FInal Exam

Question 1

What is rehabilitation and what forms of punishment are used to accomplish it?

Answer 1

The attempt to reform a criminal offender

rehabilitation generally works through education and psychological treatment to reduce the likelihood of future criminality.

Question 2

What is deterrence and what forms of punishment are used to accomplish it?

Answer 2

Deterrence seeks to inhibit criminal behavior through punishment or the fear of punishment

General deterrence–Seeks to prevent future crimes like the one for which the sentence is being imposed

Specific deterrence–Seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality

Deterrence is compatible with the goal of incapacitation, as at least specific deterrence can be achieved through incapacitating offenders

Question 3

What is incapacitation and what forms of punishment are used to accomplish it?

Answer 3

The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that a particular offender will commit more crime

Modern incapacitation strategies separate offenders from the community to reduce opportunities for further criminality. Incapacitation, sometimes called the “lock ’em up” approach, forms the basis for the modern movement toward prison “warehousing.” Unlike retribution, incapacitation requires only restraint, not punishment.

Question 4

What is retribution and what forms of punishment are used to accomplish it?

Answer 4

A just deserts perspective that emphasizes taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator or group of offenders

The primary sentencing tool of the just deserts model is imprisonment, but in extreme cases capital punishment (i.e., death) becomes the ultimate retribution

Question 5

What are the differences between the Pennsylvania and the Auburn prison systems?

Answer 5

imprisonment in the United States began with the Penitentiary Erain 1790. That era began with the conversion of Philadelphia’s Walnut Street Jail into a penitentiary by the Quakers living in Pennsylvania. The Quakers viewed incarceration as an opportunity for penance and saw prisons as places where offenders might make amends with society and accept responsibility for their misdeeds. Since penance was the primary vehicle through which rehabilitation might be achieved, the word penitentiary came into use. Prisoners kept in the first penitentiary were strongly encouraged to study the Bible. Solitary confinement was the rule, and the penitentiary was architecturally designed to minimize contact between inmates and between inmates and staff. Fashioned after the Philadelphia model, the Western Penitentiary opened in Pittsburgh in 1826, and the Eastern Penitentiary opened in Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania, 3 years later. Solitary confinement and individual cells, supported by a massive physical structure with impenetrable walls, became synonymous with what soon came to be known as the Pennsylvania system of imprisonment.

Auburn—As prison populations began to grow, however, solitary confinement became prohibitively expensive. One of the first large prisons to abandon the Pennsylvania model was the New York State Prison at Auburn. Auburn introduced a “congregate but silent” system, under which inmates lived, ate, and worked together in enforced silence. This style of imprisonment, which came to be known as the Auburn system, featured group workshops rather than solitary handicrafts and reintroduced corporal punishments into the handling of offenders.

While isolation and enforced idleness were inherent punishments under the early Pennsylvania system, Auburn-style imprisonment depended on whipping and hard labor to maintain the rule of silence. The Auburn prison soon became the site of an experiment in solitary confinement. The experiment was a failure, and much of the rest of the country moved on to adopt the congregate system of imprisonment that had been developed at Auburn. One of the reasons for the Auburn system’s success was likely the lower cost that resulted from the simpler facilities required by mass imprisonment and from group workshops that provided economies of scale unachievable under solitary confinement.

Question 6

What three principles did Elizabeth Fry promote for female inmates?

Answer 6

1. women should be housed separately 2. women should have female guards 3. teach the women basic hygiene and skills such as sewing

Question 7

At what security level are most state prison inmates serving?

Answer 7

The typical American prison today is medium or minimum custody. Some states have as many as 80 or 90 small institutions, which may originally have been located in every county to serve the needs of public works and highway maintenance. Medium- and minimum-security institutions house the bulk of the country’s prison population.

Question 8

What are the theories used to explain increasing prison populations?

Answer 8

the just deserts philosophy provided what became for many an acceptable rationale for continued prison expansion–imprisonment is seen as a fully deserved and proper consequence of criminal and irresponsible behavior

there is also a “lock-em-up” philosophy with emphasis on keeping offenders behind bars as long as possible.

