Final exam Flashcards
chapter 6 -
Youth Criminal Justice Act, 2003
placed greater emphasis on DIVERSION and REHABILITATION. REDUCE use of custody as sanction for youth. Use of custody has DECLINED since implementation
Adolescents tend to focus more on ______ than _____ & more on _____ than _____ term consequences
Adolescents tend to focus more on BENEFITS than COSTS & more on SHORT- than LONG-term consequences
cognitive load theory
the amount of MENTAL EFFORT required by a task, and more specifically, the extent to which the task uses WORKING MEMORY resources
post-employment screening
DIRECT involvement of police psychologists. Conduct evaluations with candidates
T/F: police can continue to interview EVEN IF right to silence is invoked
TRUE.
what are some sources of error?
1) fill in the blanks
2) change details that are inconsistent with expectations
3) repeated reports of the same event
which part of the brain has to do with vivid memories?
amygdala-based processing
operational psychology
Aims to “generate empirical knowledge on individual & contextual factors influencing human behaviour in dynamic settings that produce a hazard to life, health, or basic values”
when could confidence be helpful?
only IF:
- ratings taken immediately after identification.
- only confidence ratings of choosers, NOT confidence ratings of non-choosers
CH.6 SA: A biased interviewer may draw false conclusions from their interview with a child. What
mechanisms have been identified that could account for this effect? (3 points)
1) A biased interviewer is more likely to ask suggestive questions.
2) A biased interviewer is more likely to behave in ways (e.g., nod, smile, move closer) that
encourage a child to say things that are consistent with the interviewer’s hypothesis.
3) A biased interviewer is more likely to accept and to remember the parts of the child’s
report that are consistent with the interviewer’s hypothesis.
in Operations-Related Education & Training for the Operations domain, what is the goal?
Focus on improving police decision making - good use of discretion
CH.6 SA: Define closed prompts
Prompts, or questions, that constrain the possible responses (“who was
driving the car?” or “was it Tuesday or Wednesday?”).
examples of police trickery
- Pretending to be a chaplain or legal aid lawyer
- Pretending to turn off tape recorder when taking statement
May youth be transferred to adult court?
NO! BUT adult sentences MAY be applied.
for simulation-based training, what is the most common training method?
computer-based simulators
guess the type of interview: research shows that up to 35% more correct info is attained when police use this interview compared to standard police interviews. However there is a SMALL increase in incorrect info
Enhanced Cognitive Interview
misinformation acceptance
participants respond in a way that they think the questioner wants them to respond
what is the common training method for simulation based training?
computer-based simulators
situational awareness
Develop an appreciation for immediate physical environment
CH.6 SA: What are the two factors (in Psychology) that comprise overall credibility? (2 points)
Perceived honesty and perceived cognitive competence
CH.6 SA: Define suggestibility
The degree to which encoding, storage, retrieval, and reporting of
events can be influenced by a range of social and psychological factors
Jury Selection: Representativeness
- All members of the parent population have an equal chance of being selected
- The sample is a random selection
- The sample is large enough
what case is associated with atmosphere of oppression
R. v. Hoillett (1999)
_____ defendants more likely to waive rights than ____ defendants
Young defendants more likely to waive rights than older defendants
fitness for duty evaluations
when psychologists may conduct psychological evaluations of OFFICERS whose behaviours interfere with their ability to function effectively
Adolescents tend to focus more on ______ than _____ & more on _____ than _____ term consequences
Adolescents tend to focus more on BENEFITS than COSTS & more on SHORT- than LONG-term consequences
by the 1700’s there was a creation of police forces to address increased crime that coincided with
urbanization
what are the two components to a childs credibility?
