Final Exam Flashcards
Globalization has greater ______ (culture, technology, politics, military, and economics) and shrinking _____ (focus on economics)
Connectivity
Economics
Since 1955, the volume of the world _____ has grown much faster than the world ____ as a whole
Trade
Economy
For many countries, trade has been the engine of ____
Growth
Free trade benefits:
Developing countries annual growth ___% for ___ years
Developed countries ___% annually
7% for 25 years
2.5%
Free trade is beneficial for societies in the ____
Aggregate
Free trade benefits ___ and ___
Consumers and producers
Opportunities for producers with free trade (2):
- New markets - expansion
- Greater efficiency
Free Trade = ____ products for consumers
Example, many goods available at Target stores come from _____
Labor costs in ____ are relatively low, so their products are relatively _____
Cheaper
China
China
Inexpensive
The theory of practice of shielding a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports
Protectionism
Barriers to Trade: _____ shelters _______ from foreign competition
Protection
Domestic producers
Trade barriers make foreign goods more ____ to ____
Expensive
Consumers
Trade barriers: Domestic consumers are more likely to purchase _____ products
Domestic
Different types of protectionism (5):
- Import Prohibitions
- Import Quotas
- Tariffs
- Discriminatory internal taxes and regulations
- Production subsidies
Import prohibitions: Some _____ are prohibited. Completely insulates state’s A’s domestic car industry from ____ competition.
Exports
Foreign
Import prohibitions: common with sensitive _______.
Example of import prohibition:
Military technologies
Example of import prohibition: Thailand prohibited imported cigarettes until 1990s
Import quotas are the numerical limits on the amount of ______ that can enter a country in a given ____
Imports
Year
Import quotas: ____ the market is reserved for _____ market
Half
A’s domestic
Import quotas:
US imposed ____ quotas on China from ___ to ___
Textile
2006-2008
Taxes on the import or export of a good
Tariffs
Tariff:
A could imposed 20% tariff on every car ____ from B. Raises costs of __ cars by __%
Imported
B
20%
India imposes tariffs on imported ___
Wines
Discriminatory international taxes and regulations:
Impose higher _____ on ____ cars
Internal taxes
Imported
Discriminatory international taxes and regulations:
Taxes: Sales tax on A could be 20%, but it could be ___ for B
Operates same way as ____, cost is ____
40% (Higher)
Tariff
Higher
Discriminatory international taxes and regulations:
Regulations: A could require that B cars be fitted with ____ pollution control that ____ the costs for B
Expensive
Raises
Canada has higher regulations on imported ____
Alcohol
Production subsidies: State A protects industry by giving it subsidies.
Giving _____ to ____ car producing firms. ____ cost for A rather than ___ cost for B.
If subsidies are high enough, can ___ price for A such that B is no longer ____
Cash payments
Domestic
Reduces
Raise
Reduce
Competitive
US _____ sugar industry
Sugar is more ____ in the US
Cost passed onto American ___ and ___
Pay $___/B per year, $____ per year/per capita
Subsidizes
Expensive
Taxpayers
Consumers
2.3B
$7.30
Price of sugar per pound in America is nearly ____ than the world average
Double (higher)
Losers of Protection:
US sugar subsidies -
Losers (2):
- Consumers (Industries that use sugar like soft drink makers, citizens)
- Exporters (Concerned about retaliation from foreign governments
US protecting sugar industry:
$_____ campaign finance dollars spend from 1989-2014
$_____ spent on lobbying involving sugar industry
$93,120,760
$71,724,660
Era of globalization: ____ benefits but incentivizes to protect ____ industries
Everyone
Domestic industries
GATT stands for ______ and was signed in ____ by ___ states. ____ institution for cooperation on ___ policy
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs
1947
23 states
Dominant
Trade
Several rounds of negotiations including the _____ (1986-1994) led to the formation of the WTO in ____
Uruguay Round Negotiations
1995
World Trade Organization has ____ member states. Each member has ____. Equal ___ but not necessarily equal ____. Decisions based on ____.