(Ch. 11)

Question 9

What are our jail populations?

Answer 9

jails are short-term confinement facilities whose traditional purpose has been to hold those awaiting trial or sentencing.

Inmates who have been tried and sentenced may also be held at jails until their transfer to a prison facility

today’s jails sometimes hold inmates serving short sentences of confinement.

Question 10

What has the War on Drugs done to prison populations?

Answer 10

“the increase in expected time served by drug offenders was the single greatest contributor to growth in the federal prison population beginning in 1998,

Increase is 1000%

Question 11

Why are so many offenders being sentenced to some type of community sanction?

Answer 11

Community sanctions include probation and parole. Alternative sentences include the use of court-ordered community service, home detention, day reporting, drug treatment, psychological counseling, victim–offender mediation, or intensive supervision in lieu of other, more traditional sentences such as imprisonment and fines. Community-based sanctions are becoming increasingly popular as corrections budgets continue to rise, and overcrowding remains an issue

Question 12

Why is incarceration more harmful than community sanctions?

Answer 12

When incarcerated, prisoners cannot contribute to their family’s living or to the economic health of the community,

They also cannot contribute to victim restitution.

When incarcerated, prisoners cannot maintain social relationships which may benefit them and their families.

Prisons have been called “schools of crime” where prisoners learn all about the criminal life.

There are not as many treatment programs available to inmates.

There is less chance for rehabilitation in prison.

Prison is more expensive.

Question 13

Describe the development of probation in the US?

Answer 13

Probation has a long history. By the fourteenth century, English courts had established the practice of “binding over for good behavior,” in which offenders could be entrusted into the custody of willing citizens. American John Augustus (1784–1859) is generally recognized as the world’s first probation officer. Augustus, a Boston shoemaker, attended sessions of criminal court in the 1850s and offered to take carefully selected offenders into his home as an alternative to imprisonment. At first, he supervised only drunkards, but by 1857 Augustus was accepting many kinds of offenders and was devoting all his time to the service of the court.

Augustus died in 1859, having bailed out more than 2,000 convicts. In 1878, the Massachusetts legislature enacted a statute that authorized the city of Boston to hire a salaried probation officer. Missouri followed suit in 1897, along with Vermont (1898) and Rhode Island (1899). Before the end of the nineteenth century, probation had become an accepted and widely used form of community-based supervision. By 1925, all 48 states had adopted probation legislation. In that same year, the federal government enacted legislation enabling federal district court judges to appoint paid probation officers and to impose probationary terms.

The federal probation system, known as the United States Probation and Pretrial Services System, is approximately 80 years old. In 1916, in the Killets case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that federal judges did not have the authority to suspend sentences and to order probation. After a vigorous campaign by the National Probation Association, Congress passed the National Probation Act in 1925, authorizing the use of probation in federal courts. The bill came just in time to save a burgeoning federal prison system from serious overcrowding. The prostitution-fighting Mann Act, Prohibition legislation, and the growth of organized crime all led to increased arrests and a dramatic growth in the number of federal probationers in the early years of the system.

Although the 1925 act authorized one probation officer per federal judge, it allocated only $25,000 for officers’ salaries. As a consequence, only eight officers were hired to serve 132 judges, and the system came to rely heavily on voluntary probation officers. Some sources indicate that as many as 40,000 probationers were under the supervision of volunteers at the peak of the system. By 1930, however, Congress had provided adequate funding, and a corps of salaried professionals began to provide probation services to the U.S. courts. Today, approximately 7,750 federal probation officers (also known as community corrections officers), whose services are administered through the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, serve the 94 federal judicial districts in more than 500 locations across the country.At any given time they supervise approximately 151,000 offenders—a number that has increased annually throughout the past decade.

Question 14

How does one get their probation revoked?

