Final exam Flashcards
What are the five functions of presentation aids?
- To assist with thinking
- To encourage retention
- To excite multiple senses
- To engage the body and create interest
- To simplify complexity
What is a prop?
a physical object that helps you illustrate a point in your speech
what are the different types of presentation aids?
- Props
- Pictures
- Data and statistical information
- Multimedia
why is a prop used in a speech?
helps to illustrate the main point in your speech
why are pictures used in a speech?
to explain, depict or otherwise clarify whatever it is that you are trying to communicate
why are data and statistical information used in a speech?
an attempt to communicate the bigger picture and reduce complexity.
what are the tips for preparing your presentation aids?
- Clarity and simplicity
- bigger is better
- keep text easy to read
- tips for using color
how can you keep the text easy to read
(1) stick to a less playful, more straightforward font, which allows you to use your voice and gestures to communicate the tone and feeling that you want.
(2) select a font that is more consistent with the tone and mood of your message
(3) Use only one font, or a limited number of fonts, to tie your aid together.
Tips for presenting your aids
- watch your back
- watch your audience
- timing (not too fast, not too slow)
- beware of the handout (handouts should be handed out at the end, not to distract the audience)
what should a typical slide feature have?
- A title”, or short phrase of a bulleted list that describes the main idea or theme you are discussing
- An object (a photo, an illustration, a chart, or graph)
- text that elaborates your main points
how should you speak whilst using slides
- use visual cues in your speech notes (such as “” so that you know when to advance to the next slide”
- Time yourself while using your slides
- Use blank slides to help you pace yourself( to avoid having a slide up for too long)
- be ready for equipment failure
How can you be prepared for equipment failure?
- Handouts
- Create Alternative Versions
- Create a PDF version
- Describe your slides
What is form?
form is the activation and satisfaction of expectations in the audience
what is genre?
Genre is a label for a widely recognized form a given culture
what are the three most common speeches?
- Celebratory speech
- Informative Speaking
- Persuasive Speaking
what were the three basic genres of public speaking for Aristotle and his colleagues in ancient Greece
- Epideictic
- Forensic
- Deliberative
What is the epideictic genre?
- The purpose is speaking to celebrate community
- Time orientation: The present
- Example: A funeral oration
What is the Forensic genre?
- Speaking about guilt or innocence
- Time orientation: The past
- Example: Speech defending oneself in court
What is the deliberative genre?
- Speaking to induce change
- Time orientation: The future
- Example: Speech in favor of invading Sparta
What is the celebratory genre?
- Speaking to celebrate community
- Time orientation: The present
- Example: A eulogy to honor a deceased relative
What is the informative genre?
- Speaking to inform
- Time orientation: The past or something known
- Example: A speech that explains how to start an organic garden
What is the persuasive genre?
- Speaking to induce change
- Time orientation: The future
- Example: A speech that argues that people should adopt animals from rescue shelters rather than buy them from breeders
what is persuasion?
Persuasion is the process of influencing others to do, think, or believe something through speaking and writing.
what is coercion?
Influencing someone to do or think something by threats, unwarranted emotion, or force, which includes distorting, hiding or preventing conscious choices
in what ways do appeals and arguments have psychological dimensions?
appeals are broader, general expressions that more directly inspire feelings whereas arguments are designed to inspire thinking and reasoning.
What is rhetoric?
rhetoric is the study of the ways in which speaking and writing influence people to do or think what they otherwise would not think or do
what are the three means or ways, of ways of persuasion that a speaker can use to appeal to an audience
- appeals to reasoning and structure ( or logos)
- appeals to feelings (or pathos)
- appeals to character traits, such as qualifications and trustworthiness (or ethos)
what is an appeal?
an appeal is a request made to another person with the intent of influencing him or her
what is an argument?
an argument is a reasoned claim, or series of claims, supported by evidence
what is the goal of an emotional appeal?
The primary goal is to inspire trust or loyalty in a speaker on the basis of feelings.
what do fear appeals or scare tactics concern?
They concern frightening or coercing an audience to think or do something for fear of harm
what is propaganda?
propaganda is deliberately misleading, biased or even false information to manipulate the audience to agree with or adopt a particular belief system
what does false advertising concern?
false advertising concerns the promotion of a product or person for the benefit of the speaker, at the expense of the audience
what is the definition of false advertising?
false advertising is deliberately deceptive and appeals to an audience’s emotions, often in ways that are harmful to the deceived.
what does fraud concern?
fraud typically concerns a person who misrepresents himself or herself.
what are fallacies?
fallacies are defined as errors in reasoning. Emotional fallacies are attempts to short circuit reasoning process.