1) perceived honesty: carried more weight if familiar context. Younger children likely perceived as more credible
2) perceived cognitive competence: carries more weight if unfamiliar context. younger children likely perceived as less credible
testimonial supports ____ child’s stress, ______ child’s accuracy and ____ have adverse effects on accused
testimonial supports DECREASE child’s stress, INCREASE child’s accuracy and DON’T have adverse effects on accused
for adolescents, where does fitness restoration occur?
in community
give the ratio for males and females in regards to life-course persistent offenders
males - 10:1
females - 100:1
In the 1700’s why was the creation of police forces made?
to address the increased crime that coincided with urbanization
CH.6 SA: Describe the results from the Thompson et al (1997) study (i.e., the janitor study). You do
not need to describe the methods. (6 points)
In response to open-ended questions, children in the neutral (1) and exculpatory interview (1) were very correct; by the 4th interview children in the incriminating condition were very incorrect (1). In response to the interpretive questions, children in the neutral (1) and exculpatory (1)
conditions were very accurate, in the incriminating condition, children rated almost all of the
actions as playing rather than cleaning (1)
Incomplete development of this ability may explain risk-taking and sensation-seeking behaviors in adolescents
temperance
what do police psychologists help with?
1) hiring the best possible officers
2) give the best possible education and training
3) support police to do the best job possible
Characteristics of a good interview with a child
1) setting
2) non-contingent support
3) practice interview
4) set the ground rules
5) remain objective and neutral
6) avoid suggestive questioning
7) use appropriate question format
8) close well
Police Psychology
delivery of psychological services TO and on BEHALF of law enforcement agencies, their executives, and employees
ALT key study - Kassin & Kiechel (1996)
Undergraduates recruited for reaction time study. Told to press keys on keyboard but NOT to touch the ALT key. 60 seconds into study, the system crashed & they were told that they had hit the ALT key.
trier of fact
decides questions of fact (e.g., is accused the perpetrator
PEACE technique
Preparation & planning Engage & Explain Account Closure Evaluate
Elicits same number of true confessions as Reid Technique
BUT reduces number of false confessions
Hope & Wrights experiments with viewing slide show of man entering grocery store with object
man removes gun (threatening and unusual), feather duster (non-threatening and unusual) or wallet (control) from pocket.
RT was slower in both the weapon and feather duster condition relative to the
control condition.(1)
o Accuracy scores were similar in the weapon and feather duster conditions (59% and 70%, respectively) and they were lower than in the weapon condition than in the control condition, 82% accuracy. (1) Unusualness may explain some of the weapon focus effect, but not all of it. (1)
Characteristics of a good interview with a child: set the ground rules
promise to tell the truth, report everything, empower the child by letting them know that they can ask for clarification, they can say if they dont know or they dont remember, and to correct the interviewed when appropriate
voluntary confession: fear of prejudice
threats of mistreatment, denial of bail, and denial of access to friends
pre-employment screening
Police psychologists INDIRECTLY involved.
Develop, evaluate, supervise applicant screening procedures
In their creative 1996 study, Kassin and Keichel used the ALT key experimental
paradigm to investigate the phenomenon of false confessions in a laboratory setting. Describe the method and findings from this study. (13 points)
• Their experimental paradigm involved bringing participants into a lab ostensibly for a reaction time study. (1)
• The participants were instructed to type letters on a keyboard but to avoid hitting the ALT key, as that would crash the computer and all the data would be lost. (1) Although no one actually hit the ALT key, the computer crashed after 60 seconds. (1)
• Vulnerability was simulated by reading the letters at a slow or a fast pace (43 versus
67 letters per minute), (1) and the confederate for half of the participants said she saw the participant hit the ALT key. (1)
• Once the computer crashed, the experimenter appeared upset and accused the participant of crashing the computer. (1) All participants initially denied the accusation. (1) All participants were questioned further and asked to sign a confession.
(1)
• The researchers reported that most of the participants signed the confession, (1) many internalized guilt (1) (they believed they had pressed the ALT key), and a few confabulated details (1) to support their false beliefs.
