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ISS 308 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Globalization has greater ______ (culture, technology, politics, military, and economics) and shrinking _____ (focus on economics)

A

Connectivity

Economics

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2
Q

Since 1955, the volume of the world _____ has grown much faster than the world ____ as a whole

A

Trade

Economy

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3
Q

For many countries, trade has been the engine of ____

A

Growth

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4
Q

Free trade benefits:

Developing countries annual growth ___% for ___ years

Developed countries ___% annually

A

7% for 25 years

2.5%

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5
Q

Free trade is beneficial for societies in the ____

A

Aggregate

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6
Q

Free trade benefits ___ and ___

A

Consumers and producers

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7
Q

Opportunities for producers with free trade (2):

A
  • New markets - expansion

- Greater efficiency

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8
Q

Free Trade = ____ products for consumers

Example, many goods available at Target stores come from _____

Labor costs in ____ are relatively low, so their products are relatively _____

A

Cheaper

China

China

Inexpensive

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9
Q

The theory of practice of shielding a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports

A

Protectionism

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10
Q

Barriers to Trade: _____ shelters _______ from foreign competition

A

Protection

Domestic producers

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11
Q

Trade barriers make foreign goods more ____ to ____

A

Expensive

Consumers

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12
Q

Trade barriers: Domestic consumers are more likely to purchase _____ products

A

Domestic

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13
Q

Different types of protectionism (5):

A
  • Import Prohibitions
  • Import Quotas
  • Tariffs
  • Discriminatory internal taxes and regulations
  • Production subsidies
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14
Q

Import prohibitions: Some _____ are prohibited. Completely insulates state’s A’s domestic car industry from ____ competition.

A

Exports

Foreign

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15
Q

Import prohibitions: common with sensitive _______.

Example of import prohibition:

A

Military technologies

Example of import prohibition: Thailand prohibited imported cigarettes until 1990s

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16
Q

Import quotas are the numerical limits on the amount of ______ that can enter a country in a given ____

A

Imports

Year

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17
Q

Import quotas: ____ the market is reserved for _____ market

A

Half

A’s domestic

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18
Q

Import quotas:

US imposed ____ quotas on China from ___ to ___

A

Textile

2006-2008

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19
Q

Taxes on the import or export of a good

A

Tariffs

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20
Q

Tariff:

A could imposed 20% tariff on every car ____ from B. Raises costs of __ cars by __%

A

Imported

B

20%

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21
Q

India imposes tariffs on imported ___

A

Wines

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22
Q

Discriminatory international taxes and regulations:

Impose higher _____ on ____ cars

A

Internal taxes

Imported

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23
Q

Discriminatory international taxes and regulations:

Taxes: Sales tax on A could be 20%, but it could be ___ for B

Operates same way as ____, cost is ____

A

40% (Higher)

Tariff

Higher

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24
Q

Discriminatory international taxes and regulations:

Regulations: A could require that B cars be fitted with ____ pollution control that ____ the costs for B

A

Expensive

Raises

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25
Q

Canada has higher regulations on imported ____

A

Alcohol

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26
Q

Production subsidies: State A protects industry by giving it subsidies.

Giving _____ to ____ car producing firms. ____ cost for A rather than ___ cost for B.

If subsidies are high enough, can ___ price for A such that B is no longer ____

A

Cash payments

Domestic

Reduces

Raise

Reduce

Competitive

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27
Q

US _____ sugar industry

Sugar is more ____ in the US

Cost passed onto American ___ and ___

Pay $___/B per year, $____ per year/per capita

A

Subsidizes

Expensive

Taxpayers

Consumers

2.3B

$7.30

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28
Q

Price of sugar per pound in America is nearly ____ than the world average

A

Double (higher)

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29
Q

Losers of Protection:

US sugar subsidies -

Losers (2):

A
  • Consumers (Industries that use sugar like soft drink makers, citizens)
  • Exporters (Concerned about retaliation from foreign governments
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30
Q

US protecting sugar industry:

$_____ campaign finance dollars spend from 1989-2014

$_____ spent on lobbying involving sugar industry

A

$93,120,760

$71,724,660

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31
Q

Era of globalization: ____ benefits but incentivizes to protect ____ industries

A

Everyone

Domestic industries

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32
Q

GATT stands for ______ and was signed in ____ by ___ states. ____ institution for cooperation on ___ policy

A

General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs

1947

23 states

Dominant

Trade

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33
Q

Several rounds of negotiations including the _____ (1986-1994) led to the formation of the WTO in ____

A

Uruguay Round Negotiations

1995

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34
Q

World Trade Organization has ____ member states. Each member has ____. Equal ___ but not necessarily equal ____. Decisions based on ____.