Answer 14

Those sentenced to probation must agree to abide by court-mandated conditions of probation, with a violation of conditions possibly leading to probation revocation. Conditions are of two types: general and specific. General conditions apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction and usually require that the probationer obey all laws, maintain employment, remain within the jurisdiction of the court, possess no firearms, allow the probation officer to visit at home or at work, and so forth. As a general condition of probation, many probationers are also required to pay a fine to the court, usually in a series of installments, that is designed to reimburse victims for damages and to pay lawyers’ fees and other court costs. Special conditions may be mandated by a judge who feels that the probationer is in need of particular guidance or control. Depending on the nature of the offense, a judge may require that the offender surrender his or her driver’s license; submit at reasonable times to warrantless and unannounced searches by a probation officer; supply breath, urine, or blood samples as needed for drug or alcohol testing; complete a specified number of hours of community service; or pass the general equivalency diploma (GED) test within a specified time. The judge may also dictate special conditions tailored to the probationer’s situation. Such individualized conditions may prohibit the offender from associating with named others (a codefendant, for example), they may require that the probationer be at home after dark, or they may demand that the offender complete a particular treatment program within a set time.

Question 15

How are fines typically used in our system?

Answer 15

Fines are often imposed for relatively minor law violations, such as driving while intoxicated, reckless driving, disturbing the peace, disorderly conduct, public drunkenness, and vandalism. Judges in many courts, however, report the use of fines for relatively serious violations of the law, including assault, auto theft, embezzlement, fraud, and sale and possession of various controlled substances. Fines are most likely to be imposed where the offender has both a clean record and the ability to pay.

Question 16

What does the 4th Amendment mean for House Arrest? For your prison cell?

Answer 16

Hudson v. Palmer 1984 Fourth Amendment A prisoner has no reasonable expectation of privacy in his prison cell and no protections against what would otherwise be “unreasonable searches.” Ch. 12

U.S. v. Hitchcock 1972 Fourth Amendment A warrantless cell search is not unreasonable.

But this is a gray area according to the professor.

Question 17

What are the models of incarceration? Name the model and which prison security level it fits.

Answer 17

Three models of incarceration have been prominent since the early 1940s:

The custodial model – based on the assumption that prisoners have been incarcerated for the protection of society and emphasizes security, discipline, and order subordinating the prisoner to the authority of the warden.. This model was prevalent in corrections before World War II and dominates most maximum-security institutions today.

The rehabilitation model – developed in the 1950s, it emphasizes treatment programs to reform the offender.

Medium- and minimum-security institutions offer a number of programs and services designed to assist with the rehabilitation of offenders and to create the conditions necessary for a successful reentry of the inmates into society

The reintegration model – linked to the structures and goals of community corrections, it emphasizes maintaining offender ties to family and community.

Question 18

How do prisons differ from other government institutions?

Answer 18

No control over clients. No control over when they leave,. They house people against their will. Relies on guards and inmates to cooperate. Inmates outnumber guards. Prisons rely on inmates to perform facility jobs.

Question 19

How can the exchange of relationships between officers and inmates create problems?

Answer 19

Carroll study p.329 in Studies + ?? (Not sure about this one….)

The organizational conflict, uncertainty over job expectations, and court decisions affording inmates certain constitutional rights created a frustrating and stressful work environment for the correctional officers employed at Eastern Correctional Institute. Carroll found that some officers entered into exchange relationships with inmates as a means of gaining their compliance. Consistent with Sykes’ observation, Carroll found that officers relied on persuasion and bribery to make sure inmates complied with their orders.

The racial biases of correctional officers coupled with some Black inmates’ revolutionary status meant that Black inmates were not in a position to enter into exchange relationships with the guards in the same fashion as white inmates. White inmates manipulated the officers’ authority by diffusing dangerous altercations before they got out of hand. Guards would return the favor by ignoring rule violations. Black inmates, on the other hand, challenged the authority of officers through various confrontational tactics. Officers were intimidated by the solidarity among Black inmates. Carroll believed that this also helped to explain why Black inmates received more disciplinary reports yet were not sanctioned more severely than whites.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of correctional officers?