• Both vulnerability and the presence of a witness affected these data such that more vulnerable participants were more likely to confess (1) as were participants who were
told a witness saw them do it (1)
ways to reduce false confessions
1) innocence project: VIDEOTAPE entire interrogation
2) police should NOT provide suspect with details about crime
3) evaluate suspects POST-ADMISSION NARRATIVE to determine the extent to which the details in their statement is CONSISTENT with well known facts of the case
4) allow EXPERT TESTIMONY on false confessions in court
simulation-based training
type of police training provides the opportunity to practice DECISION MAKING and use of force under controlled circumstances that closely resemble situations they are likely to encounter in the course of their employment
In the assessment domain, what is job analysis?
it is the process of identifying relevant knowledge, skills, and abilities and other personal characteristics (KSAO’s) required for various positions in law enforcement
factors that increase confidence, but NOT accuracy
1) time
2) frequency of interviews
3) post identification feedback
misinformation: Loftus studies
Participants view slide show of car going through stop sign/yield sign. Later told it was a yield sign/stop sign. Sizeable minority of participants subsequently reported that is was a yield sign/stop sign.
selecting a jury: provincial law
makes rules for juror ELIGIBILITY and gather panel
what are the possible consequences of transferring to adult court/prison at TRIAL?
1) higher rate of conviction
2) longer sentence
the two variables that affect eyewitness variables
1) estimator variables
2) system variables
early history of policing in Canada can be traced back to
colonial days in France and England
Easterbrook hypothesis
arousal increases attention to most salient elements of event. memory for central details of negative event is superior
what do police psychologists DO in a job analysis?
1) survey officers/supervisors about important KSAO’s
2) ask to describe prototypical “successful” officers
3) observe officers on the job
CH.7 SA: According to Moffitt (1993, 2003) and others, what are the major patterns of juvenile
delinquency observed? Identify and briefly describe each. (14 points)
Life-course persistent offenders,(1) have conduct problems that begin in early childhood. (1) The childhood predictors are undercontrolled temperament and delayed motor development by age 3, low verbal ability, attention deficit and hyperactivity problems, and neuropsychological impairments (3 points for any three of these factors). These children may engage in bullying behaviour in elementary school and have difficulties in interpersonal peer relations.(1) These individuals are at higher risk for later delinquent
and adult criminal behaviour. (1) Fortunately, this group of offenders accounts for the small proportion of delinquent offenders, as they account for less than 10% of all
delinquents. (1)
• Adolescent-limited offenders, (1) don’t begin offending until their teen years, (1) and they typically do not have the early childhood antisocial and behavioural problems seen in life course persistent offenders.(1) Delinquent behaviour is normative for adolescent-limited offenders, as a way of establishing autonomy from parents and to gain acceptance from peers. (1) They are heavily influenced by peers when engaging in delinquent behavior. (1). Adolescent-limited offending is by far the most common type of offending (1)
what does the criminal code say about children testifying?
1) any person under the age of 18 SHALL testify with testimonial supports IF requested.
2) any person who was under the age of 18 at the TIME OF THE OFFENCE and whose statement was taken shortly after the alleged offence SHALL have the videotaped testimony admitted if requested
Reisberg & Heuer say that narrowing of attention may not be due entirely to
emotional arousal
source misattribution
participants recall both experienced detail & suggested detail but can’t remember how each detail was learned
voluntary false confession
a person voluntarily confesses KNOWING they are innocent
confirmatory bias
when test administrator inadvertently expresses his/her opinion. (subtle body language, re-administer the identification test). This has clear effect on a witnesses selection.
