Final Exam Flashcards
Definition of Culture (Matsumoto & Juang, 2008)
a unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness, well-being, and derive meaning from life
Tight Cultures
have many strong norms and low tolerance of deviant behavior
Loose Cultures
have weak social norms and high tolerance of deviant behaviour
Definition of the Self: (Markus & Kitayama)
“The me at the centre of the experience”: a continually developing sense of awareness and agency that guides action and takes shape as the individual, both bran and body, becomes attuned to the various environments it inhabits. -> Always situated (always in a context)
Independent Self
refers to individual attributes (own qualities)
Interdependent Self
relies on relationships with others
Subjective self-awareness
You see yourself as you are from the inside.
Objective self-awareness
You see yourself as others see you.
true or false: Children from collectivist cultures predict their own behaviour more accurately
true
true or false: Asian-Canadians have more 3rd person perspective memories
true
Stability of the Self
the self includes so many people that are ingrained within. The self does not have tone super consistent (with each person, “I” can be relatively different).
The self is incremental
you can become a different person, such as talent, which is improved. Associated with collectivism, where traits and attributes are malleable.
Entity theory of the self
associated with individualism, where a persons trait and attributes are fixed and innate.
Features of Holistic thinking
Context as a whole, associative way of thinking, thematic categorisation
Features of Analytic thinking
Objects & their attributes, objects perceived independently, taxonomic categorisation
Results in study of self-concept by Zhu et al on brain activation..?
Chinese individuals use MPFC to represent both the self and the mother, whilst Westerners use MPFC to represent the self.
conclusion from Points on Whence Differences in Value Priorities? by Fischer and Schwartz
Evidence for strong consensus across countries ( ́universal values ́ related to autonomy, relatedness and competence AND Best candidate for measuring culture as shared meaning system: Conformity values
Cultural dimensions are usually empirically derived from/ verified with
country scores. -> These country scores cannot be applied to describe individuals.
Ecological Fallacy (Robinson):
erroneous conclusion in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong.
Cultural dimensions cannot be applied to describe individuals, why?
Cultural dimensions are usually empirically derived from/ verified with country scores.
These country scores cannot be applied to describe individuals. If based on individuals = ecological fallacy. It is the relationship between 2 variables at country-level, not individual-level.
Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions:
- Individualism/ collectivism
- Power distance
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Masculinity/ Femininity
Individualism (value dimension):
loosely-knit social framework. Individuals take care of only themselves and immediate families
Collectivism (value dimension):
tightly-knit social framework. Individuals expect the relatives or members of in-group to look after them in exchange for loyalty.
Power distance (value dimension):
degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.