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Biology 1102 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Macro-evolution

A

Major Evolutionary change over a long period of time

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2
Q

Phyletic gradualism

A

Model of Evolution where most speciation is slow/gradual over time

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3
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of no change

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4
Q

Genetic variation

A

Differences in DNA sequences between individuals in a population

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5
Q

Genetic divergence

A

Process where one species becomes 2

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6
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

Reduced fitness due to inbreeding

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7
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

No gene flow, individuals cannot breed, sterile offspring

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8
Q

Pre-zygotic isolation

A

Mating and fertilization are prevented

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9
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Species don’t breed at the same time

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10
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Different mating behaviors

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11
Q

Ecological / Habitat isolation

A

Species live in different environments

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12
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Sexual organs do not match

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13
Q

Post-zygotic isolation

A

Mating occurs, but offspring dies or is sterile

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14
Q

Genetic architecture of speciation

A
  1. Traits involved in RI are often quantitative
  2. Many RI genes are under positive selection
  3. Many RI genes are transcripted
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15
Q

Haldane’s Rule:

A

If in the offspring of two different animal species one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterogametic sex.

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16
Q

Geographic Speciation Models (3 models): How geography can block gene flow

A
  1. Allopatric Speciation: Geographic ranges do not touch or overlap
  2. Parapatric Speciation: Ranges touch, but don’t overlap significantly
  3. Sympatric Speciation: Ranges overlap significantly
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17
Q

Speciation by Polyploids:

A

New species formed when chromosome number in hybrids doubles, allowing polyploid hybrids to mate with other polyploid hybrids. Reproductively isolated from parent species

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18
Q

Extinct

A

Species doesn’t exist at all

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19
Q

3 processes of extinction

A

Large scale extinction event, Loss of diversity, Loss of species diversity

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20
Q

Permian-Triassic Extinction Event

A

250mya. 95% of marine life and 70% of plant life died. Comet/Asteroid impact

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21
Q

Cretaceous Extinction Event

A

65mya. 52% of marine life and 18% of land animals went extinct (including the dinosaurs)

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22
Q

Extinction is natural, it occurs at a natural “background” rate of about ______ species per year. We’re now losing species at x1000 that rate.

A

1-5 species per year

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23
Q

Extirpate

A

locally extinct, present in other locations

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24
Q

Endemic

A

Restricted to a certain area for survival

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25
Q

How old are the Primates?

A

50-55 million years old

26
Q

When is Human-Chimp divergence?

A

5 - 7 million years ago

27
Q

Homo erectus

A
  • 1.8 million - 100,000 years ago.
  • Brain = 1000cm^3
  • 5.5 feet tall
  • Hunter gatherer
  • Evidence of shelter/control of fire
  • Fully adapted for running endurance
28
Q

Homo sapiens

A
  • Arose 320,000 - 200,000 years ago
  • Arose in Africa, colonized the world.
  • Brain = 1300cm^3
  • Advanced tools
  • Agriculture
29
Q

Did H. sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans interbreed?

A

Yes, but less than 5% of Ancient DNA in modern humans.

30
Q

MRCA

A

Most Recent Common Ancestor

31
Q

Where is Human genetic variation the greatest?

A

Africa

32
Q

The SRGAP2 gene

A

Leads to slower Neocortex maturation. Gene duplication during hominid evolution increased brain size and complexity

33
Q

Speech in human evolution

A

Voicebox is lower than chimps, resulting in complex communication

34
Q

Very short body hair in human evolution

A
  1. Thought to help keep body and brain cool

2. Reduces body parasites

35
Q

Why did humans evolve dark skin?

A
  1. Dark skin protects against UV

2. Sunburn is teratogen. Sun burns can cause birth defects

36
Q

Why did humans evolve light skin?

A

Allows you to make Vitamin D which is vital for health

37
Q

What is Demography?

A

The statistical study of human populations

38
Q

Population

A

Individuals of the same species

39
Q

Range

A

Geographic area inhabited by the population

40
Q

Meta population

A

Comprised of distinct population with gene flow

41
Q

Source population

A

Supplies new individuals to different populations

42
Q

A population with a pyramid shape indicates:

A

Rapid growth

43
Q

A population with a column shape indicates:

A

Slow population growth

44
Q

What is the most common dispersion pattern in animals?

A

Clumped, for social/protection

45
Q

Semelparity

A

Large number of offspring produced at once

46
Q

Iteroparity

A

Small number of offspring produced several times

47
Q

R-selected species

A

Rapid growth and reproduction

48
Q

K-selected species

A

Slow growth and reproduction

49
Q

Global Fertility rates are also highest in regions were __________ rates are also highest

A

Infant Morality

50
Q

What is a Life-Table?

A

Age-specific summary of the survival of a population

51
Q

Life Table (Type 1)

A

High survivors through early and middle ages

52
Q

Life Table (Type 2)

A

Constant survivorship through life

53
Q

Life Table (Type 3)

A

Low survivorship in early life

54
Q

Do males and females of the same species have the same survivorship curves?

A

Yes

55
Q

Human post-menopausal survival:

A

Selection favors survival of grand parents that help their children and grand children.

56
Q

Exponential population growth:

A

Maximum growth rate under ideal conditions

57
Q

Logistic population growth:

A

Population growth is limited by carrying capacity.

58
Q

Density-Dependent factor on controlling population size

A

Factors that become more intense as the population increases

59
Q

Allee Effect

A

Individuals in a population may have a hard time surviving or reproducing if population size is to small

60
Q

Density-Independent factors on controlling population size

A

Factors that affect large or small populations (i.e. Natural Disaster)

Biology 1102 (1 decks)

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