Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
phonetics
A
study of speech sounds
2
Q
phonology
A
organization of sounds in the mind
3
Q
morphology
A
strategies that languages use to form meaningful words
4
Q
syntax
A
ways we combine words to create phrases and sentences
5
Q
Semantics
A
how meaningful words and sentences are organized in the mind
6
Q
3 mechanisms need to produce speech sounds
A
repiration
phonation
articulation
7
Q
IPA provides
A
a 1:1 mapping between symbol and sound
8
Q
voiced
A
vocal cords close and vibrate
9
Q
voiceless
A
vocal folds open
10
Q
whisper
A
vocal cords partially closed
11
Q
vocal tracts primary functions
A
eating and breathing
12
Q
consonant
A
vocal tract obstructed
13
Q
vowel
A
vocal tract unobstructed
14
Q
glides
A
[j] [w]
15
Q
syllable
A
the peak of sonority
onsets are greedy (start)
16
Q
bilabial
A
lips
17
Q
labiodental
A
lips and teeth
18
Q
alveolar
A
tongue and alveolar ridge
19
Q
post-alveolar
A
tongue and behind the alveolar ridge
20
Q
palatal
A
palate and tongue [j]
21
Q
velar
A
tongue and velar [g] [k]
22
Q
glottal
A
larynx
23
Q
liquids
A
[l] [ɹ]
24
Q
stops
A
completely disturbed airflow
25
nasal
allowing air to flow through the nasal cavity
26
fricative
air flows turbulently through small space between articulators
27
approximant
articulators close
| smooth air flow
28
lateral approximant
air flows beside the tongue with tongue on the alveolar
29
trill
articulators together with rapid vibrations
30
flap
short sound so air pressure does not build up
31
affricate
release of stop slowly
32
vowel properties
1) tongue height
2) tongue backness
3) rounding
4) tense / lax
33
stressed syllable
longer
| pretend you're calling you're dog
34
most to least sonorous
1) vowels
2) nasals / liquids
3) glides
4) fricatives
5) flaps
6) stops
35
Major Diphthongs
[aɪ] [aʊ] [ɔɪ]
36
broad transcription
no diacritics or reductions
| phonemic
37
narrow transcription
include diacritics and reductions
| phonetic
38
syllabic consonant diacritic
m̩ (the line underneath)
39
aspiration diacritic
pʰ tʰ kʰ
| at the onset of word or onset of a stressed syllable
40
devoiced diacritic
l̥ when a typical voiced sound becomes devoiced
41
rhotic diacritic
ɝ
42
unreleased diacritic
p̚
43
nasalized diacritic
æ̃
44
suprasegmental information
pitch
loudness
length
45
contrast
if 2 phonemes in an identical word produce different meaning there is contrast and therefore they would be 2 different phonemes
46
minimal pairs
```
2 words
identical in all ways but one
a phonemic difference or not?
if yes then is a minimal pair
(e.g. fan and van)
```
47
allophones
segments that are phonetically different from each other that the mental grammar treats as members of the same category (e.g. t and tʰ and ɾ)
48
complementary distribution
each segment appears in its own environment but never in the others
49
3 major features
consonant
sonorant
syllabic
50
derivation equation
```
A > B / X _ Y
this class of sound becomes this class of sound in this environment
```
51
the hardest part of L2 to learn
phonology
52
babies learn L1 categories by ___
1 year
53
accents and voices impact what ___
what we expect people to look like
54
we need to ______ better
listen
55
resume whitening
using a white name to try and increase the chance of getting called back for an interview
56
certain accents hold _____
stigmas
57
habituation technique
power of suck increases if interested, habituate once sucking strength decreases (older use looking technique)
58
morpheme
the smallest part of words with meaning
59
allophormy
predicatable variation, vary dependent on enviroment (a vs an)
60
derivation affixation
a new word that is related to the original word but normally moved to a different category (teach (verb) > teacher (noun)
61
affix
bound morpheme attached to the base
62
base
what affix attaches to
63
root
the core of the complex word
64
fuck insertion
expletive infixation
abso-fucking-lutely
unconscious systematic principles
65
co-articulation
the articulation of every speech sounds before and after it
66
anticipatory assimilation
sounds become more similar based on what sound is coming up in the word. becoming more like the sound that comes before it
67
preservatory assimilation
sounds from one segment carry into the next segment
68
vowel reduction
the vowel in unstressed syllable often reduced to ə
69
deletion
vowel reduced so much its deleted
70
epenthesis
adding in extra speech sounds
71
metathesis
mixing up the position of speech segments
72
lexical tone
differences in pitch leads to differences in word meaning
73
intonition
differences in pitch can signal discourse level information
74
is length contrastive in english?
no
75
inflectional derivation
morphemes that add grammatical information