A

164

One vote

Rights

Power

Consensus

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35
Q

GATT: “Remove or diminish _____ that impede the flow of ____ trade and to encourage by all available means the expansion of ____”

A

Barriers

International

Commerce

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36
Q

WTA two primary functions:

A
  • Forum for negotiations

- Compliance

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37
Q

Two parts of compliance:

A
  • Monitor

- Dispute settlement

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38
Q

Dispute Resolution Mechanism: WTO members have agreed that they will use the ____ system of settling disputes instead of taking action _____

A

Multilateral

Unilaterally

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39
Q

Dispute Resolution Mechanism:

___ request as of 2014. US has brought ____ cases against China since 2001

A

479

15

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40
Q

WTO limiting protectionism: Obligated to refrain from applying _____ and _____ as tools of protectionism

A

Import prohibitions

Quotas

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41
Q

WTO prohibits ____ taxes and _____

A

Discriminatory internal

Regulations

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42
Q

WTO limiting protectionism: ____ use of production subsidies

A

Curtail (Reduce/Limit)

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43
Q

WTO only permits tariffs and production subsidies to a _____

A

Lesser extent

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44
Q

WTO limiting protectionism: Allows trading partners to focus on one (or two types) of protectionism. Just have to observe ____ set at the border or magnitude of ____

A

Tariff

Subsidies

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45
Q

Some Exceptions of WTO limiting protectionism (5):

A
  • Security reasons
  • For preferences granted under regional and bilateral trade treaties
  • For preferences granted to developing countries
  • For measures taken to protect a domestic industry against serious injury on account of unforeseen import surges
  • Health, environmental protection, public morals
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46
Q

WTO criticisms:

WTO allows ___ nations to purse policies that have ____ effect on ____ states

A

Developed

Adverse (prevents success, harmful)

Developing

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47
Q

WTO constrains ____ nations from pursuing policies that are in their own ____

Ex. Force ____ states to grant patent rights which can ____ costs of medicine

A

Developing

Interests

Developing

Increase

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48
Q

WTO criticism:

Lack of _____?

  • Informal ____
  • _____ bargaining power
  • Switch to ____ voting?
  • Free trade hurts ____?
A

Transparency

Power

Unequal

Weighted voting

Impoverished

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49
Q

Goldstein et al. Findings:

Formal membership alone is not associated with ___ levels of ____.

Confirms conventional wisdom that _____ does not matter much

A

Higher

Trade

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50
Q

Goldstein et al. Findings:

Both ____ and ____ trade substantially more than ______

Other findings: Both ____ and ____ states have benefited from _____

A

Formal members and Nonmember participants

Nonparticipants

Developed and developing

GATT/WTO

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51
Q

Concentrations of _____ have increased by ___% between 1880 and 2012

Higher than at any time in at least ___ years

A

Carbon dioxide

40%

800,000

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52
Q

Global temperatures are ___ degrees Fahrenheit ____ today than in 1900

A

1.4

Warmer

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53
Q

____ influence on the climate system is ____

A

Human

Clear

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54
Q

Much of recent warming has been in the ___

A

Ocean

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55
Q

Climate change will hit ____ nations particularly hard, but we are all ____

A

Developing

Vulnerable

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56
Q

Climate change: We must switch mostly to ___ by ___, and phase out _____ by ___

A

Renewables by 2050

Fossil fuels by 2100

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57
Q

___% of climate scientists who have published papers on climate change believe not only that the globe is warming but also that the warming is very likely due to _____

A

97%

Human activity

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58
Q

Climate consequences:

____ glaciers, ____ snowmelt and ____ droughts will lead to more dramatic _____

A

Melting

Early

Severe

Water shortages

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59
Q

Climate consequences:

____ sea levels will cause costal _____

More intense ____ and other _____

Troublesome new ____ and more _____ diseases

____ and ____ extinctions

A

Rising

Flooding

Hurricanes

Natural disasters

Pests

Mosquito-borne

Plant and animal

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60
Q

Climate consequences:

People dying from ____ and ____ related flooding, especially in big cities

____

Farmers going broke because of lack of _____

____ failures because of extreme weather

Dangerous and deadly _____ worsening

A

Warming and sea-rise related

Famine

Water

Infrastructure

Heat waves

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61
Q

Climate change will help produce (5):

A
  • Insurgencies
  • Genocide
  • Guerilla attacks
  • Gang welfare
  • Global terrorism
62
Q

“Climate change can act as a threat multiplier for ____ in some of the most ____ regions of the world’ and that this ‘presents significant national ____ challenges for the United States” -Retired US Generals

