Final exam Flashcards

Question

fitness for duty evaluations

Answer 1

when psychologists may conduct psychological evaluations of OFFICERS whose behaviours interfere with their ability to function effectively

Answer 2

Adolescents tend to focus more on BENEFITS than COSTS & more on SHORT- than LONG-term consequences

Answer 3

urbanization

Answer 4

1) perceived honesty: carried more weight if familiar context. Younger children likely perceived as more credible 2) perceived cognitive competence: carries more weight if unfamiliar context. younger children likely perceived as less credible

Answer 5

testimonial supports DECREASE child's stress, INCREASE child's accuracy and DON'T have adverse effects on accused

Answer 6

in community

Answer 7

males - 10:1 | females - 100:1

Answer 8

to address the increased crime that coincided with urbanization

Answer 9

In response to open-ended questions, children in the neutral (1) and exculpatory interview (1) were very correct; by the 4th interview children in the incriminating condition were very incorrect (1). In response to the interpretive questions, children in the neutral (1) and exculpatory (1) conditions were very accurate, in the incriminating condition, children rated almost all of the actions as playing rather than cleaning (1)

Answer 10

temperance

Answer 11

1) hiring the best possible officers 2) give the best possible education and training 3) support police to do the best job possible

Answer 12

1) setting 2) non-contingent support 3) practice interview 4) set the ground rules 5) remain objective and neutral 6) avoid suggestive questioning 7) use appropriate question format 8) close well

Answer 13

delivery of psychological services TO and on BEHALF of law enforcement agencies, their executives, and employees

Answer 14

Undergraduates recruited for reaction time study. Told to press keys on keyboard but NOT to touch the ALT key. 60 seconds into study, the system crashed & they were told that they had hit the ALT key.