164
One vote
Rights
Power
Consensus
GATT: “Remove or diminish _____ that impede the flow of ____ trade and to encourage by all available means the expansion of ____”
Barriers
International
Commerce
WTA two primary functions:
- Forum for negotiations
- Compliance
Two parts of compliance:
- Monitor
- Dispute settlement
Dispute Resolution Mechanism: WTO members have agreed that they will use the ____ system of settling disputes instead of taking action _____
Multilateral
Unilaterally
Dispute Resolution Mechanism:
___ request as of 2014. US has brought ____ cases against China since 2001
479
15
WTO limiting protectionism: Obligated to refrain from applying _____ and _____ as tools of protectionism
Import prohibitions
Quotas
WTO prohibits ____ taxes and _____
Discriminatory internal
Regulations
WTO limiting protectionism: ____ use of production subsidies
Curtail (Reduce/Limit)
WTO only permits tariffs and production subsidies to a _____
Lesser extent
WTO limiting protectionism: Allows trading partners to focus on one (or two types) of protectionism. Just have to observe ____ set at the border or magnitude of ____
Tariff
Subsidies
Some Exceptions of WTO limiting protectionism (5):
- Security reasons
- For preferences granted under regional and bilateral trade treaties
- For preferences granted to developing countries
- For measures taken to protect a domestic industry against serious injury on account of unforeseen import surges
- Health, environmental protection, public morals
WTO criticisms:
WTO allows ___ nations to purse policies that have ____ effect on ____ states
Developed
Adverse (prevents success, harmful)
Developing
WTO constrains ____ nations from pursuing policies that are in their own ____
Ex. Force ____ states to grant patent rights which can ____ costs of medicine
Developing
Interests
Developing
Increase
WTO criticism:
Lack of _____?
- Informal ____
- _____ bargaining power
- Switch to ____ voting?
- Free trade hurts ____?
Transparency
Power
Unequal
Weighted voting
Impoverished
Goldstein et al. Findings:
Formal membership alone is not associated with ___ levels of ____.
Confirms conventional wisdom that _____ does not matter much
Higher
Trade
Goldstein et al. Findings:
Both ____ and ____ trade substantially more than ______
Other findings: Both ____ and ____ states have benefited from _____
Formal members and Nonmember participants
Nonparticipants
Developed and developing
GATT/WTO
Concentrations of _____ have increased by ___% between 1880 and 2012
Higher than at any time in at least ___ years
Carbon dioxide
40%
800,000
Global temperatures are ___ degrees Fahrenheit ____ today than in 1900
1.4
Warmer
____ influence on the climate system is ____
Human
Clear
Much of recent warming has been in the ___
Ocean
Climate change will hit ____ nations particularly hard, but we are all ____
Developing
Vulnerable
Climate change: We must switch mostly to ___ by ___, and phase out _____ by ___
Renewables by 2050
Fossil fuels by 2100
___% of climate scientists who have published papers on climate change believe not only that the globe is warming but also that the warming is very likely due to _____
97%
Human activity
Climate consequences:
____ glaciers, ____ snowmelt and ____ droughts will lead to more dramatic _____
Melting
Early
Severe
Water shortages
Climate consequences:
____ sea levels will cause costal _____
More intense ____ and other _____
Troublesome new ____ and more _____ diseases
____ and ____ extinctions
Rising
Flooding
Hurricanes
Natural disasters
Pests
Mosquito-borne
Plant and animal
Climate consequences:
People dying from ____ and ____ related flooding, especially in big cities
____
Farmers going broke because of lack of _____
____ failures because of extreme weather
Dangerous and deadly _____ worsening
Warming and sea-rise related
Famine
Water
Infrastructure
Heat waves
Climate change will help produce (5):
- Insurgencies
- Genocide
- Guerilla attacks
- Gang welfare
- Global terrorism
“Climate change can act as a threat multiplier for ____ in some of the most ____ regions of the world’ and that this ‘presents significant national ____ challenges for the United States” -Retired US Generals
Instability
Volatile
Security
The world’s leading climate scientists have warned there is only ____ years for global warmings to be kept to a maximum of ____
A dozen
1.5C
Future: Projections indicate that Earth will continue to ____ considerably ____ over the next few decades to centuries
Warm
More
IOs are especially important in environment:
Allow states to pool _____ about ____ to global environment
Scientific knowledge
Threats
IOs are especially important in environment:
Allow states to develop ____ and ____ to address threats
International rules and standards
IOs are especially important in environment:
___-setting
Provide a forum to resolve _____ in standards
Monitor _____
Coordinate provision of ____ and other resources who are experiencing difficulty in _____
Agenda
Ambiguities
Threats
Financial
Compliance
Key principles on environment help states ____, ____, and ____ agreements
Develop, interpret, and implement
Key Principles (6):
- Common concern for humankind
- Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities
- Polluter pays principle
- Precautionary principle
- Principles of Intergenerational Equity
- Sustainability Principle
All humans have a ___ in resources located outside the ______
Ex. High seas, Antarctica, outer space, etc.