A

Instability

Volatile

Security

63
Q

The world’s leading climate scientists have warned there is only ____ years for global warmings to be kept to a maximum of ____

A

A dozen

1.5C

64
Q

Future: Projections indicate that Earth will continue to ____ considerably ____ over the next few decades to centuries

A

Warm

More

65
Q

IOs are especially important in environment:

Allow states to pool _____ about ____ to global environment

A

Scientific knowledge

Threats

66
Q

IOs are especially important in environment:

Allow states to develop ____ and ____ to address threats

A

International rules and standards

67
Q

IOs are especially important in environment:

___-setting

Provide a forum to resolve _____ in standards

Monitor _____

Coordinate provision of ____ and other resources who are experiencing difficulty in _____

A

Agenda

Ambiguities

Threats

Financial

Compliance

68
Q

Key principles on environment help states ____, ____, and ____ agreements

A

Develop, interpret, and implement

69
Q

Key Principles (6):

A
  • Common concern for humankind
  • Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities
  • Polluter pays principle
  • Precautionary principle
  • Principles of Intergenerational Equity
  • Sustainability Principle
70
Q

All humans have a ___ in resources located outside the ______

Ex. High seas, Antarctica, outer space, etc.

A

Stake

Territory of states

71
Q

No state should _____ the resources of global _____

-Do not cause damage to the environment of other States or areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction

A

Exhaust

Commons

72
Q

Developed states should _____ of pursuing helping environmental _____

They have contributed _____ to it and the means to ______ damage

A

Shoulder the burden

Degradation

Disproportionately

Reverse/Prevent

73
Q

Principle of Common but differentiated responsibilities: in virtually all agreements since ___ but not ___

A

1990

Paris

74
Q

Polluter Pays Principle: The polluter who creates an environmental ____ should be forced to pay the costs of ____ that harm

Force polluters to _____ costs that would otherwise be imposed on others

A

Harm

Remedying

Internalize

75
Q

Precautionary Principle: Lack of _______ should not be used as reason to ____ cost effective measures to prevent potential ______

Basically, act now

A

Scientific certainty

Postpone

Degradation

76
Q

Principles of Intergenerational Equity: ____ generations should not be _____ to meet the needs of ____ generations

Protect ____

A

Future

Sacrificed

Present

Future

77
Q

Sustainable Principle: Integrate ____ protection and ______

We should not harm the ____ for the sake of ____ development

A

Environmental

Economic development

Environment

Economic

78
Q

_____ Framework Convention on Climate Change: Stages agreed to stabilize concentrations of _____. But no set specific timetables or targets

A

1992 UN

Greenhouse gases

79
Q

Global Climate Change:

_____ (IPCC) has been influential

Established by ____ program

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

UN Environment

80
Q

_____ Protocol was adopted

Developed states agree to reduce \_\_\_\_
Less developed states are not \_\_\_\_
Provides flexible \_\_\_\_ to meet goals
Trading of \_\_\_ shares
Credit for \_\_\_\_ other states in meeting standards
A

1997 Kyoto

Emissions

Obligated

Mechanisms

Emissions

Aiding

81
Q

Kyoto Protocol entered into force in ____. ____ parties as of 2013

A

2005

193

82
Q

International agreement that attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

A

Paris Accords

83
Q

Paris Accords officially starts in ____. ____ signatories and ___ members

A

2020

195

185

84
Q

Paris Accords bottom line goal: Keep temperatures below ___ and try to keep it to ___

A

2C

1.5C

85
Q

Paris Accords is a _____, not a ____

A

Soft agreement

Treaty

86
Q

Paris Accords is a nationally determined ____ that represents a progression beyond the current ____

A

Contribution

Undertaking

87
Q

Paris Accords: No clear enforcement mechanism. Why?

No global _____
Impossible to craft agreement that most important _____ countries are willing to join
_____ countries mostly exempt from Kyoto
___ v. ___ divide
Carbon emissions little to do with ______

A

Legislature

Carbon-emitting

Developing

Developed vs. Developing

Environmental policies

88
Q

Paris Accord solution (2):

A

Domestic politics

Agenda-setting

89
Q

Paris Accords Agenda-Setting:

National Plan: Executives are expected to formulate a plan that details how a government is going to do ____ than it ______ on climate change

Major opportunity for those ____ for change, although a ____ is sure to arise as well

A

More

Currently does

Lobbying

Counter-mobilization

90
Q

How could the Paris Accords agreement work?