Answer 15

decides questions of fact (e.g., is accused the perpetrator

Answer 16

``` Preparation & planning Engage & Explain Account Closure Evaluate ``` Elicits same number of true confessions as Reid Technique BUT reduces number of false confessions

Answer 17

man removes gun (threatening and unusual), feather duster (non-threatening and unusual) or wallet (control) from pocket. RT was slower in both the weapon and feather duster condition relative to the control condition.(1) o Accuracy scores were similar in the weapon and feather duster conditions (59% and 70%, respectively) and they were lower than in the weapon condition than in the control condition, 82% accuracy. (1) Unusualness may explain some of the weapon focus effect, but not all of it. (1)

Answer 18

promise to tell the truth, report everything, empower the child by letting them know that they can ask for clarification, they can say if they dont know or they dont remember, and to correct the interviewed when appropriate

Answer 19

threats of mistreatment, denial of bail, and denial of access to friends

Answer 20

Police psychologists INDIRECTLY involved. | Develop, evaluate, supervise applicant screening procedures

Answer 21

• Their experimental paradigm involved bringing participants into a lab ostensibly for a reaction time study. (1) • The participants were instructed to type letters on a keyboard but to avoid hitting the ALT key, as that would crash the computer and all the data would be lost. (1) Although no one actually hit the ALT key, the computer crashed after 60 seconds. (1) • Vulnerability was simulated by reading the letters at a slow or a fast pace (43 versus 67 letters per minute), (1) and the confederate for half of the participants said she saw the participant hit the ALT key. (1) • Once the computer crashed, the experimenter appeared upset and accused the participant of crashing the computer. (1) All participants initially denied the accusation. (1) All participants were questioned further and asked to sign a confession. (1) • The researchers reported that most of the participants signed the confession, (1) many internalized guilt (1) (they believed they had pressed the ALT key), and a few confabulated details (1) to support their false beliefs. • Both vulnerability and the presence of a witness affected these data such that more vulnerable participants were more likely to confess (1) as were participants who were told a witness saw them do it (1)

Answer 22

1) innocence project: VIDEOTAPE entire interrogation 2) police should NOT provide suspect with details about crime 3) evaluate suspects POST-ADMISSION NARRATIVE to determine the extent to which the details in their statement is CONSISTENT with well known facts of the case 4) allow EXPERT TESTIMONY on false confessions in court

Answer 23

type of police training provides the opportunity to practice DECISION MAKING and use of force under controlled circumstances that closely resemble situations they are likely to encounter in the course of their employment

Answer 24

it is the process of identifying relevant knowledge, skills, and abilities and other personal characteristics (KSAO's) required for various positions in law enforcement

Answer 25

1) time 2) frequency of interviews 3) post identification feedback

Answer 26

Participants view slide show of car going through stop sign/yield sign. Later told it was a yield sign/stop sign. Sizeable minority of participants subsequently reported that is was a yield sign/stop sign.

Answer 27

makes rules for juror ELIGIBILITY and gather panel

Answer 28

1) higher rate of conviction | 2) longer sentence

Answer 29

1) estimator variables | 2) system variables

Answer 30

colonial days in France and England

Answer 31

arousal increases attention to most salient elements of event. memory for central details of negative event is superior

Answer 32

1) survey officers/supervisors about important KSAO's 2) ask to describe prototypical "successful" officers 3) observe officers on the job

Answer 33

Life-course persistent offenders,(1) have conduct problems that begin in early childhood. (1) The childhood predictors are undercontrolled temperament and delayed motor development by age 3, low verbal ability, attention deficit and hyperactivity problems, and neuropsychological impairments (3 points for any three of these factors). These children may engage in bullying behaviour in elementary school and have difficulties in interpersonal peer relations.(1) These individuals are at higher risk for later delinquent and adult criminal behaviour. (1) Fortunately, this group of offenders accounts for the small proportion of delinquent offenders, as they account for less than 10% of all delinquents. (1) • Adolescent-limited offenders, (1) don’t begin offending until their teen years, (1) and they typically do not have the early childhood antisocial and behavioural problems seen in life course persistent offenders.(1) Delinquent behaviour is normative for adolescent-limited offenders, as a way of establishing autonomy from parents and to gain acceptance from peers. (1) They are heavily influenced by peers when engaging in delinquent behavior. (1). Adolescent-limited offending is by far the most common type of offending (1)

Answer 34

1) any person under the age of 18 SHALL testify with testimonial supports IF requested. 2) any person who was under the age of 18 at the TIME OF THE OFFENCE and whose statement was taken shortly after the alleged offence SHALL have the videotaped testimony admitted if requested

Answer 35

emotional arousal

Answer 36

participants recall both experienced detail & suggested detail but can’t remember how each detail was learned

Answer 37

a person voluntarily confesses KNOWING they are innocent

Answer 38

when test administrator inadvertently expresses his/her opinion. (subtle body language, re-administer the identification test). This has clear effect on a witnesses selection.

Answer 39

A warning only has to be given to a person who is arrested or detained, not to a witness. At the time of the confession, he was a witness

Answer 40

Each member of the line-up is compared to the witness’s memory

Answer 41

1) feature overlap | 2) multiple retrieval paths

Answer 42

minor offence = extrajudicial measures. If extrajudicial measures not appropriate and accused confesses = extrajudicial sanctions. If extrajudicial measures/sanctions not appropriate = arrest

Answer 43

1) repeating them 2) high-status interviewer asking them 3) asking in an emotionally intimidating/coercive way 4) asking about peripheral details 5) asking in developmentally inappropriate language 6) very leading q's

Answer 44

fundamental attribution error - WHO would confess to a crime they did not commit!

Answer 45

length of time witness viewed perpetrator, lighting conditions, witness intoxication

Answer 46

civil trials in Canada

Answer 47

1) representative of community 2) conscience of the community 3) prevent oppressive power 4) public knowledge 5) public involvement 6) public confidence

Answer 48

1) a wider admissibility of expert psychological testimony on issues of eyewitness accuracy 2) the sociopolitical zeitgeist of the late 1960's that encouraged social scientists to focus more on the application of their research 3) the "sudden" awareness of the prevalence of crimes against children 4) the changes in law that made it possible for children to be witnesses in criminal court

Answer 49

Require the presence of an adult before a youth can waive their arrest rights (1 point). It may not be in the youth’s best interest to have this person be their parent. Parents may pressure their child to cooperate with the police, to waive their rights and to “tell the truth.” (1 point)

Answer 50

A person may waive their s. 10(b) rights if they clearly understand the right (1) and the consequences of waiving it.(1)

Answer 51

1) May waive right (must understand right & consequences of waiving it) 2) May choose to talk to police 3) Police may continue to interrogate without counsel being present

Answer 52

the assumption of an individual having an operating mind. ex. shock from recent accident or intoxication.

Answer 53

1) to identify the occurrence of child maltreatment | 2) to identify when an allegation or suspicion of maltreatment is FALSE

Answer 54

HAVE SUSPECT DESCRIBE DETAILS OF OFFENCE - the interrogator should be alone - later, have someone else witness the confession

Answer 55

1) to reduce the stress associated with testifying | 2) to allow the witness to provide a "full and candid" account of the alleged offence

Answer 56

comparative, statistical, nomothetic in nature Infer perpetrator’s characteristics from knowledge of general patterns of criminal behavior, reflected in scientific theory & research

Answer 57

testimony via CCTV may actually REDUCE chances of conviction

Answer 58

maybe, but not always

Answer 59

abuse/neglect was associated with a 55% INCREASE in likelihood that child would be arrested as a juvenile and 96% increase in likelihood of juvenile committing a VIOLENT offence. Earlier engagement in juvenile activity, higher rates of recidivism, and higher rates of crime in adulthood

Answer 60