During a routine police interview with a witness to a crime, the person blurted out
that they had committed the crime. Later, the police uncovered additional evidence
that the “witness” was the culprit and arrested him. At trial, the accused applied to
have the confession inadmissible because he was not told that he had the right to
remain silent and the right to an attorney. Why will he probably not succeed in his
application? (1 point)
A warning only has to be given to a person who is arrested or detained, not to
a witness. At the time of the confession, he was a witness
absolute judgement (sequential presentation)
Each member of the line-up is compared to the witness’s memory
Enhanced Cognitive Interview relies on 2 principles
1) feature overlap
2) multiple retrieval paths
in the Youth Criminal Justice Act, 2003, what were the options for offences?
minor offence = extrajudicial measures. If extrajudicial measures not appropriate and accused confesses = extrajudicial sanctions. If extrajudicial measures/sanctions not appropriate = arrest
sometimes leading questions is necessary in interviewing. What should you avoid?
1) repeating them
2) high-status interviewer asking them
3) asking in an emotionally intimidating/coercive way
4) asking about peripheral details
5) asking in developmentally inappropriate language
6) very leading q’s
mock jurors seem unable to disregard confession evidence. why?
fundamental attribution error - WHO would confess to a crime they did not commit!
examples of estimator variables
length of time witness viewed perpetrator, lighting conditions, witness intoxication
juries rarely used in
civil trials in Canada
purpose of the Jury
1) representative of community
2) conscience of the community
3) prevent oppressive power
4) public knowledge
5) public involvement
6) public confidence
in the 1980’s there was a dramatic increase in children in the courts system. why?
1) a wider admissibility of expert psychological testimony on issues of eyewitness accuracy
2) the sociopolitical zeitgeist of the late 1960’s that encouraged social scientists to focus more on the application of their research
3) the “sudden” awareness of the prevalence of crimes against children
4) the changes in law that made it possible for children to be witnesses in criminal court
Given that youth often waive their arrest rights and are particularly vulnerable to
false confessions, what was recommended to protect the rights of youth? (2 points)
Require the presence of an adult before a youth can waive their arrest rights (1
point). It may not be in the youth’s best interest to have this person be their parent. Parents may pressure their child to cooperate with the police, to waive their rights and to
“tell the truth.” (1 point)
What conditions must be present for a person to validly waive their s. 10(b) rights?
(2)
A person may waive their s. 10(b) rights if they clearly understand the right (1) and
the consequences of waiving it.(1)
AFTER s.10(b) of rights are read, what can the defendant do?
1) May waive right (must understand right & consequences of waiving it)
2) May choose to talk to police
3) Police may continue to interrogate without counsel being present
voluntary oppression: operating mind
the assumption of an individual having an operating mind.
ex. shock from recent accident or intoxication.
what should be the objective of a forensic interview with a child suspected of being maltreated
1) to identify the occurrence of child maltreatment
2) to identify when an allegation or suspicion of maltreatment is FALSE
step eight of Reid Technique
HAVE SUSPECT DESCRIBE DETAILS OF OFFENCE
- the interrogator should be alone
- later, have someone else witness the confession
what is the purpose of testimonial supports?
1) to reduce the stress associated with testifying
2) to allow the witness to provide a “full and candid” account of the alleged offence
approach to criminal profiling: inductive analytic technique
comparative, statistical, nomothetic in nature
Infer perpetrator’s characteristics from knowledge of general patterns of criminal behavior, reflected in scientific theory & research
life-course persistent offenders represent about ___ of juvenile offenders
10%
CCTV or life: testimony via ____ may actually REDUCE chances of conviction
testimony via CCTV may actually REDUCE chances of conviction
can the culprit and suspect be the same person?
maybe, but not always
When following up with victims of cases involving abuse/neglect, what was found?
abuse/neglect was associated with a 55% INCREASE in likelihood that child would be arrested as a juvenile and 96% increase in likelihood of juvenile committing a VIOLENT offence. Earlier engagement in juvenile activity, higher rates of recidivism, and higher rates of crime in adulthood
How could you test the fairness of a police line-up and what results would you
expect if the line-up was fair? (3 points)
- give a person who was not a witness to the crime a description of the perpetrator
and then present the line-up (2 points) - if the line-up is unbiased, the suspect should be selected at chance levels only (1
point)
why must one remain cautious during an applicant screening?