Does not rely on weak enforcement mechanisms, instead relies on ____ and ____

____/____ - some evidence that this works, prestige, reputational consequences

Precursor to ____

A

Domestic courts

Legislatures

Naming/shaming

Hard agreement

91
Q

Development gap: largest disparity between ____ and ____

A

North and south

92
Q

Difference in average GDP/per capita

Developed countries: $____
Developing countries: $____

A

$33,352

$1,585

93
Q

During the past 50 years, average per capita incomes in ____ countries have ____. _____ (GNPs) of some have grown by over ___%

A

Developing

Doubled

Gross national products

500%

94
Q

Detractors: The gap between the rich and the poor is ___

A

Increasing

95
Q

Global Development Projects: Collection of IGOs, NGOs, states, and other private actors to foster ______ and ______ in poorer states

A

Long-term economic and social well-being

96
Q

Flows of official financing administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as the main objective

A

Official Development Assistance

97
Q

Global Development Project:

Bilateral:

___ donor country to another ____ (recipient)

-US, France, etc.

__% of development aid

A

One

State

70%

98
Q

Global development project:

Multilateral:

___ to ___ nation

-World Bank, IMF

__% of development aid

A

IO to developing nation

30%

99
Q

Global development project:

State aid: Some $___ a year primarily from ___ donor nations

Represents less than ___% of the donors’ collective gross national income, down from ___% 10 years ago

A

$50 billion

22

  1. 2%
  2. 3%
100
Q

State Aid:

The United States spends about $___ annually, or ___% of its national income

Over $____ in _____ assistance to foreign countries since 1946

A

$10 billion

0.1%

$146 billion

Humanitarian

101
Q

Biggest state aid donor?

Smallest amount of foreign aid as percentage of GDP?

A

United States

102
Q

Case for foreign aid (3):

A
  • Economic development
  • Infrastructure
  • Technology transfers
103
Q

Building institutions: focus on good governance and ensures countries benefiting from the aid meet these standards. Promote ____ and ____ institutions. Some research suggests that foreign aid can promote _____ institutions

A

Democracy

Rule of law

Democratic

104
Q

Institutions and conflict: Some evidence suggest that foreign aid can reduce the probability of ____

A

Civil war

105
Q

Case for Foreign Aid:

____ - emergencies or natural calamities such as droughts, famines, and earthquakes

A

Humanitarianism

106
Q

Case for Foreign Aid:

___ - medical training, medicines, and equipment can improve quality of life

NGO aid increases human development indicators

Aid also decreases death from disease

A

Health

107
Q

____ at a high rate can sharply reduce transmission even for those not directly protected

A

Bed nets

108
Q

Malaria nets cost about $__, lasts ___ years and protects __ people

A

$3

3-4 years

2

109
Q

Malaria results: close to ___ bed nets freely distributed

A

300 million

110
Q

Enhances diplomatic relationships among countries

A

Synergies

111
Q

Synergies = ___ cooperation and long-term world _____

A

International

Stability

112
Q

___ foreign public opinion can have ____ foreign policy benefits when the United States seeks cooperation on an issue important to the public aboard

A

Positive

Tangible

113
Q

______ (PEPFAR) started under ____ administration, provided aid to more than ____ countries

A

President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

Bush

80 developing

114
Q

Foreign Aid: Africa’s poverty rate has ____ from __% to ___% from 1999 to 2010

Economic growth is around ___% per year (second fastest growing region following Asia)

A

Decreased

58% to 48.4%

5%

115
Q

Aid works best in conjunction with sound _____, _____, good _____, and the effective deployment of new ____

A

Economic policies

Transparency

Governance

Technologies

116
Q

Aid call for more ____, focus on ____

A

Money

Governance

117
Q

The case against foreign aid: ___ and ___ - aid can be used for political gain

Aid may not reach the people who need it most

Aid for repression
Authoritarian regime durability

A

Transparency and corruption

118
Q

Case against foreign aid:

____ - foreign assistance inhibits domestic initiative

  • Limits local mobilization of resources
  • Discourages community ownership
  • Discourages governments innovation or correction
A

Dependence

119
Q
  • Developed nations invest in specific countries in which they have interests
  • Projects often run by foreign companies
  • Developed nations impose burdens on the poor
A

Neocolonialism

120
Q

Case against aid:

____ - can be used as a bribes by donors

  • Pressure (economic or political) on receiving country
  • Owing donors favors
A

Power disparity

121
Q

Case against aid:

Doesn’t work - infrastructure projects may end up benefiting ___ more than ____, projects may not benefit ____ business

A

Employers

Employees

Smaller

122
Q

___% of bilateral and multilateral aid bypasses local institutions

A

80%

123
Q

Haiti Aid Example:

