Final Exam

Question 1

Crisis of efficiency

Answer 1

Problems cannot be adequately managed

e.g., major environmental issues, regulation of financial markets

Question 2

Crisis of legitimacy

Answer 2

political representation; managing interests

Question 3

Crisis of identity

Answer 3

increasingly disjointed

• nation and values are no longer aligned due to the global nature of decision making
• culture and nationalism has been integrated with global politics, state actors cannot represent the autonomous identity many citizens have

Question 4

Crisis of equity

Answer 4

unewual between countires and socail roups: economic structures

Question 5

Castells’ 4 crises of globalization

Answer 5

crisis of legitimacy
crisis of efficiency
crisis of identity
crisis of equity

Question 6

Transnationalism

Answer 6

• “Processes that interconnect individuals and social groups across specific geopolitical borders”
• Transnationalist is a more delimited process than globalization because it is limited to interconnections that cross geopolitical borders

Ex: mexican immigrants in the US sending remittances to family in Mexico

Question 7

Global interdependence

Answer 7

worldwide mutual dependence between countries.

Question 8

What does Steger mean by “glocalization”?

Answer 8

Glocalization refers to the mixing of “global” and “local” that make up globalization

Question 9

Why are flows important in understanding globalization?

Answer 9

Flows improve our understanding of the reach of globalization: in order to understand globalizations shortcomings and positive attributes, flows shows how globalization has advanced and interconnected societies

Question 10

Narrow/Broad poverty

Answer 10

The narrow concept of poverty is one that is easy to understand and is also measurable. It can be measured through the poverty line by data acquisition.

The broad concept is one that is harder to calculate.

Question 11

Absolute/Relative poverty

Answer 11

Absolute poverty refers to subsistence below minimum, socially acceptable living conditions usually established based on nutritional requirements and other essential goods.

Relative poverty compares the lower segments of a population with the upper segments, usually measured in income quintiles or deciles.

The $1/day per capita poverty line is one example of an absolute poverty line.

Question 12

Objective/Subjective poverty

Answer 12

Objective perspective (sometimes referred to as the welfare approach) involves normative judgements as to what constitutes poverty and what is required to move people out of their impoverished state.

The subjective approach places a premium on people’s preferences, on how much they value goods and services (hence the emphasis on individual utility).

Question 13

Human Agency/Social Structure poverty

Answer 13

Human agency approach focuses more on what the poor do not have such as clean water, food, shelter and so on. It also looks at their capability to help themselves.

The social structure concept concentrates on what they don’t have compared to others such as the type of car they drive, the clothes they wear, the way they act or speak.

Question 14

What does Pasha (Chap. 20) conclude in his evaluation of neoliberal solutions to poverty? Explain his main points.

Answer 14

• He concludes that the neoliberal fails to accord the poor any notion of dignity or personhood.
• He also states that the quest to end poverty may be better served if the process to transform the poor into ‘bare life’ can be averted, if not reversed.
• Neoliberal projects may not serve either deeper social purpose or individual selfhood.
• Neoliberalists try to eradicate poverty in non-western countries the same way poverty was eradicated in the west- (post) industrial Western capitalism.
• Neoliberal solutions to end poverty are basically market solutions for essentially social problems.
• It emphasises growth not redistribution.

Question 15

“The poor are not those who simply lack material capacities to fulfill their culturally influenced needs. They are those who lack an ability to live meaningful lives.” Discuss.

Answer 15

This is talking about self-determination. The poor lack the determination to get better lives for themselves. They do not only lack the basic needs to enable survival such as clothes, food and water, shelter etc but they also lack the will to keep on living as people with better standards of living do.

Question 16

Globalization hops

Answer 16

implies that some areas are strongly and positively affected by globalization, others are not

Developed African nations are implicated in the global process but the process itself “hops” over other areas of the continent

Question 17

Flowing globalization

Answer 17

a globalization in which there is global equality/distribution across the globe, and the phenomena touches every part of the world

due to inherent inequality in the world, there is not a global flow: waves of globalization affect various areas at different degrees

Question 18

Globaphilia

Answer 18

Emphasis on the positive aspects of globalization, such as greater economic success and spread of democracy

Question 19

Globaphobia

Answer 19

emphasis on the negative aspects of globalization, such as the exploitation of developing nations or exclusion in integration

Question 20

Middle ground between globaphilia and globaphobia

Answer 20

neither globaphobia nor glophalia are entirely justified, globalization is neither a limitless source of benefit to humanity as some claim, nor is it guilty of all the ills for which it is responsible

Question 21

How does Manzo (ch.15) define slavery

Answer 21

Manzo defines slavery as unpaid forced labour.

Question 22

Using her case of Ivory Coast, explain her argument that colonialism and slavery do not truly belong to the past. What explains the use of child slavery on cocoa plantations in Ivory Coast at various times?

Answer 22

Ivory Coast shows that colonialism and slavery is not truly in the past by the way their economy is still very much a colonial political economy. This is represented by

1. An economic growth pattern marked by heavy dependence on the export of a handful of primary products( cocoa in IC).
2. A forced labour system for the production of agricultural commodities ( 70 percent of the population of IC is involved in agriculture)
3. A global supply chain controlled all the way along by colonial companies, traders and middlemen (cocoa supply chain with Ivorian farmers at the bottom and multinational companies, retail and consumers at the top).

Question 23

Discuss Peterson’s (Chap. 17) distinction between formal and informal work.

Answer 23

Formal work is contratual regulated, legal exchanges, where wages and salaries are negotiated, commodity goods and services exchanged, and some degree of profit-seeking is assumed.

Informal is work is not recorded or regulated where cash is exchanged and regulatory authorities are absent. Informal work can include necessary labour and volunteer activities and secondary, shadow and irregular activities where some form of enterprise and payment is expected but legal regulation is either difficult to enforce or intentionally evaded.

Question 24

Define ‘flexibilization’ and explain its importance in the era of economic globalization.

Answer 24

• Flexibilization increases the power of management and decrease the choices available to most workers.
• Flexibilization feminizes the workforce by increasing proportion of jobs requiring few skills and the most desirable workers are those who are perceived to be unorganized (undemanding), docile but reliable, available for part-time and temporary work, and willing to accept low wages.
• It translates into greater insecurity of employment, income and benefits for the majority of the world’s workers.
• Flexibilization erides labour’s organizing power, protection of workers’ rights, and wage expectations, it exacerbates the decline in family income that pushes more people to generate income in whatever way that they can; they often do so by engaging in informal sector activities.
• Finally, because flexibilization translates to avoidance of taxes, it exacerbates the declining resources devoted to public welfare provisioning and spurs participation in informal activities to compensate in part for this loss.

Question 25

Internest Rights and Principles Coalition (IRPC)`

Answer 25

• bring human rights online

- works w/UN to include CHR

Question 26

Power struggles through the internet

Answer 26

• organize protests
• register support
• data collection and monitoring
• Arab SPring + fire + internet

Question 27

Power struggles over the internet

Answer 27

• filtering and censorship
• net neutrality + electronic freedom
• end of freedom of speech/expression
• internet governance forum??

Question 28

Global digital divide

Answer 28

those who have access and those who don’t (50%)

between countries, rich + poor, rural + urban locations