Answer 20

Correctional officers perform direct custodial tasks in state institutions: 61% of corrections employees work for state governments, followed by 35% at the local level and 5% at the federal level.On a per capita basis, the District of Columbia has the most state and local corrections employees (53.3 per every 10,000 residents), followed by Texas (43.8). Across the nation, 70% of corrections officers are Caucasian, 22% are African American, and slightly over 5% are Hispanic. Women account for 20% of all corrections officers, with the proportion of female officers increasing at around 19% per year. CH. 12

Question 21

What is a major obstacle faced by correctional officers?

Answer 21

Little opportunity for advancement.

Question 22

What do inmates use as currency?

Answer 22

Barter–trade drugs.

Question 23

How do female subcultures differ from male subcultures in prison?

Answer 23

Some authors have suggested that violence in women’s prisons is less frequent than it is in institutions for men. Lee Bowker observes that “except for the behavior of a few ‘guerrillas,’ it appears that violence is only used in women’s prisons to settle questions of dominance and subordination when other manipulative strategies fail to achieve the desired effect.”

It appears that few lesbian liaisons are forced, perhaps representing a general aversion among women to such victimization in wider society. At least one study, however, has shown the use of sexual violence in women’s prisons as a form of revenge against inmates who are overly vocal in their condemnation of lesbian practices among other prisoners.

Many studies of female prisoners show that incarcerated women suffer intensely from the loss of affectional relationships once they enter prison and that they form homosexual liaisons to compensate for such losses. Those liaisons then become the foundation of prison social organization.

Owen concluded that prison subcultures for women are very different from the violent and predatory structure of contemporary male prisons.Like men, women experience “pains of imprisonment,” but their prison culture offers them other ways to survive and adapt to these deprivations.

a significant aspect of sexual activity far more commonly found in women’s prisons than in prisons for men involves sexual misconduct between staff and inmates.

Although a fair amount of such behavior is attributed to the exploitation of female inmates by male corrections officers acting from positions of power, some studies suggest that female inmates may sometimes attempt to manipulate unsuspecting male officers into illicit relationships in order to gain favors.

Ch. 12

Also see p. 312 in Studies….

One of Giallombardo’s objectives was to determine if female inmates experienced the same deprivations described by Sykes. Based on her observations and interviews, it was her conclusion that “ . . . prison life is depriving and frustrating for the Alderson inmates”. Females experienced the same losses of liberty, autonomy, material goods and services, heterosexual relationships, and security. However, Giallombardo found differences in the degree to which female inmates felt these pains and the nature of the prison experience. The prison environment was less severe for women, but the deprivations were still present.

the nature of the social relationships between female inmates distinguished them from male inmates. Females engaged in homosexual activities to cope with the loss of heterosexual activities, but this was primarily done in the context of a meaningful relationship. Many of the relationships were stable, long-term arrangements where two inmates considered themselves to be married. For those inmates choosing not to participate in such a marital unit, many established “kinship links” or close knit family units. Inmates took on the roles of brother, sister, son, or daughter. Giallombardo believed that these family units helped the women adapt to an environment that deprived them of their female identities.

Question 24

What percentage of the prison population is female?

Answer 24

Males comprise 93% of people in prison; 7% are female. (Ch. 11)

But according to Raymond, professor said 9%

The percentage of females serving time for murder (11% of all sentenced females) is similar to that of males (13%).

In jails, as opposed to prisons– women make up only around 13% of the country’s jail population but they are the largest growth group in jails nationwide.

Question 25

What is the most common type of violence in prison?

Answer 25

gang related

Question 26

What did Martinson conclude about rehabilitation?

Answer 26

After reviewing 231 studies, Martinson reported that there was no consistent evidence that correctional rehabilitation treatment reduced recidivism. He further indicated that the lack of empirical support for correctional treatment could be a consequence of poorly implemented programs. If the quality of the
programs were improved, the results may have been more favorable. Martinson’s article became referred to as the “nothing works” doctrine. (see p. 245 in the studies book)

Question 27

What did Ehrlich conclude about capital punishment?