Earthquake damages estimated at $___

$___ in aid earmarked to Haiti

A

$7.8 billion

$9.49 billion (3x revenue of Haitain government during that two year period)

124
Q

3 factors to asses poverty reduction:

A
  • Market access
  • More money
  • Sins of commission
125
Q

Conclusion:

Aid has helped nations ____ after conflicts and assisted in achieving specific objectives (ex. health) but its role in creating and sustaining key _____ and long-term ______ has been much less clear

A

Rebuild

Institutions

Economic health

126
Q

Sins of Commission - Developed world uses ____ to impose costly and difficult _____ on developing and poor states

A

Trade agreements

Obligations

127
Q

Foreign Aid can work well when done well:

Proper \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_
Sufficient \_\_\_\_\_
Money to most \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
Specific \_\_\_\_
Local \_\_\_\_\_
A 
Proper institutions
Conditionalities
Sufficient money
Money to most needy
Oversight
Specific goals
Local knowledge
128
Q

Machines that have the power to sense and act based on how they are programmed

A

Robots

129
Q

The ability of a machine to operate without human supervision

A

Autonomy

130
Q

Robots that can select targets and deliver force only with a human command

A

Human-in-the-loop weapons

131
Q

Robots that can select targets and deliver force under the oversight of a human operator who can override the robots’ actions

A

Human-on-the-loop weapons

132
Q

Robots that are capable of selecting targets and delivering force without any human input or interaction

A

Human-out-of-the-loop weapons

133
Q

Refers to both out-of-the-loop weapons and those that allow a human on the loop

A

Fully autonomous weapon

134
Q

Human rights community very concerned about ____

Robots with complete autonomy incapable of setting _____

Fully autonomous weapons would lack the _____ necessary to meet the rules of IHL/IHRL

A

Robots

IHL/IHRL

Human qualities

135
Q

Roboticist’s have proposed mechanisms to promote autonomous weapons’ compliance with rules - options include developing an ability to process _____ to analyze combat situations and “strong artificial intelligence (AI)” which would try to mimic human ____

A

Quantitative algorithms

Thought

136
Q

Major decline in ___ related deaths

A

War

137
Q

Goldstein’s explanation to decline of violence is _____

Creation of ____ and ____

A

Peacekeeping

United Nations and Peacekeeping

138
Q

United Nations’ ____ deployed peacekeepers have measurably improved the success of ____ in civil wars

A

100,000

Peace agreements

139
Q

In the 1990s, about half of all cease-fires broke down, but this figure has dropped to ___% in the past decade

A

12%

140
Q

Goldstein additional explanation to peace/less war:

____ peace theory
globalization of ___ and ____
the proliferation (increase) of international norms against ____ and ____
End of ___ war
The proliferation of ____, and the growing field of conflict ____

A

Democratic

Trade and commerce

Violence and pro-human rights

Cold

NGOs

Resolution

141
Q

Pinker claims violence has been in decline for _____ years, and today we are living in the most peaceful era in existence of _____

A

Thousands of

Our species

142
Q

Pinker explanation:

People have not fundamentally changed, but ____ vs. ____

A

Inner demons vs. Better angels

143
Q

Drivers of violence

-Predation, dominance, revenge, sadism, ideology

A

Inner demons

144
Q

Counteract violence

-Self-control, empathy, fairness, moral sense, reason

A

Better angels

145
Q

Long-term changes in ____ and ____ circumstances that over time have permitted better angels of human nature to prevail over inner demons

A

Cultural and material

146
Q

Pinker’s circumstances to changes:

A
  • Pacifying forces
  • Monopoly on the legitimate use of force
  • Commerce
  • Cosmopolitanism
147
Q

Bottom line to more peace:

Goldstein -
____, ____, and ____ industry

Pinker -

____, ____, and ____ has allowed better angels to dominate

A

Goldstein:

  • United Nations
  • UNPKO
  • Peacemaking industry

Pinker:

  • Leviathan
  • Commerce
  • Cosmopolitanism
148
Q

Expansion of parochial little worlds through literacy, mobility

Expansion of rationality and objectivity

A

Cosmopolitanism

149
Q

Pinker and Mack: The world is not ____

A

Falling apart

150
Q

Authors reject that violence is around us because (3):

A
  1. News
    - Information
    - Seems like dangerous times
  2. Randomness
    - Calamities unrelated
  3. Orders of magnitude
    - Terrorism much smaller than major interstate wars
151
Q

Radical islamist groups have ____ goals and reject ____

Intensifying the violence is their _____

A

Maximalist

Compromise

International scope

152
Q

External fighters and weapons drive up ____ and _____

A

Death tolls and prolong fighting

ISS 308 (1 decks)

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