- give a person who was not a witness to the crime a description of the perpetrator and then present the line-up (2 points) - if the line-up is unbiased, the suspect should be selected at chance levels only (1 point)

Answer 61

1) the predictive validity of assessment procedures is LIMITED 2) intensive screening procedures are difficult and expensive to implement 3) important to consider issues of fairness and acceptability

Answer 62

shift away from REACTIVE, INCIDENT-ORIENTED policing and towards COMMUNITY and PROBLEM-ORIENTED policing

Answer 63

simultaneous presentation used than if sequential presentation used

Answer 64

1) quality/type of interview 2) bias 3) reminiscence

Answer 65

a law that was in force until 1983 that said if you didn't report your sexual assault at the first available opportunity, the trier of fact was REQUIRED to assume tat the complainant was not credible or had CONSENTED to having sex

Answer 66

ALL persons were subject to the same standards and liability

Answer 67

1) higher recidivism | 2) more serious recidivism

Answer 68

Early Assessment Risk List for Girls

Answer 69

temperance

Answer 70

CONVERT ORAL CONFESSION TO WRITTEN/TAPED CONFESSION - to complete things if the suspect decides to RETRACT, DENY, OR WITHDRAW the confession

Answer 71

courts must be warned of the dangers of convicting on the uncorroborated evidence of an unsworn child and that if there wasn't any other independent piece of evidence to prove this, there would be an acquittal

Answer 72

BEFORE problems exist and are targeted to the GENERAL population. ex. dont drink when you're pregnant, no bullying, help prepare kids for school

Answer 73

the Federal Government has recently committed a substantial amount of money to develop this. These centres offer a variety of services such as law enforcement, child protection, prosecution, mental health, advocacy, forensic interviewing, and medical evaluations with the goal of reducing the trauma experienced by children victims and witnesses.

Answer 74

peer delinquency, stress and poor coping

Answer 75

youth with a history of abuse/neglect were 4.8x more likely to have been arrested for ANY juvenile offence and 11x more likely to have been arrested for a VIOLENT crime

Answer 76

misinformation impairs participants’ ability to remember the experienced details

Answer 77

Effective memory retrieval is associated with degree of similarity between encoding context & retrieval context (aka: encoding specificity)

Answer 78

process of evaluating applicants to ensure they have the minimum KSAOs required for their jobs

Answer 79

Young defendants more likely to waive rights than older defendants

Answer 80

US = AT LEAST 5 CANADA = 9

Answer 81

In temptation studies, children play with a toy that includes hidden or secret parts (1). Sometime during the game the experimenter is called out of the room and the child is asked not to “peek” or play until the experimenter returns and the game resumes (1). When the experimenter returns the child is asked if he/she peeked (1)(across experiments, a substantial majority of children peek/play). • In a transgression paradigm the child is in a room with another adult and observes the adult break something (1). The adult tells the child that he/she might get into trouble and so the child should not tell anyone what happened (1). The experimenter returns and asks the child what happened. (1)

Answer 82

reflects inherent complexity of info trainees learn

Answer 83

First, it helps to build rapport (1). Second, it gives the interviewer a chance to observe the child’s linguistic competence (1). This is important because it will allow the interviewer to know if there is a language shift when the child talks about the alleged abuse and to investigate reasons for the shift (i.e., does the child revert to “baby language” or use language that is too mature-sounding) (1). Third, it lets children know how they will be interviewed during the substantive portion of the interview and how much information the interviewer wants to hear. (1) Finally, it gives the child an opportunity to practice responding to open-ended questions about past events (1).

Answer 84

open ended prompts. leave open ended prompts instead of direct questions. may require more focused questions to gather additional info but begin with wh- questions and focus on the info ALREADY disclosed by child

Answer 85

1) without fear or prejudice or hope of advantage 2) Operating mind 3) not extracted in an atmosphere of oppression 4) no police trickery that shocks the conscience of the community

Answer 86

dismissing a person without reason

Answer 87

non-accusatorial interview, THENNNNNN interrogation begins

Answer 88

detect and investigate crime

Answer 89

mock jurors are more likely to convict accused in LIVE condition than CCTV condition.

Answer 90

recall central details of arousing events better than neutral events

Answer 91

truth-lie discussion: child asked questions about concepts of truth, lies and promises

Answer 92

1) Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument (MAYSI-2) 2) EARL-20B and EARL-20G 3) Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY)

Answer 93

they have a right to PRELIMINARY INQUIRY and TRIAL BY JURY

Answer 94

1) suicide | 2) sexual victimization

Answer 95

the older they were, the more accurate their story was. accuracy went like this 1) control 2) stereotype 3) suggestions 4) stereotype and suggestion

Answer 96

measures area of risk for children under 12: 1) family (e.g., stressors, parenting) 2) child (e.g., ADHD, peer socialization) 3) responsivity to interventions

Answer 97

childs "worthiness of belief" (weight given to witness' testimony)

Answer 98

it is a hung jury and the judge will declare a mistrial

Answer 99

1) Selectively encode (selective attention) | 2) Actively interpret the environment

Answer 100

Police belief that the suspect is lying can lead to inappropriate biases and behaviours

Answer 101

stand out from others in the line-up

Answer 102

▪ begin the interview by developing rapport with the interviewee ▪ remain neutral and objective ▪ ask open-ended questions that become more structured only if necessary and only as the interview progresses ▪ avoid the use of leading (or misleading) questions ▪ allow the interviewee to control the interview

Answer 103

REDUCE anxiety associated with CONFESSING

Answer 104

- instructors can use a diverse set of examples or exercises (1) that helps trainees to generalize their learning across situations (1) -instructors can have trainees talk aloud while engaging in tasks (1) so they can concretize and process the information they are acquiring (1)

Answer 105

a child who testifies on a promise to tell the truth rather than an oath or affirmation

Answer 106

interferes with consolidation

Answer 107

1) Under-controlled temperament and delayed motor skills by age 3 2) Low verbal ability. 3) ADHD 4) Neuropsychological impairments 5) bullying/trouble with peer relations 6) represent about 10% of juvenile offenders

Answer 108

A report that is temporally (1) and locationally (1) proximate is more vivid (1) than a report that is more distant. The most proximal testimony is live (1). CCTV is intermediate in proximity (1). Videotaped evidence is the least proximate (1). According to this theory, as vividness increases so does credibility (1). Landstrom and Granhag compared ratings of credibility of live testimony, CCTV, and videotaped testimony (1). Consistent with the vividness hypothesis, the biggest difference in credibility ratings was between the live and video conditions (1), the second biggest difference was between the CCTV and video conditions (1), the smallest difference was between the live and CCTV conditions (1). Vividness should also affect memorability, with more vivid reports being remembered better than less vivid reports (1). Consistent with this, Landstrom et al. (2007) found that mock jurors reported better memory (1) and actually had better memory (1) for live testimony testimony than testimony presented on CCTV (1).

Answer 109

compliance and suggestibility

Answer 110

• Mandatory video recording of entire interrogations. (1) • Evaluate the suspect’s post-admission narrative to determine the extent to which the details provided in the statement are consistent with known facts that have not been revealed to the suspect during the interrogation. (1) • use an interrogation approach that is non non-coercive and aimed at obtaining accurate information from a suspect. (1) Interviewers are instructed to keep an open mind about the innocence or guilt of the suspect and to treat all suspects fairly.(1) • Allow expert testimony about the research on false confessions. (1).

Answer 111

1) the charter | 2) common law (CL) rule on voluntariness

Answer 112

reflects instructor efforts to help trainees develop relevant schemas, cognitive structures, or "mental maps" to organize new info into meaningful concepts

Answer 113

They serve in a youth facility until they turn 20 years old, then, they transfer to an adult facility

Answer 114

1) arousal (physiological response) | 2) stress (subjective interpretation)

Answer 115