Answer 27

See p. 253+in the 40 studies book:
In his analysis, Ehrlich compared changes in the capital murder rate and changes in the probability of being executed and discovered that the two trends were related. He initially found that an increased probability of execution corresponded to an increase in murder. This finding was the opposite of what was expected. However, once he included the control variables in his analysis, Ehrlich found that an increased probability of execution produced a decrease in murder. He concluded that increasing the probability of being executed by as little as 1 percent would yield a 6 percent decrease in murder. This finding offered support for the argument that capital punishment deterred crime. In fact, it was Ehrlich’s contention that every execution carried out between 1933 and 1967 actually prevented (deterred) 7–8 murders. His analysis also uncovered a deterrent effect beyond that of a life sentence in prison. He also believed that the 25 percent increase in murder that occurred between 1960 and 1967 might have been due to the decline in executions during that same time period. According to Ehrlich, his analysis provided empirical support for the deterrent effect of capital punishment. In his conclusions, he pointed out that his findings were not offered as justification for the continued use of the death penalty. He argued that other forms of punishment might be equally effective in preventing murder. His model also showed that unemployment and crime rates were both related to homicide rates. Economic policies geared toward reducing unemployment and increasing earning potential might also prevent murder.

Question 28

According to Zedlewski, how much money can we SAVE by locking up 1000 felony offenders?

Answer 28

See p. 269+ in 40 studies book:

The annual cost of incarceration for 1,000 felony offenders is $25,000,000; however not locking up these offenders would cost $430,000,000—a savings of $405,000.000. In other words for every dollar spent on incarceration, $17 is saved.

He used survey data that said, on average, inmates were responsible for anywhere from 187 to 287 crimes each per year. Zedlewski used the more conservative estimate of 187 in his analysis. The average cost per crime was determined to be $2,300.00. This amount was calculated by dividing the total annual expenditures on crime by the total number of crimes. In 1983, expenditures on crime totaled $99.8 billion. This included costs associated with criminal justice system operations, private security, property losses, and personal injuries. According to the National Crime Survey, there were 42.5 million crimes reported that same year ($99.8 billion/42.5 million = $2,300.00). If each offender committed an average of 187 crimes per year, then a single offender was responsible for $430,100 in crime costs each year (187 × $2,300.00).Compare this figure to the $25,000 spent to incarcerate a single offender, and it is easy to understand Zedlewski’s conclusion that money was saved for every felony criminal sent to prison. Simply put, every dollar spent on incarceration resulted in a $17.00 savings in reduced crime. His findings offered clear support for the increased use of incarceration. The study presented policy makers with the evidence needed to defend their “get tough” crime control strategies and also helped to justify the growth in prison populations.

Question 29

According to Petersilia, how many probationers in California recidivate?

Answer 29

See p.276+ in 40 studies book:

Petersilia, et al. did their study in CA. Of the people they studied, the majority of offenders sentenced to probation recidivated during the follow-up period. Overall, 65 percent of the sample were rearrested and 51 percent were charged and convicted. A total of 18 percent were convicted of a violent crime.

According to Rand researchers, these findings raised serious doubts about the effectiveness of probation for felony offenders. Most of the felons sentenced to probation recidivated and
researchers were unable to develop an accurate prediction model to improve the courts’ decisionmaking. Continuing to use probation as a sanction for felony offenders appeared to be putting the public at risk.

Question 30

What are the pains of imprisonment according to Sykes?

Answer 30

See 40 Studies book page 309+

He argued that the prison subculture was a reflection of these “pains of imprisonment.” Inmates were placed in a deprived environment where the living conditions differed significantly from those on the outside. He recognized that, while the incarceration experience might differ across inmates, most of the inmates in his study perceived the prison environment as “. . depriving or frustrating in the extreme.”

Sykes described the five most pervasive “pains”:

1. deprivation of liberty
2. deprivation of goods and services
3. deprivation of heterosexual relationships
4. deprivation of autonomy
5. deprivation of security.

From chapter 12:

What are some of the deprivations that prisoners experience? In The Society of Captives, Sykes called felt deprivations the “pains of imprisonment.” The pains of imprisonment—the frustrations induced by the rigors of confinement—form the nexus of a deprivation model of prison subculture. Sykes said that prisoners are deprived of (1) liberty, (2) goods and services, (3) heterosexual relationships, (4) autonomy, and (5) personal security. Sykes also stated that these deprivations lead to the development of subcultures intended to ameliorate the personal pains that accompany deprivation.