These include attacks on someone’s character(ad hominem) and appeals to join a group (“C’mon everyone else is doing it”)
what is audience analysis?
Audience analysis is the process of studying an audience before,during, and after a speech
what do you need to analyse in a Speech situation?
- Location
- Technology
- Audience
what is sound reinforcement?
the use of microphones, sound processors, and amplifiers to enchance the quality or volume of sounds.
what are amorphous or unknown audiences
These are groups of individuals who are brought together by a given message who may or may not share common characteristsics
what is demography?
Demography is the study of the statistical characteristics of a given population.
what is a stereotype?
A stereotype is an over-generalization about a person or group based on assumed characteristsics
what are social norms?
Social norms are rules that govern what is normal in a given culture
what is sexual orientation?
sexual orientation refers to the gender identity of those with whom you choose to be intimate
what is sexual identity?
sexual identity is how you express your gender and perhaps, your sexual orientation to yourself and others. Seuxal orientation and sexual identity are often, but not neccesarily the same
what is informal audience analysis?
informal audience analysis is the way in which a speaker gathers information about his or her audience in an unsystematic way
what is formal audience analysis?
Formal audience analysis involves employing various tools and methods for gathering information about people.
what are the three basic ways in which formal audience analyses are conducted?
- Interviews
- focus groups
- ## Surveys
what is identification?
identification is the shared sense of identity between or among two or more people
what is belief?
belief is an idea about reality
what is an attitude?
An attitude is a set of beliefs that cluster around a common object and predispose behavior
what are values?
Values are deeply held core beliefs
what is the easiest to change between beliefs, attitudes and values and what is the hardest to change?
beliefs are the easiest to change and values are the hardest
what is audience disposition?
Audience disposition is how the audience feels about you, your topic, and the occasion for which you’re speaking.
what is supporting material
Supporting materials refers to the facts, statistics, testimony, examples, and stories that bolster your claims
what are the five main types of speech support?
- Facts
- Statistics
- Testimony
- Examples
- Stories
what is cherry-picking?
when a speaker knowingly points to a specific statistic that confirms his or her position while ignoring data that contradicts it.
what are opinions?
opinions are judgments that may or may not depend on facts or knowledge
what is a testimony?
Testimony refers to the sharing of an individual’s viewpoints, perspectives or opinions.
when is an expert testimony appropriate?
citing beliefs and informed opinions of experts can lend a speech you deliver added credibility, especially if you are speaking on a topic that extends beyond certain facts or veers into matters opinion to dispute.
how is personal experience used to support a speech?
(1) When the occasion or speech genre calls for it, especially celebratory speeches (weddings, funerals, award banquets, and so on)
(2) When you are speaking as an expert, with special, firsthand knowledge of the topic or event; or
(3) When mentioning a personal connection to a speech topic that will help create a sense of interest among the audience, such as in conclusion or an introduction.
What is contextual reasoning?
Contextual reasoning refers to how you select the support for your speech in respect to the setting of your speech, including the occasion, the genre of speaking, and the mood of the event.
how do you orally reference your sources?
- Author
- Type of source
- Title of description of source
- Date of source
what is reasoning?
reasoning refers to the ability to make an inference or a judgment based on evidence.
what is logic?
logic refers to the structure of reasoning
what is informal logic?
informal logic concerns the study of how people argue on an everyday basis by leaving some things unstated
what is deductive reasoning?
Deductive reasoning makes inferences or coming to conclusion based on general principle or law; reasoning from the general to the specific.
what is inductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning makes inferences or conclusions about a general principle or law based on particulars of specifics; reasoning from the specific to the general
what is a syllogism?
a syllogism is an argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion drawn from those premises
what is an enthymeme?
it is an argument that leaves a part unsaid or unstated.
what is a claim of fact?
A claim of fact is a statement that asserts that something has happened, is happening, or will happen, or a statement that asserts that something is true.
what is a claim of value?
A statement that asserts something is good or bad
what is a claim of policy?
A statement that asserts that something should or should not change, happen, or be done in the future
what is a warrant?
A warrant is usually the unspoken or assumed reasoning linking a claim with it’s evidence
What are the five steps to persuading with Alan H. Monroe?
- Attention: Open your speech by making your remarks immediately relevant to your audience.
- Need or problem: before you can begin to outline your central policy claim, you must demonstrate that there is a problem that needs to be solved or that something needs to be changed.
- Satisfaction: You introduce your central policy claim.
- visualization: You need to help the audience imagine the outcome
- Action: You directly or explicitly ask the audience to do something to actualize change.