BEFORE the problem arises and targeted to HIGH-RISK groups ex. school-based social skills training for boys with high levels of disruptive behaviour in kindergarten. DIVERSION programs for first time offenders to divert them out of juvenile justice system

Answer 116

anticipatory

Answer 117

whether child is allowed to testify in court (admissibility of witness testimony)

Answer 118

• System variables affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (1) that the criminal justice system has some control over (1). For example, the way a question is worded or the way a lineup is constructed may impact the accuracy of eyewitness identification. In these instances, the justice system has some control over these variables. (1) • Estimator variables, on the other hand, are those that may affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (1) but that the criminal justice system does not have any control over. (1) For example, the amount of attention that an eyewitness paid to a perpetrator, how long an eyewitness viewed a perpetrator, or the lighting conditions under which a perpetrator was viewed would be examples of estimator variables. (1)

Answer 119

1) s. 10(b) - “Everyone has the right on arrest or detention to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right” 2) s. 7 - “Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice”

Answer 120

Witness will remember less about crime & perpetrator when a weapon is used than when there is no weapon

Answer 121

to detect and investigate crime

Answer 122

12 people.

Answer 123

suspect is NOT the culprit. the correct decision is to REJECT all line-up members

Answer 124

leading questions, biases or pre-conceived notions of what happened. Children are more suggestible than adults

Answer 125

a person confesses to AVOID punishment or OBTAIN advantage, knowing they are innocent

Answer 126

“delivery of psychological services to & on behalf of law enforcement agencies, their executives, & employees”

Answer 127

Several retrieval paths to retrieval details of an encoded event

Answer 128

aims to get empirical knowledge on individual and contextual factors influencing human behaviour in dynamic settings that produce a hazard to life, health, or basic values.

Answer 129

measures risk for violence in 12 to 18 yo's, specifically: 1) historical risk factors 2) social/contextual risk factors 3) individual/clinical risk factors 4) protective factors

Answer 130

INCREASE anxiety associated with DENIALS

Answer 131

1) develop RAPPORT at beginning of interview 2) remain NEUTRAL and OBJECTIVE 3) use OPEN-ENDED questions that become more structured ONLY IF necessary 4) avoid misleading questions 5) allow interviewee to control interview

Answer 132

estimator variables are variables that are INHERENT to the situation

Answer 133

they are unreliable witnesses

Answer 134

yes there is empirical support for practice interviews. 1) open ended children provided 2.5x more info 2) open ended children provided more info throughout the interview 3) effect was larger for OLDER than younger kids

Answer 135

1) event memory | 2) face identification

Answer 136

child describes neutral past event. interviewer asks questions the same way they will ask q's about alleged maltreatment. Objectives for practice interview are to build rapport with child, observe child's linguistic competence, lets child know how they will be interviewed, practice with open questions

Answer 137

a person confesses and believes they are guilty notwithstanding their innocence

Answer 138

1) substance abuse 2) depression 3) ADHD 4) Anxiety disorders *many youth have co-occurring disorders

Answer 139

help improve success of law enforcement in specific jobs or missions.

Answer 140

the way the interview is conducted or the way the lineup is constructed

Answer 141

the process of accessing previously stored info when you need it

Answer 142

Youth must be informed that: 1) They have the right to silence 2) That any statement may be used as evidence against them 3) They have the right to counsel and a parent or other adult 4) These right must be explained in language appropriate to age 5) `Rights can be waived if court believes that youth was informed of rights & voluntarily waived them

Answer 143

group 1) 7 yo's trained on using IDK response. result: DECREASED commission errors and INCREASED omission errors group 2) 7 yo's trained on using IDK response AND when a substantive response is appropriate result: DECREASED commission errors but had NO effect on omission errors

Answer 144

Basic assumption: criminal behaviour can be understood like any other form of human behaviour. Hallmarks: - Incorporation of various psychological theories to guide analysis - Central role of statistically-derived offender typologies

Answer 145

ONE in five. - Police deemphasize arrest right warnings - Innocent suspects want to show they have nothing to hide - Guilty suspects want to appear cooperative - Suspect might not fully understand they are waiving their rights - Suspect might not comprehend their rights

Answer 146

reflects instructor efforts to help trainees develop relevant schemas, cognitive structures, or "MENTAL MAPS" to organize new info into meaningful concepts

Answer 147

SEQUENTIAL

Answer 148

psychosocial maturity

Answer 149

testify as UNSWORN WITNESSES in criminal court

Answer 150

fundamental justice

Answer 151

AFTER the problem arises and goal is to reduce recidivism

Answer 152

A police interview is very stressful for most witnesses, it is important to try to reduce this stress before the substantive portion of the interview begins (1) • It is important that the witness take control of the interview. Rapport building is the first step in the process of transferring control of the interview to the witness (1)

Answer 153

1) fairness 2) onus is on the DEFENCE to prove a violation on a BALANCE OF PROBABILITIES 3) evidence MAY be excluded if it puts the administration of justice into disrepute

Answer 154

1) assessment 2) intervention 3) operational 4) consulting

Answer 155

1) PTSD 2) abuse/neglect 3) sexual victimization 4) depression and suicide

Answer 156

1) intrinsic cognitive load 2) extraneous cognitive load 3) germane cognitive load

Answer 157

development, implementation and evaluation of procedures for evaluating law enforcement APPLICANTS, OFFICERS, and ADMINISTRATORS

Answer 158

specific geographical areas and certain activities/domains

Answer 159

offers of leniency (e.g., bail, counselling)

Answer 160

Psychologists may conduct psychological evaluations of officers whose behaviour interferes with their ability to function effectively

Answer 161

SUPERIOR court. The superior court will be deemed to be youth court for purposes of trial

Answer 162

help improve success of law enforcement in specific jobs or missions. FOCUS: is on improving police decision making

Answer 163

rate of mental health problems in youth justice system is HIGHER than in the general population of youth

Answer 164

radical changes in attitudes about delinquent behaviour. WELFARE-BASED MODEL.

Answer 165

process of evaluating applicants to ensure they have the minimum KSAO's required for their job

Answer 166

• Psychological research suggests there is little support for the assumption that investigators can rely on verbal and nonverbal cues to make accurate judgments about whether a suspect is lying or telling the truth. (1) • In one of the first studies on the ability to detect lying in interview situations. They asked seven groups of participants to view videotaped interviews of 10 university-aged women. They were told that half of the women were lying when they responded to questions about a film they had seen. Participants were asked to rate whether each woman was lying or telling the truth. (1 point for describing the method) Only one group, Secret Service agents, performed better than chance. (1 point for describing the result. • Another study used videotapes of actual suspects (1), and found that police officers in England were able to detect truth or lies at a rate better than chance (65%), (1) with more experienced officers performing better than less experienced ones (1). • Overall, these studies conclude that investigators on the whole may not be accurate in judgments of guilt or truthfulness.(1)

Answer 167

step one: direct positive confrontation step two: theme development step three: handling denials step four: overcoming objections step five: procurement and retention of suspect's attention step six: handling suspects passive mood step seven: alternative questions step eight: have suspect describe details of offence step nine: convert oral confession to written/taped confession

Answer 168

Temperance may be more predictive of offending behaviour frontal lobe

Answer 169

1) reliability 2) onus is on the CROWN 3) prove it is VOLUNTARY BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT 4) evidence MUST BE excluded if the incriminating statement was not voluntary

Answer 170

system variables are variables that are BUILT IN TO THE SYSTEM

Answer 171

MAGNITUDE OF THE EFFECT

Answer 172

in the 1960's to 1980's, police took a shift away from REACTIVE, INCIDENT-oriented policing police must work more closely with public. Mobilize and cooperate with other community agencies. Help to precent crime by taking steps to address its root causes

