minds and what we know

108
Q

Which of the following is true about cochlear implants?

A

The earlier the patient receives the cochlear implant, the more normal will be her ability to distinguish between different speech sounds.

109
Q

Gina is able to think flexibly and solve new problems she encounters. She has very good:

A

fluid intelligence

110
Q

Your young daughter seems to be 1 month late in reaching the milestone of walking independently. Friends ask you if you’re worried that her motor development overall is stifled. With what you know about infant motor development, you would respond that there is a:

A

range for age-appropriate motor skills, and one skill is not necessarily linked to others

111
Q

Type “C” (Ambivalent/resistant attachment) Insecure-resistant infants often have parents who:

A

are unpredictable and inconsistent in meeting their needs

112
Q

According to your online lecture, which of these is NOT one of the seven correlates of effective schools?

A

high grades

113
Q

Carroll’s three-stratum theory is composed of:
a.
g, broad abilities, and narrow abilities
b.
narrow abilities, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence
c.
g, verbal abilities, and performance abilities
d.
g, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence

A

g, broad abilities, and narrow abilities

114
Q

What is the most serious and common difficulty of low birthweight and preterm infants?

A

Difficulty breathing and respiratory distress

115
Q

Which of the following is true of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)?

A

It may be related to sleep apnea
It is less likely when an infant sleeps on his or her back
It is the most common cause of death among US infants aged 1 to 6 months
Exposure to cigarette smoke is a majr risk factor
All of the above

116
Q

Allie, a 7-year-old, sees two rows of pennies of equal length. The experimenter spreads out one row and asks Allie if they have the same number. Allie says they do have the same number and one row just has more space between pennies. What stage is Allie in?

A

concrete operational period

117
Q

Piaget believed infants make the A-not-B error because they cannot:

A

fully mentally represent unseen objects

118
Q

What does Bronfenbrenner mean by the term “ecology” in Ecological Systems Theory?

A

The settings and institutions that influence the growing human being…the many different settings which affect development

119
Q

Teen mother

A

Are more likely to drop out of school
Are more likley to work more hours for lower pay
A & B

120
Q

What was the outcome of the Skeel’s study?

A

The girls reared in the orphanage lost intelligence and had much poorer long term outcomes
The girls reared in an institution for the mentally handicapped by a mother surrogate became brighter and had much better long term outcomes
Mental stimulation and emotional connection were found to result in IQ gains
All of the above

121
Q

Marsha is the oldest child in her family, Katina is the middle child, and Sally is the baby. Research suggests that:

A

Marsha will likely have the highest intelligence score

122
Q

A white individual at a low level of ethnic identity development:

A

Lacks a racial identity and may see himself or herself as a generic “person”
Sees minority individuals as “different” from the norm
May say, “I don’t notice what a person’s race is.“
All of the above

123
Q

Assimilation

A

The process of taking in new information by incorporating it into an existing schema

124
Q

Children are more likely to drop out of school when

A

They go to schools with rigid rules
Their school requires a competency exam
They believe that school faculty have little interest in them
They have frequently moved and changed schools
All of the above

Child Development (1 decks)

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