Stake
Territory of states
No state should _____ the resources of global _____
-Do not cause damage to the environment of other States or areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction
Exhaust
Commons
Developed states should _____ of pursuing helping environmental _____
They have contributed _____ to it and the means to ______ damage
Shoulder the burden
Degradation
Disproportionately
Reverse/Prevent
Principle of Common but differentiated responsibilities: in virtually all agreements since ___ but not ___
1990
Paris
Polluter Pays Principle: The polluter who creates an environmental ____ should be forced to pay the costs of ____ that harm
Force polluters to _____ costs that would otherwise be imposed on others
Harm
Remedying
Internalize
Precautionary Principle: Lack of _______ should not be used as reason to ____ cost effective measures to prevent potential ______
Basically, act now
Scientific certainty
Postpone
Degradation
Principles of Intergenerational Equity: ____ generations should not be _____ to meet the needs of ____ generations
Protect ____
Future
Sacrificed
Present
Future
Sustainable Principle: Integrate ____ protection and ______
We should not harm the ____ for the sake of ____ development
Environmental
Economic development
Environment
Economic
_____ Framework Convention on Climate Change: Stages agreed to stabilize concentrations of _____. But no set specific timetables or targets
1992 UN
Greenhouse gases
Global Climate Change:
_____ (IPCC) has been influential
Established by ____ program
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
UN Environment
_____ Protocol was adopted
Developed states agree to reduce \_\_\_\_ Less developed states are not \_\_\_\_ Provides flexible \_\_\_\_ to meet goals Trading of \_\_\_ shares Credit for \_\_\_\_ other states in meeting standards
1997 Kyoto
Emissions
Obligated
Mechanisms
Emissions
Aiding
Kyoto Protocol entered into force in ____. ____ parties as of 2013
2005
193
International agreement that attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Paris Accords
Paris Accords officially starts in ____. ____ signatories and ___ members
2020
195
185
Paris Accords bottom line goal: Keep temperatures below ___ and try to keep it to ___
2C
1.5C
Paris Accords is a _____, not a ____
Soft agreement
Treaty
Paris Accords is a nationally determined ____ that represents a progression beyond the current ____
Contribution
Undertaking
Paris Accords: No clear enforcement mechanism. Why?
No global _____
Impossible to craft agreement that most important _____ countries are willing to join
_____ countries mostly exempt from Kyoto
___ v. ___ divide
Carbon emissions little to do with ______
Legislature
Carbon-emitting
Developing
Developed vs. Developing
Environmental policies
Paris Accord solution (2):
Domestic politics
Agenda-setting
Paris Accords Agenda-Setting:
National Plan: Executives are expected to formulate a plan that details how a government is going to do ____ than it ______ on climate change
Major opportunity for those ____ for change, although a ____ is sure to arise as well
More
Currently does
Lobbying
Counter-mobilization
How could the Paris Accords agreement work?