Question 31

What term did Clemmer come up with to refer to the socialization of inmates?

Answer 31

See p.298+ in the 40 studies book….

According to Clemmer, the defining elements of any human culture could be observed inside prison. That is, inmates had their own ideologies, means of communication, group affiliations, mechanisms of social control, division of labor, and pasttimes. “Prisonization” was the term Clemmer used to refer to the assimilation of inmates into this subculture, where inmates take on “ . . . in greater or less degree of the folkways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary”

Question 32

What type of research did Carroll conduct?

Answer 32

See p. 329+ in the 40 studies book…

Leo Carroll (1974) provided the first in-depth sociological examination of the racial conflict that characterized many prisons in the 1970s. He further documented important differences between Black and white inmate subcultures that reflected changes in the prison environment.

The data for Carroll’s study came from a variety of sources including observations, interviews, prison records, staff reports, and inmate essays. Carroll spent 15 months (October 1970 to December 1971) as a participant-observer in a small state prison located in Rhode Island. Carroll assumed the role of an “interested observer” who was gathering data for a book about prison. He did not want to be perceived as associated with either the staff or inmates. Carroll acknowledged his study to be exploratory, but throughout the course of his study he formulated and tested the following hypotheses:

1. The humanitarian reforms introduced in the mid-1950s decreased solidarity among white inmates but increased solidarity among Black inmates.
2. Black inmates were penalized more severely than white inmates by the prison disciplinary board.
3. Most of the sexual assaults involved Black perpetrators against white victims.

In addition to testing these hypotheses, Carroll provided a thorough description of the prison environment and the differences between white and Black inmate groups. He further offered a detailed account of the working environment for correctional officers

Question 33

What ethical principle did Zimbardo violate?

Answer 33

see p. 362+ of 40 studies book…

According to the “dispositional hypothesis,” prison environments reflect the characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes of both the inmates and the guards. Guards lack empathy and are cruel to inmates because of their aggressive nature. Inmates, by virtue of their confinement, are criminals incapable of conforming to the rules and laws of society. A team of psychologists from Stanford University led by Philip Zimbardo devised a research experiment to test the dispositional hypothesis as an explanation of both guard and inmate behavior.

Most of the criticisms focused on alleged ethical violations in Zimbardo’s research. All of the details of the experiment were not disclosed to the participants. The fake arrests that took place at the beginning of the study were a complete surprise. This was intentional because the researchers wanted the prisoners to go through the same type of induction as real criminals. The vagueness of the instructions left the guards under the impression that the researchers were only interested in studying the behaviors of the prisoners, and researchers made no attempt to correct this because they wanted the guards to feel comfortable playing their roles. Full disclosure is not always ideal when conducting research but it becomes an important consideration when making sure that subjects willingly provide their informed consent to participate. Zimbardo himself admitted he became so caught up in his role of prison superintendent that his objectivity may have been compromised. When confronted with the rumor of the impending prison break, he helped devise a strategy to stop it. Despite the fact that Zimbardo was assigned a role to play in the experiment, as a researcher he should have allowed the guards to come up with their own plan.

The most significant ethical issue surrounding the Stanford Prison experiment was the harm inflicted upon the subjects. Researchers wanted to explore the influence of a prison environment on the behaviors of individuals assigned to play the roles of prisoners and guards, but they never anticipated the extent to which both groups would become absorbed in those roles. The prisoners suffered harm and became so emotionally distraught that the experiment had to be terminated after only six days. The guards became immersed in their roles and demonstrated a willingness to use physical and psychological coercion to control the prisoners. Their position of authority carried with it a sense of power that they freely exercised. No one questioned their tactics or intervened to stop the abuse. While the experiment was taking place, over fifty curious individuals visited the prison and observed what was going on. No one voiced any concerns or disapproval until the sixth day when a colleague of Zimbardo showed up and expressed shock and condemnation at what was taking place.