Describe the structure of persuading with problem-solution?
- Problem: You tell your audience what the problem is, and perhaps elaborate on its causes
- Solution: You will explain your policy for solving the problem and why it will work.
Describe the structure of persuading with refutation?
- Description of the opposing position
- Description of consequences or effects of the opposing position.
- Claims of your position(or your counterposition).
- Contrast of consequences or effects of your position
Describe the structure of persuading with Comparative advantage?
- statement of the problem or need for change.
- Description of your policy or solution.
- Description of how your policy or solution is better than others.
what is a vocation?
A vocation refers to a feeling of dedication toward one’s occupation
what is small group communication?
Small group communication concerns the interaction among three or more people who self-identify as a group.
what are the primary roles of small group discussion?
- Leader
- task orientated roles
- social orientated roles
who is a leader?
A leader is someone who is designated or who emerges to guide and moderate discussion
what are task orientated roles?
Task orientated roles are adopted by members to help meet the goals of the group
what are social orientated roles?
Social orientated roles are adopted by members of a group to help moderate the mood and feelings of participants
what is groupthink?
Groupthink is a common often unconscious tendency to avoid conflict in a group, usually by failing to challenge ideas or decisions
what are some tips for avoiding groupthink?
- Establish the fact that conflict is normal
- Oppose ideas, not persons
- you are not your ideas
- advocate for the devil
how can you ensure that conflict of group discussion results in more positive outcomes.
Practicing active listening and avoid groupthink
what is a virtual group?
A virtual group is a collection of people brought together to work on a common task through long-distance technologies.
what is a screening interview?
a screening interview is one which the employer attempts to reduce a large number of job applicants to a smaller and more manageable number. Typically done over the phone, via the internet or in person.
Describe a selection interview
a selection interview is one which an employer seeks personal contact, either through video conferencing or in pers, with a potential employee in order to assess whether they would work well together.
what is the behavioral interview?
The behavioral interview is a popular form of interviewing that asks candidates questions about past behavior to predict future work-related outcomes.
what method was created to respond to behavioral questions?
The star method
what is style?
Style refers to the way in which a person presents himself or herself to others.
what is disposition?
disposition refers to a person’s mental or physical orientation toward the world and others. In the context of public speaking, audiences perceive your disposition through your style.
What is denotation?
Denotation refers to the literal and primary meaning of a sign, what you would expect to find in a dictionary
What is connotation?
Connotation refers to the feelings one associate with a sign. For example people associate a rose with feelings of love and friendship.
what is impression management?
impression management refers to the way in which a person navigates his or self-presentation in body and language.
what is jargon?
jargon is the specialised or peculiar language of a particular community o group.
what is vivid imagery?
Vivid language concerns words that aresensuous and evocative
What is alliteration?
Alliteration is the recurrence of the same sound in a series of words
what are tropes?
Tropes are figures of speech. Popular tropes include. metaphor, simile and irony.
what are metaphors?
metaphors are tropes or figures of speech that compare two seemingly dissimilar things?
what are similies?
A smaller metaphor that uses or implies the word like
what is irony?
Irony is saying one thing but meaning something else
what is biased language?
biased language refers to the use of words and phrases that indicate unfounded assumptions about others based on personal experience.
what is slang?
the informal language of a group of people.
what is a social movement?
A social movement refers to a group(collective) of like minded individuals who promote a particular cause, politics, or ideology.
what are the characteristics of social movements?
- Group (or collective) driven; community orientated
- Promote a nonmainstream cause, politics, or ideology
- Not institutionalized
- Consist of many activists, speaker, and leaders
- Push for social or political change
explain a hybrid genre
Speaking for political advocacy and social protest, in other words, is a hybrid genre, combining the goals of celebratory speaking with the functions of persuasive speaking.
what is consciousness raising?
consciousness raising refers to the attempt to make others more aware of cultural and political problems and challenges
what is a coalition?
A coalition is a temporary grouping of people for the purpose of collective social or political advocacy
what is civic engagement?
Civic engagement is the manner in which citizens participate in the political or social processes and governance of a given community
what is social agitation?
social agitation refers to the deliberative violation of widely accepted or sanctioned norms of a social or political culture
what is civility?
Civility refers to speech or behavior that is seen as polite, courteous, or appropriate to a given social or public situation
what is civil disobedience?
civil disobedience is refusal to comply with the norms, demands, or laws of a group or government for the purpose of social change
what is solidarity?
solidarity is a feeling of agreement or unity in a community about a belief, a cause, an event, or a proposed action.