Answer 173

- Survey officers/supervisors about important KSAOs - Ask to describe prototypical “successful” officers - Observe officers on the job

Answer 174

person who committed offence

Answer 175

• It is used rarely (1), in part because the identity of the offender is often know (1) and partly because police have a host of other investigative techniques that will be used before turning to criminal profiling (1). • Second, an inaccurate profile may mislead investigators (1). Investigators who rely on a criminal profile may miss important avenues of investigation (1) or focus too much on one suspect, which could be viewed as harassment.(1) • Third, it is difficult to ensure that criminal profilers are adequately trained and using accepted methods. (1) • Fourth, profiles can be vague and difficult to verify (1) making reliability and validity difficult to measure(1)

Answer 176

1) responsibility - the ability to make autonomous choices, free of external influences 2) temperance - the ability to control impulses and exercise self-restraint 3) perspective - ability to see short and long term consequences. See how one's behaviour affects others. Weight the costs and benefits of a course of action

Answer 177

police psychologists are INDIRECTLY involved. They develop, evaluate and supervise applicant screening procedures

Answer 178

process of information coming into our memory system

Answer 179

attitudes were changing AGAIN. Youth violence is changing QUALITATIVELY as it is seen more dangerous and the need to hold them accountable. More youth being transferred to adult courts. New "get-tough-on-youth-crime" laws

Answer 180

you confess AND THEN you will receive a benefit you confess OR ELSE something bad will happen

Answer 181

the OVERemphasis of personality-based explanations for an individuals behaviour while MINImizing situational or external causes

Answer 182

• When we encounter a situation we selectively attend to (encode) a subset of stimuli in the environment (1). • We don’t passively encode stimuli in the environment, we actively interpret our experiences.(1) Often, expectations that are formed long before an event occurs predispose us to interpret stimuli in certain ways. (1)

Answer 183

ONLY ONE. false identifications occur. With only ONE suspect, the police are more likely to identify a FALSE POSITIVE

Answer 184

women and ethnic/racial minorities

Answer 185

Attempts to identify characteristics of unknown criminal perpetrators based on analysis of offence-related behaviours

Answer 186

THEME DEVELOPMENT -gain trust of suspect

Answer 187

bureaucracies created by governing bodies to maintain public order & safety by ensuring compliance with laws

Answer 188

choosing in both target-present and target-absent line-ups

Answer 189

SPONTANEOUS, FORCEFUL, and DIRECT

Answer 190

strong social support, strong commitment to school

Answer 191

unnecessary demands placed on trainee processing resources due to learning materials/instructional methods

Answer 192

improve the accuracy of eyewitness identification

Answer 193

- Involves use of skills under difficult conditions - Involves moral reasoning & considering institutional values - Involves need to work closely with team members

Answer 194

object was held by black or white man. Participants had more trouble distinguishing gun from harmless object when man was black than when he was white. Participants were faster to shoot when gun was held by a black man than by a white man

Answer 195

Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and Other personal characteristics analyzed in JOB ANALYSIS

Answer 196

(stress AT trial). Stressful to report allegation in front of accused. Negatively impacts children's ability to provide full and candid account. short and long-term mental health impacts. can be reduced with testimonial supports

Answer 197

the Defence and Crown agree to a judge alone trial

Answer 198

person the police believe committed offence

Answer 199

FALSE. The truth-lie discussion is PROHIBITED in Canadian criminal courts BUT it may be used in interviews

Answer 200

1) responsibility - the ability to make autonomous choices, free of external influences 2) temperance - the ability to control impulses and exercise self-restraint 3) perspective - ability to see short and long term consequences. See how one's behaviour affects others. Weight the costs and benefits of a course of action

Answer 201

- Used in very rare and specific circumstances; criminal profiling is a tool of last resort - Carries risks: inaccurate profile may lead investigators to alter/bias/ignore investigative approach - Range of methods used by people with diverse backgrounds; difficult to ensure adequate training - Reliability and validity are not well established

Answer 202

1) risk to reoffend 2) maturity 3) amenability to treatment

Answer 203

that the LIVE condition reported memories as more COMPLETE and DETAILED and that the live condition was more ACCURATE in reporting child's actual testimony

Answer 204

Canadian criminal juries are prohibited from disclosing the contents of deliberations: To promote full & frank discussion during deliberations Ensure verdict finality Protect jurors from harassment, censure, & reprisals

Answer 205

• Compliance is the tendency to go along with people in authority. (1) It is a factor in coerced compliant false confessions (1) • Suggestibility is the tendency to internalize information communicated during questioning. (1) It is a factor in coerced-internalized confessions.(1) • The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS) (1) contains true-false items that measure two types of interviewee behaviour. The first assesses the tendency to comply with requests and obey instructions for instrumental gain (1), such as the termination of the interrogation, release from custody, avoidance of conflict, or eagerness to please the interviewer. The second assesses susceptibility to pressure from others to avoid conflict (1). • Gudjonsson’s Suggestibility Scales (GSS) (1) measure interrogative suggestibility, and tap into two distinct forms of suggestibility: After listening to a fictitious story, individuals are asked to recall as many details from the story as they can, both immediately and again after a 50-minute delay. (1) The second phase asks participants 20 specific questions about the content of the story, 15 of which are misleading. (1) Regardless of actual performance on these questions, participants are provided with negative feedback from the examiner who informs them that they have made a number of errors. They are then sternly asked to respond to the same set of questions again and to try and provide more accurate answers. (1) The extent to which individuals give in to the misleading questions is scored as a yield (1), and any change in the person’s answers from the previous trial is noted as shift. (1) The yield and shift scores are then added together for a Total Suggestibility score. (1)

Answer 206

unusual details COMMAND our attention

Answer 207

Children starred in a movie during which he or she put on a costume and the experimenter placed stickers on the child’s bare flesh (guilty condition) (1) or on the child’s cloths (not guilty condition) (1). Two weeks after the play session, the child came to an actual courtroom (1) and was told that the experimenter may have done something wrong (1). In groups, community members (1) listened to the child testify either live in the courtroom or via CCTV (1). Trial condition affected actual accuracy such that children were, in fact, more accurate (1) in the CCTV condition than in the live condition (1). However, perceptions of children’s accuracy (1) were lower in the CCTV condition than in the live condition (1). CCTV does not have a detrimental effect on perceptions of the accused. In fact, testimony via CCTV may reduce the chances of a conviction by reducing perceptions of the child’s accuracy (1)

Answer 208

1) mental reinstatement: reconstruct context 2) report everything: do not screen out any info, no matter how trivial it seems 3) report event in variety of orders: e.g., beginning to end, from most memorable event 4) report event from variety of perspectives: e.g., different spatial locations, different person's perspective

Answer 209

1) emphasized rights of young offenders while acknowledging that youth should be held to a different standard than adults 2) advocated for more treatment of youth 3) support increase of community based alternatives to treatment/detention

Answer 210

1) cognitive 2) physical 3) interpersonal 4) psychological 5) moral explain deeper ugh fckin bullshit

Answer 211

known innocents in line-ups

Answer 212

tendency to agree with people in authority ex. Suspect confesses to crime because they want to please interrogator or avoid conflict

Answer 213

ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS - offer TWO options - BOTH consistent with guilt - one is morally LESS REPREHENSIBLE than the other - was it an accident or did you do it on purpose? - did you do it alone or with the help of others? suspect is pressured to choose between 2 INCRIMINATING alternatives

Answer 214

