Final Exam

Question 1

What is scala naturae?

Answer 1

The scala naturae was the medieval conception of the natural order, in which all living organisms were arranged in a linear order from simple to complex.

Question 2

Explain Robert Boyle’s Vacuum Pump Experiments.

Answer 2

Studied the inversions between gas and air to create a vacuum.

Question 3

What is autonomy?

Answer 3

The capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision

Question 4

What is mirror self-recognition?

Answer 4

A test to determine whether an animal possesses the ability of visual self-recognition.

Question 5

What is the precautionary principle?

Answer 5

‘Embodies the notion that where there is uncertainty regarding the potential impact of a substance of activity, rather than away certainty, regulators should act in anticipation of possible…harm to ensure that this harm does not occur.’ (Wise, 2002)

Ex. United Nations (1982) World Charter for Nature:
Activities which are likely to pose a significant risk to nature shall be preceded by an exhaustive examination; their proponents shall demonstrate that expected benefits outweigh potential damage to nature, and where potential adverse effects are not fully understood, the activities should not proceed.

Question 6

What is digital affordances?

Answer 6

Some digital ‘affordances’

• Qualities of ‘networked publics’
• Collapsed contexts and imagined audiences
• The Online Disinhibition effect
• Hyperpersonal communication

Question 7

What is networked publics?

Answer 7

Built through social media and allows people to gather, connect and collectively imagine community
4 affordances:
- Persistence
- Visibility
- Spreadability
- Searchability

Question 8

What is collapsed contexts?

Answer 8

• Newly shared situations
  
  • Encounters between separate social groups
    
    • A crisis of expectations: Acting out more than
      one self at once

“Teens are struggling to make sense of who they are and how they fit into society in an environment in which contexts are networked and collapsed, audiences are invisible, and anything they say or do can easily be taken out of context.” (boyd, 2014)
Ex. Hunter, age 14:
When I’m talking to my friends on Facebook or I put up a status, something I hate is when people who I’m not addressing in my statuses comment on my statuses. In my old school people used to call me nerdy and that I was the least black black person…I said on Facebook ‘Should I take offence to the fact that somebody put the ringtone ‘White and Nerdy’ for me and it was a joke. I guess we were talking about it in school and my sister comes out of nowhere ‘Aww, baby bro’, and I’m like ‘No, don’t say that, I wasn’t talking to you’ (boyd, 2012)

Question 9

What is the imagined audiences?

Answer 9

• Creating a mental model
  
  • Knowing who is watching

Impression management –creating a self-presentation for a specific audience
Chris about Allie, age 16:
About halfway down the page there was a panel with a question ‘What drug are you?’, followed by a picture of a white substance on a mirror with a rolled up dollar bill; the text below said ‘Cocaine’. Trying not to panic, he approached his daughter quizzically. She responded with laughter…she explained that what he’d seen was a quiz…This did not give Chris any sense of relief, but he reserved judgement and hesitantly asked why she wanted to get cocaine as a result. She proceeded to explain that the kids who smoked pot at school were ‘lame’ while those who took mushrooms were crazy…

Question 10

What is online disinhibition effect?

Answer 10

Suler (2004)
Why do people… feel more safe? Disclose more than they would in person?
6 factors:
- Anonymity
- Invisibility
- Asynchronicity
- Dissociative imagination (ability to ‘turn off or tune
out’)
- Solipsistic introjection (supplying a ‘voice’)
- Minimization of authority

Question 11

What is hyperpersonal communication?

Answer 11

Joseph Walther (1996)
Seeking commonality and harmony with others online can be aided by the ODE:
Similarities magnified, differences not identified
Closeness is established at least in part by disclosure and acceptance of others’ disclosures
Online a great deal of information is offered immediately, both personal and not-so-personal
This leads to relationships becoming emotionally close more quickly…

Question 12

What is Luddism?

Answer 12

One who opposed technology and change

Question 13

What is technological utopianism?

Answer 13

Is any ideology based on the premise that advances in science and technology could and should bring about a utopia, or at least help to fulfill one or another utopian ideal

Question 14

What is the Californian Ideology-technocracy?

Answer 14

• Based on the feeling that a revolution in culture and social relations was on the horizon
• Capitalist pigs hidden in the facade of leftist San Fransico bohemians who would hack government computers but hide their own poor ethics
• The people who work for companies such as Facebook and Google often live in a technological hub outside of the normal world

Question 15

What is benevolent but total surveillance?