1) the predictive validity of assessment procedures is LIMITED
2) intensive screening procedures are difficult and expensive to implement
3) important to consider issues of fairness and acceptability
what did policing shift away from and move towards in the 1960’s-1980’s?
shift away from REACTIVE, INCIDENT-ORIENTED policing and towards COMMUNITY and PROBLEM-ORIENTED policing
incorrect identification more likely in target-absent line-up IF
simultaneous presentation used than if sequential presentation used
what is retrieval of information influenced by?
1) quality/type of interview
2) bias
3) reminiscence
recent complaint doctrine
a law that was in force until 1983 that said if you didn’t report your sexual assault at the first available opportunity, the trier of fact was REQUIRED to assume tat the complainant was not credible or had CONSENTED to having sex
BEFORE 1300’s, where was juvenile justice at?
ALL persons were subject to the same standards and liability
what are the possible AFTERMATH consequences of transferring to prison?
1) higher recidivism
2) more serious recidivism
EARL-20G
Early Assessment Risk List for Girls
Juries only used in about __% of criminal trials in Canada
10%
Incomplete development of this ability may explain risk-taking and sensation-seeking behaviors in adolescents
temperance
step nine of Reid Technique
CONVERT ORAL CONFESSION TO WRITTEN/TAPED CONFESSION
- to complete things if the suspect decides to RETRACT, DENY, OR WITHDRAW the confession
until 1988, there was a requirement that there must be judicial warning with unsworn child witnesses. explain.
courts must be warned of the dangers of convicting on the uncorroborated evidence of an unsworn child and that if there wasn’t any other independent piece of evidence to prove this, there would be an acquittal
primary intervention
BEFORE problems exist and are targeted to the GENERAL population.
ex. dont drink when you’re pregnant, no bullying, help prepare kids for school
Child Advocacy Centres
the Federal Government has recently committed a substantial amount of money to develop this. These centres offer a variety of services such as law enforcement, child protection, prosecution, mental health, advocacy, forensic interviewing, and medical evaluations with the goal of reducing the trauma experienced by children victims and witnesses.
Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY): social/contextual factors
peer delinquency, stress and poor coping
In a study where there was a 15 year delay between abuse/neglect and follow up, what was found?
youth with a history of abuse/neglect were 4.8x more likely to have been arrested for ANY juvenile offence and 11x more likely to have been arrested for a VIOLENT crime
memory impairment
misinformation impairs participants’ ability to remember the experienced details
Enhanced Cognitive Interview: feature overlap (aka encoding specificity)
Effective memory retrieval is associated with degree of similarity between encoding context & retrieval context (aka: encoding specificity)
applicant screening
process of evaluating applicants to ensure they have the minimum KSAOs required for their jobs
_____ defendants more likely to waive rights than ____ defendants
Young defendants more likely to waive rights than older defendants
what is the recommendation for number of foils in line ups in the US and then in CANADA?
US = AT LEAST 5
CANADA = 9
CH.6 SA: In research on the efficacy of the Truth/Lie competency inquiry with children there are two
primary paradigms. Describe the 2 paradigms (6 points)
In temptation studies, children play with a toy that includes hidden or secret parts (1).
Sometime during the game the experimenter is called out of the room and the child is
asked not to “peek” or play until the experimenter returns and the game resumes (1).
When the experimenter returns the child is asked if he/she peeked (1)(across experiments,
a substantial majority of children peek/play).
• In a transgression paradigm the child is in a room with another adult and observes the adult break something (1). The adult tells the child that he/she might get into trouble and so the child should not tell anyone what happened (1). The experimenter returns and asks the child what happened. (1)
cognitive load theory: intrinsic cognitive load
reflects inherent complexity of info trainees learn
CH.6 SA: List and discuss the advantages of beginning a forensic interview with a child with a
practice interview. (5 points)
First, it helps to build rapport (1). Second, it gives the interviewer a chance to observe the child’s linguistic competence (1). This is important because it will allow the interviewer to know if there is a language shift when the child talks about the alleged abuse and to investigate reasons for the shift (i.e., does the child revert to “baby language” or use
language that is too mature-sounding) (1). Third, it lets children know how they will be
interviewed during the substantive portion of the interview and how much information the interviewer wants to hear. (1) Finally, it gives the child an opportunity to practice responding to open-ended questions about past events (1).