Does not rely on weak enforcement mechanisms, instead relies on ____ and ____
____/____ - some evidence that this works, prestige, reputational consequences
Precursor to ____
Domestic courts
Legislatures
Naming/shaming
Hard agreement
Development gap: largest disparity between ____ and ____
North and south
Difference in average GDP/per capita
Developed countries: $____
Developing countries: $____
$33,352
$1,585
During the past 50 years, average per capita incomes in ____ countries have ____. _____ (GNPs) of some have grown by over ___%
Developing
Doubled
Gross national products
500%
Detractors: The gap between the rich and the poor is ___
Increasing
Global Development Projects: Collection of IGOs, NGOs, states, and other private actors to foster ______ and ______ in poorer states
Long-term economic and social well-being
Flows of official financing administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as the main objective
Official Development Assistance
Global Development Project:
Bilateral:
___ donor country to another ____ (recipient)
-US, France, etc.
__% of development aid
One
State
70%
Global development project:
Multilateral:
___ to ___ nation
-World Bank, IMF
__% of development aid
IO to developing nation
30%
Global development project:
State aid: Some $___ a year primarily from ___ donor nations
Represents less than ___% of the donors’ collective gross national income, down from ___% 10 years ago
$50 billion
22
- 2%
- 3%
State Aid:
The United States spends about $___ annually, or ___% of its national income
Over $____ in _____ assistance to foreign countries since 1946
$10 billion
0.1%
$146 billion
Humanitarian
Biggest state aid donor?
Smallest amount of foreign aid as percentage of GDP?
United States
Case for foreign aid (3):
- Economic development
- Infrastructure
- Technology transfers
Building institutions: focus on good governance and ensures countries benefiting from the aid meet these standards. Promote ____ and ____ institutions. Some research suggests that foreign aid can promote _____ institutions
Democracy
Rule of law
Democratic
Institutions and conflict: Some evidence suggest that foreign aid can reduce the probability of ____
Civil war
Case for Foreign Aid:
____ - emergencies or natural calamities such as droughts, famines, and earthquakes
Humanitarianism
Case for Foreign Aid:
___ - medical training, medicines, and equipment can improve quality of life
NGO aid increases human development indicators
Aid also decreases death from disease
Health
____ at a high rate can sharply reduce transmission even for those not directly protected
Bed nets
Malaria nets cost about $__, lasts ___ years and protects __ people
$3
3-4 years
2
Malaria results: close to ___ bed nets freely distributed
300 million
Enhances diplomatic relationships among countries
Synergies
Synergies = ___ cooperation and long-term world _____
International
Stability
___ foreign public opinion can have ____ foreign policy benefits when the United States seeks cooperation on an issue important to the public aboard
Positive
Tangible
______ (PEPFAR) started under ____ administration, provided aid to more than ____ countries
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
Bush
80 developing
Foreign Aid: Africa’s poverty rate has ____ from __% to ___% from 1999 to 2010
Economic growth is around ___% per year (second fastest growing region following Asia)
Decreased
58% to 48.4%
5%
Aid works best in conjunction with sound _____, _____, good _____, and the effective deployment of new ____
Economic policies
Transparency
Governance
Technologies
Aid call for more ____, focus on ____
Money
Governance
The case against foreign aid: ___ and ___ - aid can be used for political gain
Aid may not reach the people who need it most
Aid for repression
Authoritarian regime durability
Transparency and corruption
Case against foreign aid:
____ - foreign assistance inhibits domestic initiative
- Limits local mobilization of resources
- Discourages community ownership
- Discourages governments innovation or correction
Dependence
- Developed nations invest in specific countries in which they have interests
- Projects often run by foreign companies
- Developed nations impose burdens on the poor
Neocolonialism
Case against aid:
____ - can be used as a bribes by donors
- Pressure (economic or political) on receiving country
- Owing donors favors
Power disparity
Case against aid:
Doesn’t work - infrastructure projects may end up benefiting ___ more than ____, projects may not benefit ____ business
Employers
Employees