Answer 15

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Question 16

What is libertarianism?

Answer 16

Libertarianism is a collection of political philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core principle. Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association and individual judgment. A skeptic of state authority.

Question 17

What is technological solutionism?

Answer 17

• Believing that technology will solve everything.

Question 18

What is naracissistic personality disorder?

Answer 18

Problems with Self functioning:
-Identity: Ego-centrism; self-esteem derived from
- personal gain, power, or pleasure.
- Self-direction: Goal-setting based on personal
gratification; absence of prosocial internal standards
associated with failure to conform to lawful or
culturally normative ethical behavior.

Problems with Interpersonal Functioning:
- Lack of Empathy: Lack of concern for feelings,
- needs, or suffering of others; lack of remorse after
hurting or mistreating another.
- Lack of Intimacy: Incapacity for mutually intimate
relationships, as exploitation is a primary means of
relating to others, including by deceit and coercion;
use of dominance or intimidation to control others.

Question 19

What is adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 19

• Self-consciousness
• Being on-stage
• Personal fables
• Invincibility

Question 20

What is Piaget’s 3 Mountain Task?

Answer 20

• Test that tests ego of a person
  - Usually performed on children
• A viewer asked to describe what the doll across the tables sees in front of them
• Viewer then describes what THEY see, not what the doll would see

Question 21

What is the myth of Narcissus?

Answer 21

• Narcissus was obessed with his reflection in a mirror. He died because of it. Beauty = EVIL!!!!

Question 22

What are the 6 values of social media (p. 22)?

Answer 22

Speed
Radical transparency
Confessionalism
Exhibitionism
Prideful consumerism
Relentless positivity

Question 23

What are the signs of decline in print journalism?

Answer 23

Competition for advertising

Competition for readership

Question 24

What are news aggregators?

Answer 24

In computing, a news aggregator, also termed a feed aggregator, feed reader, news reader, RSS reader or simply aggregator, is client software or a web application which aggregates syndicated web content such as online newspapers, blogs, podcasts, and video blogs (vlogs) in one location for easy viewing.

Question 25

What is outsourcing of news?

Answer 25

News is coming from across the global

Question 26

What is the churnalistic cycle?

Answer 26

a type of journalism that relies on reusing existing material such as press releases and wire service reports instead of original research, esp as a result of an increased demand for news content

Question 27

What is artificial intelligence and news production?

Answer 27

Can insight what news is important for which people

Question 28

What is dataveillance?

Answer 28

Dataveillance is the practice of monitoring and collecting online data as well as metadata. The word is a portmanteau of data and surveillance. Dataveillance is concerned with the continuous monitoring of users’ communications and actions across various platforms.

Question 29

What is sousveillance?

Answer 29

Sousveillance is the recording of an activity by a participant in the activity, typically by way of small wearable or portable personal technologies.

Question 30

What is social surveillance?

Answer 30

In espionage and counterintelligence, surveillance is the monitoring of behavior, activities, or other changing information for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting people.

Question 31

What is doxing?

Answer 31

Doxing (from dox, abbreviation of documents) or doxxing is the Internet-based practice of researching and broadcasting private or identifying information (especially personally identifying information) about an individual or organization.

The methods employed to acquire this information include searching publicly available databases and social media websites (like Facebook), hacking, and social engineering. It is closely related to Internet vigilantism and hacktivism.

Doxing may be carried out for various reasons, including to aid law enforcement, business analysis, risk analytics, extortion, coercion, inflicting harm, harassment, online shaming, and vigilante justice.

Question 32

What is digital detox?

Answer 32

Digital detox refers to a period of time during which a person refrains from using electronic connecting devices such as smartphones and computers. It is regarded as an opportunity to reduce stress, focus more on social interaction and connection with nature in the physical world.

Question 33

4) David Lyon and David Silverman argue that surveillance has become ‘fun’. Is doxing fun? If not, what motivates people to engage in this social practice? As you answer, define doxing and discuss the cases discussed in the chapter ‘To Watch and be Watched’.

Answer 33

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Question 34

5) Is ‘churnalism’ the result of a competition for page views or the longer term declines of the newspaper industry? As you answer, define churnalism and consider both sides of the arguement.

Answer 34

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