potential jurors are asked about exposure to pretrial publicity & whether they’ll be able to set aside biases. not effective and may actually increase bias

Answer 215

HANDLING DENIALS -do not allow the suspect to verbally deny - CUT THEM OFF when the denials start

Answer 216

Trickery that is so appalling as to shock the community

Answer 217

young children should not be held to the same standards

Answer 218

PEER INFLUENCE. Preschoolers in the same class went on an “archaeological dig” during which some children observed a research assistant ruin two archaeological props. (1) To encourage children who observed the misdeeds to talk to their classmates about them, the destruction of the props was staged to be very dramatic. (1) Another group of children went on the same archaeological dig, did not observe the misdeeds, and were not exposed to the peer influence (this was the control condition). (1) On several occasions after the archaeological dig, half of the children in each observation group were questioned suggestively about the destruction of the two props. (1) Later, all children were interviewed in a neutral way about what they had seen. (1) Among children in the control condition, those who were questioned suggestively were more likely to report having seen the misdeeds than children who were not questioned suggestively. (1) Among children who were questioned suggestively and subject to peer influence, children who had not witnessed the misdeeds were as likely as children who had witnessed them to report that the misdeeds had occurred during their archaeological dig. (1)

Answer 219

- External pressures to confess | - Examples include a very lengthy interview, denial of food, water, or medical services

Answer 220

• Feature Overlap (1): Memory retrieval is enhanced when the encoding and retrieval contexts are similar. (1) • Multiple Retrieval Paths (1): there are several retrieval paths to an encoded event; different retrieval cues may lead to different details being reported. (1)

Answer 221

1) What are the youth’s important characteristics? 2) What needs to change? 3) What modes of intervention could be applied toward the rehabilitation objective? 4) What is the likelihood of change, given the relevant interventions?

Answer 222

1) Young people MUST assume responsibility for their illegal behaviour 2) Society has a right to be protected from illegal behaviour 3) youths are entitled to traditional legal rights and SOME additional protections 4) Young people have special needs and should be held accountable in same manner or extent as adults

Answer 223

1) recent complaint doctrine 2) until 1988, a judge was REQUIRED to warn the TRIER OF FACT of the dangers of convicting on the uncorroborated evidence of an UNSWORN CHILD 3) there was a pervasive attitude that children's evidence was inherently UNRELIABLE

Answer 224

- easier to conduct adequate lineups - don't need suspect's consent - less time-consuming - portable - photo line-ups are statis - witness may be less anxious - all witnesses see the same photo

Answer 225

1) First, youthful offending was seen as a symptom of a larger societal and/or familial problem. (1) Symptoms of delinquency, all of which could be subject to state intervention, included criminal activities and/or other potentially harmful activities such as truancy, sexual promiscuity, and/or incorrigibility. (1) 2) Second, young persons were denied many of the procedural rights guaranteed to adults. (1) Under this system, the welfare of youth was the primary concern and procedural rights impeded the process of helping young people. (1) 3) Third, indeterminate sentences were permitted. (1) When a young person was found to be delinquent, a disposition was passed to treat and cure the youth. Because the appropriate length of treatment varied from case to case and could not be known in advance, indeterminate sentences were passed 4) Fourth, the new system of youth justice established separate courts and correctional facilities. (1)This system was to be staffed with specially trained judges and court personnel, such as social service personnel, clinicians, and probation officers, who understood developmental issues, were sensitive to the special needs of delinquents, and were qualified to make appropriate therapeutic decisions. (1)

Answer 226

PROCUREMENT and RETENTION OF SUSPECTS ATTENTION - move in towards the suspect - maintain eye contact - gently touch suspect and use his name

Answer 227

Comparing line-up members to one another and choosing the one who looks most like the perpetrator

Answer 228

1) the extent to which people YIELD to misleading questions | 2) the extent to which people SHIFT their answers after receiving negative feedback

Answer 229

child friendly but without too many distractions

Answer 230

DEFENSIVE, QUALIFIED and HESITANT

Answer 231

unusual in some way

Answer 232

1) encouraging and selectively rewarding disclosure of wrongdoing 2) peer influence (co-witness contamination) 3) parent/adult influence 4) imagining or pretending that something happened

Answer 233

women and ethnic/racial minorities

Answer 234

(stress BEFORE trial). Children express fear of prospect of testifying at trial. Anticipatory stress associated with mental health problems in adulthood

Answer 235

6-7yo's weremade to play with toy be adult confederate then were told that they would get in trouble if someone found out. experimental group were told to promise to tell the truth and control group were not told to. result was that 50% of kids in control group lied and only 20% of children who promised to tell the truth lied.

Answer 236

Profilers make rational inferences about personal characteristics of perpetrators based directly on facts of case at hand -No reference to “other offenders”

Answer 237

After a crime has been committed but before a charge has been laid. Neither parties can request publication ban

Answer 238

repeated abuse.

Answer 239

activities support/enhance administration of law enforcement agencies

Answer 240

1) stereotype (told pre-visit, once a week for 4 weeks) 2) suggestions ( told post-visit, once a week for 4 weeks) 3) stereotype and suggestions 4) control

Answer 241

• A voluntary false confession (1) occurs when an innocent person confesses without being prompted by the police. Cases in which there is considerable media attention often draw voluntary false confessions. The motivation for this type of false confession may be to gain fame or notoriety. A desire to protect friends or relatives is another motivation for a voluntary false confession. (1 for any of these reasons) • A coerced-compliant false confession (1) occurs as a result of interrogation and the suspect wishes to escape from the stress of the interrogation, avoid a threat of harm or punishment, or gain a promised or implied reward such as being allowed to sleep, eat, or make a phone call. (1) • A coerced-internalized false confession (1) results from highly suggestive interrogations. (1) A a suspect who is coerced, tired, and highly suggestible may actually come to believe that he or she committed the crime. (1) Two factors account for this type of false confession. One is a internal factor, involving a vulnerable suspect with a malleable memory due to youth, interpersonal trust, naiveté, suggestibility, lack of intelligence, stress, fatigue, alcohol, or substance use. (1) The second is an external factor, involving the coercive police interrogation.(1)

Answer 242

makes RULES for juror selection from panel

Answer 243

Responsibility. (1) This involves the adolescent’s capacity to make autonomous choices, independent of external influences, including adults but particularly peers. (1) • Temperance. (1) Temperance involves the ability to control impulses and exercise selfrestraint. (1) • Perspective. (1) This involves the ability to see both short- and long-term consequences (time perspective), (1) the ability to understand how one’s actions might affect others (perspective taking), (1) and the ability to weigh costs and benefits of a decision (1). • Researchers found that individuals did differ significantly on the three domains of psychosocial maturity as a function of age. These results provide support for the conclusion that psychosocial maturity does develop over the period of adolescence. (1) Other researchers found that temperance may be more predictive of offending behaviour than the other elements of psychosocial development. (1) But age alone does not account for differences in decision-making abilities, as there was considerable variation in judgment within each age group. (1 point)

Answer 244

they were seen as unreliable

Answer 245

provisions of CLINICAL SERVICES to law enforcement personnel designed to promote and improve HEALTH and WELL-BEING of officers

Answer 246

a question of admissibility of the testimony

Answer 247

adolescent limited offending

Answer 248

warm vocal tones, supportive eye contact, frequent smiling, rapport building, relaxed body posture

Answer 249

highest credibility is LIVE, then CCTV condition, THEN the videotape condition

Answer 250

somewhat DIFFERENT and CORRECT info may be recalled

Answer 251

youthful offending is a symptom of larger SOCIETAL/FAMILIAL problem - youth could be detained for "offences" that were not sanctioned for adults ("juvenile delinquency"). Fewer procedural rights. Indeterminate sentences. Separate system for young offenders.

