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Mass Media > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Macro-Level Cognitive Effects: Effects on public knowledge

A
  • Aggregate effects are different than individual effects
  • Data are from individuals
  • But focus is on general knowledge of society
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2
Q

Macro-Level Cognitive Effects: two key types of messages

A
  1. News

2. Public information campaigns

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3
Q

Three key theories of information flow

A
  1. Two-step flow theory
  2. Diffusion of information/innovation
  3. Knowledge gap theory
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4
Q

People’s Choice Study: Two main findings

A
  1. Person-to-person communication more influential than media
  2. Media > opinions leaders > individuals
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5
Q

What does the Diffusion of Innovations/Information attempt to explain

A

How an innovation (or information) is communicated over time through different channels to members of a social system

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6
Q

Diffusion of Innovations/Information: Four Key Elements

A
  1. Innovation
  2. Communication
  3. Time
  4. Social System
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7
Q

Diffusion of Innovations/Information 5 Sections

A
  1. Innovators
  2. Early Adopters
  3. Early Majority
  4. Late Majority
  5. Laggards
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8
Q

Explain the knowledge gap theory

A

Some individuals learn much more from media than others.

-As media access grows, the gap grows larger

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9
Q

Most important predictors in the Knowledge Gap Theory

A
  1. Education

2. Socioeconomics status

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10
Q

Explain Digital Divide

A

As technology becomes more prevalent, so does the recognition that not everyone has it

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11
Q

The digital divide happens at three levels

A
  1. Economic
  2. Usability
  3. Empowerment
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12
Q

List some examples of Effects of news

A
  • Expands one’s knowledge base
  • Offers information about things we cannot experience
  • News messages create and maintain a collective memory and communal experience
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13
Q

The two problems with news feed algorithms

A
  1. Filter bubbles

2. Echo Chambers

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14
Q

Explain Filter bubbles

A
  • Seeing only content you like and agree with

- Information gets so personalized you no longer see other perspectives

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15
Q

Explain Echo chambers

A
  • Ideas amplified and reinforced in a closed system

- Competing views are censored, or underrepresented

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16
Q

Effect of public information campaigns

A

Public service or information campaigns are designed to improve your life with information

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17
Q

Macro-Level Belief Effects Include

A
  • Formation of public beliefs

- Belief of the public

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18
Q

List two examples of how media forms public beliefs

A
  • Agenda Setting

- Cultivation

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19
Q

What are the three main beliefs of the public?

A
  • Beliefs about institutions
  • Beliefs about the government
  • Beliefs about media
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20
Q

Agenda Setting Theory

A

The press doesn’t tell us what to think, but tells us what to think about

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21
Q

Cultivation theory

A

The more time people spend with media the more likely they are to believe the social reality portrayed there

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22
Q

Explain mainstreaming

A

Despite initial individual differences, heavy TV viewers become more similar in views and beliefs

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23
Q

Explain Resonance

A

When a person’s real-life environment strongly resembles environment depicted in media

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24
Q

example of measurement of Public Attitudes and opinion regarding - mass shootings and guns

A

Use of Twitter to analyze how people feel about gun restriction

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25
Q

Explain the copycat phenomenon

A
  • Viewers imitating the violent behavior they see on TV

- Why? The promise of media attention

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26
Q

Reporting on Mass Shootings: What the media should not do

A
  • Do not romanticize the shooter
  • Do not focus on the shooter’s methods or weapons
  • Do not frequently post the shooter’s photo & name in updates
  • Do not report on the shooter’s motives until an investigation has been completed.
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27
Q

Reporting on Mass Shootings: What the media should do

A
  • Do describe the shooter’s behavior as illegal and harmful
  • Do focus on the pain and suffering caused by the incident
  • Do include links to resources for viewers
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28
Q

List two examples of how mass media effects the political system

A
  • Rise in primary elections (TV was a major influencer for this)
  • Fall in nominating conventions
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29
Q

Explain frontrunners/front-loading

A

Media gives disproportionate coverage to early primaries, which influences later primaries

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30
Q

Name an effect of front-loading

A

Candidates now have to do well in first primary to get continued press coverage

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31
Q

Media Effects on nominating conventions

A
  • Leading candidate is now know well in advance of nominating convention
  • Shift in TV coverage from “gavel to gavel” in 1950s to only major speeches in 1990s
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32
Q

Media effects campaigns in what three ways?

A
  • Spending
  • News coverage
  • Changing access to the public
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33
Q

Explain how spending effects political campaigns

A

-Political advertising spending increased 600% in early days of television

34
Q

In 1965 what percentage of money was spent on rallies?

A

85%

35
Q

In 1968 what percentage of money was spent on TV ads

A

50%+

36
Q

Explain how News coverage effects political campaigns in negative ways

A

Critics say media are harmful to campaigns:

  • Focus on superficial aspects rather than fundamental issues
  • Horse-race structure (e.g., front runners)
  • Focus on negative over positive
  • Report on what candidates say without fact-checking
37
Q

Explain how access to the public effects political campaigns

A

With each new medium, candidates have greater direct access to the public

38
Q

Name four positive effects the internet has on politics

A
  1. Creativity
  2. Interactivity
  3. Independence
  4. Depth
39
Q

Name five negative effects the internet has on politics

A
  1. Inequality
  2. Filterlessness
  3. Blurring
  4. Constant surveillance
  5. Cocooning
40
Q

Media effects families in what three distinct ways?

