Final Exam Flashcards
phonetics
study of speech sounds
phonology
organization of sounds in the mind
morphology
strategies that languages use to form meaningful words
syntax
ways we combine words to create phrases and sentences
Semantics
how meaningful words and sentences are organized in the mind
3 mechanisms need to produce speech sounds
repiration
phonation
articulation
IPA provides
a 1:1 mapping between symbol and sound
voiced
vocal cords close and vibrate
voiceless
vocal folds open
whisper
vocal cords partially closed
vocal tracts primary functions
eating and breathing
consonant
vocal tract obstructed
vowel
vocal tract unobstructed
glides
[j] [w]
syllable
the peak of sonority
onsets are greedy (start)
bilabial
lips
labiodental
lips and teeth
alveolar
tongue and alveolar ridge
post-alveolar
tongue and behind the alveolar ridge
palatal
palate and tongue [j]
velar
tongue and velar [g] [k]
glottal
larynx
liquids
[l] [ɹ]
stops
completely disturbed airflow
nasal
allowing air to flow through the nasal cavity
fricative
air flows turbulently through small space between articulators
approximant
articulators close
smooth air flow
lateral approximant
air flows beside the tongue with tongue on the alveolar
trill
articulators together with rapid vibrations
flap
short sound so air pressure does not build up
affricate
release of stop slowly
vowel properties
1) tongue height
2) tongue backness
3) rounding
4) tense / lax
stressed syllable
longer
pretend you’re calling you’re dog
most to least sonorous
1) vowels
2) nasals / liquids
3) glides
4) fricatives
5) flaps
6) stops
Major Diphthongs
[aɪ] [aʊ] [ɔɪ]
broad transcription
no diacritics or reductions
phonemic
narrow transcription
include diacritics and reductions
phonetic
syllabic consonant diacritic
m̩ (the line underneath)
aspiration diacritic
pʰ tʰ kʰ
at the onset of word or onset of a stressed syllable
devoiced diacritic
l̥ when a typical voiced sound becomes devoiced
rhotic diacritic
ɝ
unreleased diacritic
p̚
nasalized diacritic
æ̃
suprasegmental information
pitch
loudness
length
contrast
if 2 phonemes in an identical word produce different meaning there is contrast and therefore they would be 2 different phonemes
minimal pairs
2 words identical in all ways but one a phonemic difference or not? if yes then is a minimal pair (e.g. fan and van)
allophones
segments that are phonetically different from each other that the mental grammar treats as members of the same category (e.g. t and tʰ and ɾ)
complementary distribution
each segment appears in its own environment but never in the others
3 major features
consonant
sonorant
syllabic
derivation equation
A > B / X _ Y this class of sound becomes this class of sound in this environment
the hardest part of L2 to learn
phonology
babies learn L1 categories by ___
1 year
accents and voices impact what ___
what we expect people to look like
we need to ______ better
listen
resume whitening
using a white name to try and increase the chance of getting called back for an interview
certain accents hold _____
stigmas
habituation technique
power of suck increases if interested, habituate once sucking strength decreases (older use looking technique)
morpheme
the smallest part of words with meaning
allophormy
predicatable variation, vary dependent on enviroment (a vs an)
derivation affixation
a new word that is related to the original word but normally moved to a different category (teach (verb) > teacher (noun)
affix
bound morpheme attached to the base
base
what affix attaches to
root
the core of the complex word
fuck insertion
expletive infixation
abso-fucking-lutely
unconscious systematic principles
co-articulation
the articulation of every speech sounds before and after it
anticipatory assimilation
sounds become more similar based on what sound is coming up in the word. becoming more like the sound that comes before it
preservatory assimilation
sounds from one segment carry into the next segment
vowel reduction
the vowel in unstressed syllable often reduced to ə
deletion
vowel reduced so much its deleted
epenthesis
adding in extra speech sounds
metathesis
mixing up the position of speech segments
lexical tone
differences in pitch leads to differences in word meaning
intonition
differences in pitch can signal discourse level information
is length contrastive in english?
no
inflectional derivation
morphemes that add grammatical information