Characteristics of a good interview with a child: use appropriate question format
open ended prompts. leave open ended prompts instead of direct questions. may require more focused questions to gather additional info but begin with wh- questions and focus on the info ALREADY disclosed by child
what is a voluntary confession?
1) without fear or prejudice or hope of advantage
2) Operating mind
3) not extracted in an atmosphere of oppression
4) no police trickery that shocks the conscience of the community
Generally, a violation cannot be retroactively justified—finding incriminating evidence cannot be used to justify the violation
But, the evidence may still be admitted under…
s. 24(2).
Peremptory challenge:
dismissing a person without reason
what does the Reid Technique begin with?
non-accusatorial interview, THENNNNNN interrogation begins
what was the objective for policing in the 1700’s?
detect and investigate crime
CCTV or live: mock jurors are more likely to convict accused in ____ condition than ____ condition.
mock jurors are more likely to convict accused in LIVE condition than CCTV condition.
arousal
recall central details of arousing events better than neutral events
how is a childs competence tested?
truth-lie discussion: child asked questions about concepts of truth, lies and promises
Youth risk instruments
1) Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument (MAYSI-2)
2) EARL-20B and EARL-20G
3) Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY)
If the adult sentence is applied to a youth offender, what are their rights?
they have a right to PRELIMINARY INQUIRY and TRIAL BY JURY
what are the possible consequences of transferring to adult PRISON?
1) suicide
2) sexual victimization
what was the results of the Sam Stone study?
the older they were, the more accurate their story was.
accuracy went like this
1) control
2) stereotype
3) suggestions
4) stereotype and suggestion
EARL-20B and EARL-20G measure
measures area of risk for children under 12:
1) family (e.g., stressors, parenting)
2) child (e.g., ADHD, peer socialization)
3) responsivity to interventions
childrens credibility
childs “worthiness of belief” (weight given to witness’ testimony)
what happens if a jury can not reach a unanimous decision?
it is a hung jury and the judge will declare a mistrial
CH. 8 SA: What are two (2) possible sources of errors in eyewitness evidence that can be attributable to the encoding stage? (2)
1) Selectively encode (selective attention)
2) Actively interpret the environment
investigative bias
Police belief that the suspect is lying can lead to inappropriate biases and behaviours
there should be nothing about the suspect that makes him/her
stand out from others in the line-up
CH. 8 SA: There are 5 principles of a good interview with a cooperative witness. Name the
principles (do not discuss the reasons for the principles) (5 points)
▪ begin the interview by developing rapport with the interviewee
▪ remain neutral and objective
▪ ask open-ended questions that become more structured only if necessary and only as
the interview progresses
▪ avoid the use of leading (or misleading) questions
▪ allow the interviewee to control the interview
Reid Technique minimization
REDUCE anxiety associated with CONFESSING
How can an instructor increase germane cognitive load? Report the strategy and why it increases germane cognitive load. (4 points)
- instructors can use a diverse set of examples or exercises (1) that helps trainees to
generalize their learning across situations (1)
-instructors can have trainees talk aloud while engaging in tasks (1) so they can concretize
and process the information they are acquiring (1)
unsworn child
a child who testifies on a promise to tell the truth rather than an oath or affirmation
hippocampus ——->
interferes with consolidation
life-course persistent offenders
1) Under-controlled temperament and delayed motor skills by age 3
2) Low verbal ability.