Answer 252

1) prepare kid for next step 2) thank kid for effort 3) invite q's 4) return to a neutral topic

Answer 253

the degree to which encoding, storage, retrieval and reporting of events can be influenced by a range of social and psychological factors

Answer 254

double-blind administration

Answer 255

newly acquired info is placed in memory.

Answer 256

1) temporal proximity | 2) locational proximity

Answer 257

Atmosphere of Oppression

Answer 258

1) Inequity of trying/holding youth for behaviors not sanctioned in the Criminal Code 2) Lack of due process rights 3) Efficacy of treatment programs 4) Need to hold youth accountable for criminal behaviour

Answer 259

OVERCOMING OBJECTIONS - do not allow the suspect to object

Answer 260

central details of event are typically recalled more accurate and forgotten more slowly than peripheral details

Answer 261

the amount of MENTAL EFFORT required by a task. The COMPLEXITY of the information that trainees are learning

Answer 262

unnecessary demands placed on trainee processing resources due to learning materials/instructional methods

Answer 263

1) The negative effects of labeling juveniles as serious offenders. (1) 2) Reduced opportunities for employment and community integration due to the conviction and incarceration. (1) 3) The negative effects of imprisonment. (1)

Answer 264

Set aside pre-existing biases, prejudices, & attitudes that might influence how the case is evaluated.

Answer 265

police psychologists are DIRECTLY involved. They conduct evaluations with candidates

Answer 266

1) misinformation acceptance 2) source misattribution 3) memory impairment

Answer 267

Reid technique, non accusatorial interview, 9 steps. Criticisms of the technique emphasize the pitfalls associated with using minimization and maximization techniques in interrogation. Gudjonsson (2003) concludes that the techniques advocated by Inbau and his colleagues are inherently coercive in that they communicate implicit threats and promises to suspects (1).”

Answer 268

• real inconvenience of constructing an adequate live line-up (particularly in smaller communities where the available foils, unknown to the W, are limited) • based on a meta analysis, the empirical equivalence of live line-ups and photo spreads (Cutler, Berman, Penrod, and Fisher, 1994) • the rights of accused to refuse to participate in a live line-up or to have counsel present during the identification procedure, however, the police can conduct a photo line-up or a video line-up (R. v. Parsons, 1993, OJ No. 1937) w/o consent of the suspect • photo line-ups are less time-consuming to prepare • photo line-ups are portable, making them much more convenient • photo line-ups are static so the police do not have to be concerned with the behaviour of any member of the line-up that could introduce bias • the witness may be less anxious about examining a photo line-up compared to a live line-up

Answer 269

1) vividness - a more vivid report is more credible than a less vivid report 2) memorability - a more vivid report should be more memorable

Answer 270

1) causal factors 2) family 3) peers 4) community

Answer 271

weapon focus effect: Witness will remember less about crime & perpetrator when a weapon is used than when there is no weapon 1) arousal hypothesis 2) unusualness hypothesis

Answer 272

1) too punitive for minor offences | 2) not punitive enough with more violent offenders

Answer 273

1) ASSESSMENT:Development, implementation, evaluation of procedures for evaluating law enforcement applicants, officers & administrators 2) INTERVENTION: Provision of clinical services to law enforcement 3) OPERATIONAL: Activities support/enhance work of law enforcement officers including investigation & incident management 4) CONSULTING: Activities support/enhance administration of law enforcement agencies

Answer 274

After jury has been empaneled

Answer 275

• In maximization, the interrogator uses "scare tactics" designed to intimidate a suspect into a confession. (1) This intimidation is achieved by emphasizing or even overstating the seriousness of the offense and the magnitude of the charges. Detectives might also make false or exaggerated claims about the evidence (e.g., by staging an eyewitness identification or a rigged lie-detector test, by claiming to have fingerprints or other types of forensic evidence, or by citing admissions that were supposedly made by an accomplice). (1) • In minimization, interrogators offer face-saving excuses, moral justification, blaming a victim or accomplice, or playing down the seriousness of the charges. (2 points for any 2 strategies) • Contrasting the two types of interrogation categories, Costanzo (2004) comments that “maximization implies a threat of severe punishment and minimization implies a promise of leniency” (2)

Answer 276

time to observe. time between the event and the recall. The effect of time on memory is complex.

Answer 277

our expectations

Answer 278

- Limited opportunity to practice skills - Exposure to potentially dangerous situations without sufficient skill - Highly controlled situations may not generalize

Answer 279

The recent complaint doctrine (1) stated that if any victim of sexual assault (1), whether a child or an adult, did not complain of the assault at the first available opportunity, the judge was required to draw an adverse inference with respect to credibility (1) or consent (1). This doctrine would have had a profound impact on prosecutions involving child sexual abuse because up to two-thirds of children delay reporting sexual abuse. (1) In a case involving an unsworn child (1), the judge was required to warn the trier of fact of the dangers of convicting (1) on the uncorroborated evidence (1) of the child. Most children testify as unsworn witnesses and in many cases of child sexual abuse there is no evidence other than the (uncorroborated) testimony of the child. (1). There was a pervasive belief that children’s evidence is inherently unreliable. (1)

Answer 280

264 jury eligible students. Asked about coercive interview techniques and MOST AGREED that coercive tactics would lead to TRUE confessions BUT MOST DISAGREED that coercive tactics would lead to FALSE confessions

Answer 281

how much weight the trier of fact places on the testimony

Answer 282

in the live condition

Answer 283

Eyewitness mistakenly identifies innocent bystander present at crime as perpetrator

Answer 284

Temperance may be more predictive of offending behaviour frontal lobe

Answer 285

In all cases involving sexual offences, a trier of fact was required to draw an adverse inference with respect to consent of credibility if the victim did not complain at the first available opportunity

Answer 286

1) cognitive development 2) maturity 3) ADHD 4) impaired verbal ability 5) low intelligence

Answer 287

Events are emotional because they relate to things we care about and so details of the event have special meaning for us and this leads to better memory; (2) We tend to rehearse emotional events more than neutral events and this leads to better memory; (3) Highly emotional events may activate amygdala-based processing that leads to particularly vivid memories (not necessarily accurate, but subjectively experienced as vivid); (4) There is a narrowing of attention to the central details of events that are emotionally arousing leading to good memory for gist and central details at the expense of memory for peripheral details.

Answer 288

heightened vulnerability

Answer 289

used on 3-7yo's in a peeking game. E left the room and told them not to peak - most did. when he came back, he asked if they peaked. Result was that the group of kids that weren't made to promise and tell the truth lied the most and vice versa

Answer 290

Within-race identifications are more likely to be accurate than cross-race identifications (own-race bias)

Answer 291

- hire the best possible officers - give the best possible education and training - support police to do best possible job

Answer 292

CASE-FOCUSED/IDIOGRAPHIC Infer perpetrator characteristics from review of offence evidence without explicit consideration of/reference to general knowledge about other perpetrators/offences

Answer 293

the nature of THE RETRIEVAL CUE

Answer 294

measures of trainees’ understanding are taken several times throughout a simulation - Increases situational awareness - Improve decision making - Reduces cognitive effort after training

Answer 295

late 1980's

Answer 296

HANDLING SUSPECT'S PASSIVE MOOD - a sign that the suspect is ready to give up - use sympathy and understanding as a way to break-down any residual resistance to confessing

Answer 297

NO support for Moffit's model

Answer 298

1) make a line up 2) provide a description of the suspect to a non-witness 3) ask the non-witness to identify the perpetrator

Answer 299

decides all questions of law (e.g., admissibility of evidence)

Answer 300

Knowledge Skills Abilities Other personal characteristics

Answer 301

Trained social workers interviewed preschoolers about earlier game. Social workers asked leading questions about incorrect information & children sometimes acquiesced