Smaller
___% of bilateral and multilateral aid bypasses local institutions
80%
Haiti Aid Example:
Earthquake damages estimated at $___
$___ in aid earmarked to Haiti
$7.8 billion
$9.49 billion (3x revenue of Haitain government during that two year period)
3 factors to asses poverty reduction:
- Market access
- More money
- Sins of commission
Conclusion:
Aid has helped nations ____ after conflicts and assisted in achieving specific objectives (ex. health) but its role in creating and sustaining key _____ and long-term ______ has been much less clear
Rebuild
Institutions
Economic health
Sins of Commission - Developed world uses ____ to impose costly and difficult _____ on developing and poor states
Trade agreements
Obligations
Foreign Aid can work well when done well:
Proper \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ Sufficient \_\_\_\_\_ Money to most \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ Specific \_\_\_\_ Local \_\_\_\_\_
Proper institutions Conditionalities Sufficient money Money to most needy Oversight Specific goals Local knowledge
Machines that have the power to sense and act based on how they are programmed
Robots
The ability of a machine to operate without human supervision
Autonomy
Robots that can select targets and deliver force only with a human command
Human-in-the-loop weapons
Robots that can select targets and deliver force under the oversight of a human operator who can override the robots’ actions
Human-on-the-loop weapons
Robots that are capable of selecting targets and delivering force without any human input or interaction
Human-out-of-the-loop weapons
Refers to both out-of-the-loop weapons and those that allow a human on the loop
Fully autonomous weapon
Human rights community very concerned about ____
Robots with complete autonomy incapable of setting _____
Fully autonomous weapons would lack the _____ necessary to meet the rules of IHL/IHRL
Robots
IHL/IHRL
Human qualities
Roboticist’s have proposed mechanisms to promote autonomous weapons’ compliance with rules - options include developing an ability to process _____ to analyze combat situations and “strong artificial intelligence (AI)” which would try to mimic human ____
Quantitative algorithms
Thought
Major decline in ___ related deaths
War
Goldstein’s explanation to decline of violence is _____
Creation of ____ and ____
Peacekeeping
United Nations and Peacekeeping
United Nations’ ____ deployed peacekeepers have measurably improved the success of ____ in civil wars
100,000
Peace agreements
In the 1990s, about half of all cease-fires broke down, but this figure has dropped to ___% in the past decade
12%
Goldstein additional explanation to peace/less war:
____ peace theory
globalization of ___ and ____
the proliferation (increase) of international norms against ____ and ____
End of ___ war
The proliferation of ____, and the growing field of conflict ____
Democratic
Trade and commerce
Violence and pro-human rights
Cold
NGOs
Resolution
Pinker claims violence has been in decline for _____ years, and today we are living in the most peaceful era in existence of _____
Thousands of
Our species
Pinker explanation:
People have not fundamentally changed, but ____ vs. ____
Inner demons vs. Better angels
Drivers of violence
-Predation, dominance, revenge, sadism, ideology
Inner demons
Counteract violence
-Self-control, empathy, fairness, moral sense, reason
Better angels
Long-term changes in ____ and ____ circumstances that over time have permitted better angels of human nature to prevail over inner demons
Cultural and material
Pinker’s circumstances to changes:
- Pacifying forces
- Monopoly on the legitimate use of force
- Commerce
- Cosmopolitanism
Bottom line to more peace:
Goldstein -
____, ____, and ____ industry
Pinker -
____, ____, and ____ has allowed better angels to dominate
Goldstein:
- United Nations
- UNPKO
- Peacemaking industry
Pinker:
- Leviathan
- Commerce
- Cosmopolitanism
Expansion of parochial little worlds through literacy, mobility
Expansion of rationality and objectivity
Cosmopolitanism
Pinker and Mack: The world is not ____
Falling apart
Authors reject that violence is around us because (3):
- News
- Information
- Seems like dangerous times - Randomness
- Calamities unrelated - Orders of magnitude
- Terrorism much smaller than major interstate wars
Radical islamist groups have ____ goals and reject ____
Intensifying the violence is their _____
Maximalist
Compromise
International scope
External fighters and weapons drive up ____ and _____
Death tolls and prolong fighting