A
  1. Media depictions of family
  2. Family interaction
  3. Media for family communication
41
Q

List some changes in media’s depiction of family over time

A
  • The changes in depiction on TV are similar to changes to family in real life
  • Less “nuclear” families
  • More kids outside of marriage
  • More single parents
  • More extended families
42
Q

Explain trope

A

Storytelling shortcut we recognize and understand

43
Q

Give examples of common family tropes

A
  • The clueless dad
  • The nagging mom
  • The super mom
  • The dysfunctional family
44
Q

Study: Is mom still doing it all findings are?

A

Shift from focus on mom to focus on kids

45
Q

Why do media portrayals of family matter?

A

Media portrayals of family influence public opinion about expectations of family value

46
Q

Family Interaction With Media: Family media use is more fragmented

A
  • Families consumer less media together
  • When they do, there is less interaction around content
  • Parental shift from introducing kids to culture, to protecting them from culture.
47
Q

What are the three ways parents mediate media use?

A
  1. Restrictive mediation
  2. Instructive mediation
  3. Social co-use
48
Q

Explain restrictive mediation

A

Parents set rules for use or prohibit use of certain media

49
Q

Explain Instructive mediation

A

Parents explain or discuss certain aspects of media

50
Q

Explain Social co-use

A

Parents and children consume media together

51
Q

Effect of parental mediation of media: TV

A

Parental mediation of TV significantly increases children’s skepticism about media, public affairs media use, and involvement in politics.

52
Q

Parental Mediation of Media: social media parents should do what three things?

A
  1. Develop awareness of kids’ use
  2. Create opportunities for digital detox
  3. Help kids figure out the “why” of their social media use
53
Q

Chen Parent-college student communication example

A

CMC (Computer-Mediated Means Communication) between college students and parents have higher communication satisfaction. compared to FTF (Face to face) communication

54
Q

Name three macro-level effects mass media has on society

A
  1. Information Technologies Shaping Society
  2. Functionalism
  3. Integration vs. Fragmentation
55
Q

What role does information technologies have in shaping society

A
  • The ability to write information down on portable documents
  • The invention of the printing press
56
Q

Explain “The medium is the message”

A

What is communicated is less important than how it’s communicated

57
Q

Explain Hot Media

A
  • High definition

- Requires less effort on our part

58
Q

Explain Cold Media

A

Requires more effort on our part

59
Q

Explain functionalism

A

Mass media serve key functions in society

60
Q

Explain Surveillance as its related to functionalism

A
  • News media provide constant surveillance for us, of our environment and give us more important information
  • New media also provide constant surveillance of us, for others
61
Q

Explain correlation as its related to functionalism

A

Mass media socialize us into a common way of thinking

relevant theories: cultivation and spiral of silence

62
Q

Explain transmission as it relates to functionalism

A

Mass media transmit cultural heritage from generation to generation

63
Q

Explain mobilization as it relates to functionalism

A

Mass media can be used by people to campaign for change and motivate people to social action

64
Q

Explain Integration vs. Fragmentation

A
  • Integration: Mass media serve to pull people together who would otherwise be scattered in some way
  • Fragmentation: Society fragments as a result of mass media; reduction of the “public sphere”
65
Q

Name three ways in which effects of mass media have on themselves

A
  1. New Technologies
  2. Concentration of ownership
  3. Socialization effects
66
Q

List ways in which new technologies have been changed

A
  • Journalism was changed by live TV reporting and now by social media
  • TV programming was changed by user behavior and now by cord-cutting
  • Broadcast and cable TV changed by digital video and now by on-demand streaming
67
Q

Explain Vertical integration

A
  • Greater program diversity and lower prices

- Shift from focus on channel to message

68
Q

Critics argument on concentration of ownernship

A
  • Concentration is harmful
  • Mass media have a special responsibility to the public that other industries do not
  • As competition among media companies decreases, content of messages changes (negatively)
69
Q

What are the two main issues of concentration of ownership?

A
  1. Issues of access

2. Issues of diversity

70
Q

Explain issues of access in relation to concentration of ownership

A
  • Ownership over media companies

- Access to have your point of view heard

71
Q

Explain issues of diversity in relation to concentration of ownership

A

-Fewer voices = fewer opinions

72
Q

Proponents’ arguments for concentration of ownership

A
  • Concentration is not harmful
  • Large companies enjoy greater economies of scale
  • No evidence that quality of messages has declined due to concentration
73
Q

What is the media’s logic on socialization effects

A

Media socialize workers into roles that serve to preserve those organizations

74
Q

What are the two issues with self report?

A
  1. Our behavioral intentions are “better” than our actual behaviors
  2. We are often unaware of what our actual behavior is
75
Q

What is an attribute variable?

A

Superficial characteristic of a person

76
Q

What are the two most common attribute variables?

A
  1. Sex

2. Age

77
Q

Explain Calibration of Influence

A

Not all effects are equally powerful or prevalent

  • Studies focus on statistical significance
  • Not necessarily on substantive significance
78
Q

What distinguishes mass media and non-mass media?

A
  1. Intentions of senders
    a. Assemble and keep an audience
  2. Channels of transmission
    a. Use technology as tools for constructing & maintaining audiences
  3. Mass media are organizations, not individuals
79
Q

Name an example of caution in translating

A

Almost no mass media research examine media under “mass” conditions

80
Q

What are the five steps to managing effects on ourselves?

A
  1. Increase awareness of your goals
  2. Thinks about how you can use media as tools
  3. Monitor your media exposure
  4. Alter your reactions to messages
  5. Alter your exposure patterns
81
Q

What are the four parts that make up functionalism

A
  1. Surveillance
  2. Correlation and transmission
  3. Mobilization
  4. Integration vs. Fragmentation

Mass Media (3 decks)

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