Answer 302

tendency to internalize information communicated during questioning ex. Suspect confesses because they come to believe the information being communicated in interrogation

Answer 303

activities SUPPORT/ENHANCE work of law enforcement officers including investigation and incident management

Answer 304

make inferences about identity of perpetrator based on inferences about offence

Answer 305

made by FBI. 1) Classify offence according to motivational typology using offence/crime scene info 2) Reconstruct offence circumstances 3) Look for evidence of “signatures” 4) Generate profile that speculates about detailed personal characteristics of perpetrator

Answer 306

Prompts, or questions, that allow a response that is minimally constrained by the question (e.g., “tell me more about that”)

Answer 307

vivid memories

Answer 308

1) ENHANCED RELIABILITY: made the process more systematic by specifying the way a profile should be constructed 2) IMPROVED VALIDITY: attempted to ground approaches in scientific theory and research

Answer 309

1) no apparent childhood antisocial or interpersonal problems 2) begin offending during teenage years 3) most common type of young offender 4) delinquent behaviour may be normative in teenage years

Answer 310

1) work more closely with the public 2) mobilize and cooperate with other community agencies 3) help PREVENT crime by taking steps to address its root causes

Answer 311

1) encoding 2) storage 3) retrieval

Answer 312

experiment was about REMINISCENCE. participants watched video of robbery and recalled it 10 mins later and 2 days later. 98% of participants reported at least ONE NEW DETAIL after 2 days (reminiscence). On average - EIGHT new details reported after 2 days ad the proportion of accurate new details was .87

Answer 313

AFTER the problem arises and goal is to reduce recidivism and it occurs in institutions. ex. multidimensional treatment foster care

Answer 314

DIRECT POSITIVE CONFRONTATION - tell suspects that there is no doubt that he committed the offence - observe reaction - tell him why it would be in his best interest to confess

Answer 315

culprit IS the suspect. the correct decision is for the witness to identify the culprit.

Answer 316

police should instruct witness PRIOR to viewing lineup that perpetrator may or may not be present. Reduces number of inaccurate false identifications.

Answer 317

UNDER the age of 14

Answer 318

memories are influenced by INFORMATION acquired BEFORE and AFTER event

Answer 319

1) relative judgement (simultaneous presentation) | 2) absolute judgement (sequential presentation)

Answer 320

Assumes detectives can detect untruthful suspects by relying on verbal or non-verbal cues

Answer 321

• Wells and his colleagues (1998) made the following recommendations for investigators who administer lineups to suspects. The reasons for these rules were discussed earlier. First, the person who administers the lineup should not know which lineup member is the suspect. Second, the witness should be told that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup and they should be told that the person administering the line up does not know which member is the suspect (if that is true). Third, the suspect should not stand out in the lineup for any reason. Forth, obtain confidence judgments immediately after an identification is made.

Answer 322

a warning given to judges about how its dangerous to convict based on uncorroborated evidence of child

Answer 323

1) General characteristics 2) Specific content 3 Peculiarities of the content 4) Motivation-related content 5) Details characteristic of the offence

Answer 324

After a charge is laid but before a jury is empaneled

Answer 325

1) tendency to comply with requests and obey instructions for instrumental gain 2) susceptibility to pressure from others to commit offence

Answer 326

DOLI INCAPAX. Under 7 years of age, NOT criminally responsible. Between 7 and 14, criminally responsible IF malice

Answer 327

male and female witnesses to a purse-snatching described what they had seen (1) ; males had better memory for the culprit while females had better memory for the victim(1). Arguably, males devoted more attention to the culprit while females devoted more attention to the victim.

Answer 328

An overall evaluation of perceived credibility involves two constructs: perceived honesty and perceived cognitive ability (2). When the abilities to encode, store, and retrieve details do not require sophisticated cognitive skills, honesty will be more salient (1). This is true of an event that occurred in a familiar location, by familiar persons, and/or in predictable ways (as often defines child abuse (1). If the witness is attempting to be honest, he or she will probably be accurate, at least on central details (1). When honesty is more salient younger children are viewed more positively than older children and adults (1). This is due, in large part, to: (a) children’s perceived impoverished cognitive sophistication (1)and consequent inability to fabricate a convincing lie concerning events about which they have little knowledge (i.e., sex) (1), (b) children’s perceived innate innocence (1), and child victims are seen as vulnerable (1)

Answer 329

1) estimator variables 2) system variables 3) time 4) centrality 5) emotionality 6) weapon focus effect 7) misinformation 8) cross-race identification 9) unconscious transference

Answer 330

secure a confession

Answer 331

identification is impossible

Answer 332

A youth is convicted of 1st or 2nd degree murder or if An adult is convicted of 2nd degree murder

Answer 333

Uses criminological theory, quantitative analysis of geospatial data, & typologies of offender mobility to determine perpetrator characteristics -Focus of on identifying likely residence or travel routes of perpetrators

Answer 334

1) Line-up administrators & witnesses should be blind to identity of suspect 2) Witness should be told that perpetrator may not be in the line-up 3) Foils should resemble a description of the culprit (Test with non-witnesses) 4) Use sequential line-up procedures 5) Collect confidence judgments from choosers immediately after identification 6) Videotape the administration of the line-up

Answer 335

process of identifying relevant knowledge, skills, and abilities, & other personal characteristics (KSAOs) required for various positions in law enforcement agency

Answer 336

Youth must be informed that: 1) They have the right to silence 2) That any statement may be used as evidence against them 3) They have the right to counsel and a parent or other adult 4) These right must be explained in language appropriate to age 5) `Rights can be waived if court believes that youth was informed of rights & voluntarily waived them

Answer 337

adults, canadian citizens, residents of province, not legal professionals, no criminal record, no language barriers

Answer 338

bureaucracies created by GOVERNING BODIES to maintain PUBLIC ORDER and SAFETY by ensuring COMPLIANCE with laws

Answer 339

risk taking/impulsivity, low empathy/remorse

Answer 340

post-event suggestions

Answer 341

1) youth have SOME due process rights 2) Implemented determinate sentences 3) Eliminated determinate sentences 4) Young people can only be charged with criminal offenses 5) increased emphasis on accountability and responsibility

Answer 342

- return a verdict - may make non-binding recommendation on sentencing ONLY IF A youth is convicted of 1st or 2nd degree murder or if An adult is convicted of 2nd degree murder

Answer 343

no. provincial court is all summary offences and minor indictable offences

Answer 344

• One study examined scores on a personality inventory that measured antisocial personality, attitudes, and personality and correlated them with job performance problems in 800 police officers candidates. They found a small but significant correlation between exam scores and subsequent job performance. (2 marks; one for method and one for result) • In another study researchers recorded police recruits’ scores on cognitive abilities tests, situational tests, and an interview that focused on attitudes and behavioural history and correlated them with performance at a police training camp. The test/interview scores were significantly correlated with success at the training camp. (2 marks; one for method and one for result) • In a third study, researchers compared two groups of police candidates; one group passed a high-intensity screening procedure and the other group passed a low-intensity screening procedure. At the end of one year, the group that passed high-intensity screening performed better on a variety of job performance markers than the group in the low-intensity screening condition. (2 marks; one for method and one for result) • The story is good but not flawless. There is not a perfect correlation between test scores and job performance. (1) To do a thorough evaluation requires a lot of resources and the cost-benefit ratio may not be acceptable. (1) Finally, it has been argued that this type of screening puts too much emphasis on the past and general personality/cognitive abilities and not enough on the present and on demonstrated job performance (1)

Final exam Flashcards

chapter 6 -