3) ADHD
4) Neuropsychological impairments
5) bullying/trouble with peer relations
6) represent about 10% of juvenile offenders
CH.6 SA: Landström & Granhag (2010) offered a vividness explanation for the finding that children are seen as less credible when using testimonial supports than when they testify live. Explain the theory (be precise) and describe some of the data used to support the theory.
(15 points)
A report that is temporally (1) and locationally (1) proximate is more vivid (1) than a
report that is more distant. The most proximal testimony is live (1). CCTV is
intermediate in proximity (1). Videotaped evidence is the least proximate (1). According
to this theory, as vividness increases so does credibility (1). Landstrom and Granhag
compared ratings of credibility of live testimony, CCTV, and videotaped testimony (1).
Consistent with the vividness hypothesis, the biggest difference in credibility ratings was
between the live and video conditions (1), the second biggest difference was between the
CCTV and video conditions (1), the smallest difference was between the live and CCTV
conditions (1). Vividness should also affect memorability, with more vivid reports being
remembered better than less vivid reports (1). Consistent with this, Landstrom et al.
(2007) found that mock jurors reported better memory (1) and actually had better
memory (1) for live testimony testimony than testimony presented on CCTV (1).
Gudjonsson has developed two psychological constructs relevant for the
understanding false confessions:
compliance and suggestibility
Senior Detective Smith is trying to make reforms in his police agency because he has
noticed a recent rise in false confessions. According to experts and research, what
recommendations would you suggest he can implement to improve police practices
in his precinct? (5 points)
• Mandatory video recording of entire interrogations. (1)
• Evaluate the suspect’s post-admission narrative to determine the extent to which the
details provided in the statement are consistent with known facts that have not been
revealed to the suspect during the interrogation. (1)
• use an interrogation approach that is non non-coercive and aimed at obtaining accurate
information from a suspect. (1) Interviewers are instructed to keep an open mind about the innocence or guilt of the suspect and to treat all suspects fairly.(1)
• Allow expert testimony about the research on false confessions. (1).
the two sources of law that affect police interactions with suspects and the use of incriminating evidence
1) the charter
2) common law (CL) rule on voluntariness
Germane cognitive load
reflects instructor efforts to help trainees develop relevant schemas, cognitive structures, or “mental maps” to organize new info into meaningful concepts
If the adult sentence is applied to a youth offender and the adult sentence is passed, what happens?
They serve in a youth facility until they turn 20 years old, then, they transfer to an adult facility
the two types of emotionality
1) arousal (physiological response)
2) stress (subjective interpretation)
secondary intervention
BEFORE the problem arises and targeted to HIGH-RISK groups
ex. school-based social skills training for boys with high levels of disruptive behaviour in kindergarten. DIVERSION programs for first time offenders to divert them out of juvenile justice system
_____ stress is associated with mental health problems in adulthood
anticipatory
children’s competence
whether child is allowed to testify in court (admissibility of witness testimony)
CH. 8 SA: Define and compare system variables and estimator variables. Provide examples of
each. (6 points)
• System variables affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (1) that the criminal
justice system has some control over (1). For example, the way a question is
worded or the way a lineup is constructed may impact the accuracy of eyewitness
identification. In these instances, the justice system has some control over these
variables. (1)
• Estimator variables, on the other hand, are those that may affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (1) but that the criminal justice system does not have any
control over. (1) For example, the amount of attention that an eyewitness paid to a perpetrator, how long an eyewitness viewed a perpetrator, or the lighting
conditions under which a perpetrator was viewed would be examples of estimator variables. (1)
what are the two sections of the charter that are most likely to be invoked to exclude disputed incriminating statements?
1) s. 10(b) - “Everyone has the right on arrest or detention to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right”
2) s. 7 - “Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice”
factors that affect eyewitness testimony: weapon focus event
Witness will remember less about crime & perpetrator when a weapon is used than when there is no weapon
In the 1700’s what was the police objective?
to detect and investigate crime
jury size
12 people.
target-absent line-up
suspect is NOT the culprit.
the correct decision is to REJECT all line-up members