Question 34

Define “Good Time”.

Answer 34

The amount of time deducted from time to be served in prison on a given sentence as a result of good behavior.

Question 35

Define PSI.

Answer 35

Pre Sentence Investigation: The examination of a convicted offender’s background before sentencing. Presentence investigations are generally conducted by probation or parole officers and are submitted to sentencing authorities.

Question 36

Define Elmira reformatory.

Answer 36

From ch. 11:

Zebulon Broadway was the first warden

In the late 1800s, following practices that had been developed in other countries, the state of New York passed an indeterminate sentencing bill that made possible the early release of inmates for those who earned it. This led to a new period in corrections known as the reformatory era.

The first reformatory opened in Elmira, New York, in 1876 and was known simply as the Elmira Reformatory.

The correctional philosophy upon which it was built was earned early release. Inmates could earn release through good behavior, and did not necessarily have to complete their court-imposed sentence. Schooling was mandatory in the reformatory and trade training was available in telegraphy, tailoring, plumbing, carpentry, and other areas.

Question 37

Define Probation.

Answer 37

A sentence of imprisonment that is suspended. Also, a court ordered period of correctional supervision in the community, generally as an alternative to incarceration.

Question 38

Define ISP

Answer 38

Intensive Supervised Probation:

Chapter 10 has section on IPS–Intensive Probation Supervision (appears to be called both depending on where you look):

involves frequent face to face contact between the probationer and the probationary officer– described as the “strictest form of probation for adults in the United States”—is designed to achieve control in a community setting over offenders who would otherwise go to prison. Some states have extended a type of IPS to parolees, allowing the early release of some who would otherwise serve longer prison terms.

Question 39

Define Net Widening

Answer 39

“Net widening” or “widening the net” is the name given to the process of administrative or practical changes that result in a greater number of individuals being controlled by the criminal justice system. The net of social control is widened to manage the behavior of a greater number of individuals.

(Check notes–this was not found in the textbook.)

Raymond–Judges are more likely to sentence offenders to intermediate sactions, casting a wider net. It is a criticism of intermediate sanctions. (intermediate sanctions are in between probabation and incarceration)

Question 40

Define Shock Probation

Answer 40

The practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them to apply for probationary release, and enacting such release in surprise fashion. Offenders who receive shock probation may not be aware that they will be released on probation and may expect to spend a much longer time behind bars.

Question 41

Define Hands Off

Answer 41

A policy of nonintervention with regard to prison management that U.S. courts tended to follow until the late 1960s. For 30 years, the doctrine languished as judicial intervention in prison administration dramatically increased, although there is now evidence that a new hands-off era is beginning.

Question 42

What is important about the case Furman v GA (1972)?

Answer 42

the Supreme Court recognized “evolving standards of decency” that might necessitate a reconsideration of Eighth Amendment guarantees. In a 5–4 ruling, the Furman decision invalidated Georgia’s death-penalty statute on the basis that it allowed a jury unguided discretion in the imposition of a capital sentence. The majority of justices concluded that the Georgia statute, which permitted a jury to decide issues of guilt or innocence while it weighed sentencing options, allowed for an arbitrary and capricious application of the death penalty.

Question 43

Who was John Augustus?

Answer 43

is generally recognized as the world’s first probation officer. Augustus, a Boston shoemaker, attended sessions of criminal court in the 1850s and offered to take carefully selected offenders into his home as an alternative to imprisonment. At first, he supervised only drunkards, but by 1857 Augustus was accepting many kinds of offenders and was devoting all his time to the service of the court.

Augustus died in 1859, having bailed out more than 2,000 convicts.

Question 44

Who is Elizabeth Fry?

Answer 44

The separation of female inmates has been credited to the efforts of Elizabeth Fry, an English Quaker who established the Ladies’ Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners in 1816. Her efforts to reform imprisonment for women led to the opening of the first separate facility for female offenders in the United States. The New York House of Refuge opened in 1825 for female juvenile offenders. (p.318 40 studies)