Final Exam Flashcards
Define the term Narmer Palette
A symbolic art object
Combines Egyptian and Mesopotamian images
On one side the king Narmer is depicted wearing the White crown of Upper Egypt and on the other he is wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt
Contains:
- The purified mace-head
- The traditional form of the king smiting people
- The falcon (associated with Horus, the god of kingship)
- the serpent leopards - their intertwining necks represent the unification of upper and lower Egypt
Who is Ankhtifi?
A nomarch of the 3rd and 2nd Upper Egyptian nomes during the earlier part of the Herakleopolitan period
Embodies the new type of local ruler that emerges during the First Intermediate period
In his rock tomb near el-Mo’alla there are pillars that are inscribed with an ideal guide to the great issues of the time - evokes the political atmosphere of Upper Egypt during the First Intermediate Period
He held key positions in the religious and secular wings of the Old kingdom provincial administration
Two key events of his life:
- His intervention in order to reorganize the home of Edfu
- His military expedition against the Theban none where his opponents actually refused to give batter
The narrative of Ankhitifi’s wars tell us that by his time the king was not being mentioned even nominally as an authority who can control the distribution of power between local rulers - shows that the power of kingship failed allowing local rulers to act according to their own aims
Who is King Djoser?
the first king of Dynasty 3
the major monument of Dynasty is Djoser’s Step Pyramid Complex
- includes the main pyramid and ancillary structures
- built during a time of great experimentation - some ancillary buildings seem here are never seen again
- built by Imhotep - the chief physician and architect
- it is the first monumental all stone complex in history and this first pyramid ever built
- built for size not functionality- there is actually not a lot of interior space
- it started out as a giant mastaba not a pyramid
The complex consisted of:
- an enclosure wall
- an entrance gallery
- a south court
- a south tomb
- the Temple T
- a curved wall (first one in history)
- Heb-Seb Court
- chapels of south and north
- houses of south and north
- Mortuary temple and serdab (statue room)
- the pyramid
- the burial chamber
Define the term Mo’alla
Known as Hefat by ancient Egyptians
Served as a Necropolis for the nearby city of Djerty
Built in first intermediate period
Most significant buildings are mastabas of two monarchs Ankhitifi and Sobekhotep - had remarkable decoration
Define the term mastaba
Started being built in Dynasty 2
Rectangular stone structures consisting of:
- two inches on the east side
- the one in the south covered in panelled recess called a false door that was thought to grant the ba and the ka access from the burial chamber to the mastaba’s offering chamber
- serbad which is sealed room with statue of the deceased (ka statue)
Through the course of the old kingdom the south chamber developed in series of rooms - decorated with scenes of daily life and offerings - served as memorial chapel for family to pray for deceased
Define the term Unas Pyramid
King Unas reigned from 2375-2345 BCE (The Old Kingdom - Dynasty 5)
His pyramid is located at the south-west corner of Djoser’s enclosure
Very small
Consists of:
- long causeway originally decorated with remarkable scenes - records events of Unas’s reign
Main innovation:
- first appearance of pyramid texts inscribed on wall of burial chamber
- the pyramid texts represent earliest large religious composition known from ancient Egypt
- Unas identified with god Osiris - Osirian religious doctrine most important pyramid text
- the reason for pyramid texts was to provide deceased with the texts essential for his survival in the afterlife
Who is Huni?
The last pharaoh of Dynasty 3 in the old kingdom
Thought at Sneferu may have created pyramid for Huni at Dahshur
Define the term Sun Temples
Introduced in Dynast 5
They are special temple of Ra
They reinforce the solar association between the king and the sun god Ra
Two main sun temples but there were originally 6:
1) Userkaf’s Sun Temple
2) Niuserre’s Sun Temple
Consisted of:
- 2 parts: the valley temple that leads up to the sun temple that is built on a platform to elevate it
- includes large courtyard, storerooms along sides, an area for preparing sacrifices
- a short (squat) obelisk - probably represented petrified sun beam
- alabaster altar - square but also top-down word for offering
- solar boat to the south - meant to be stationary and symbolic
- temple town at bottom of causeway
- beautifully decorated with reliefs especially the room of seasons in Nuiserre’s Sun Temple
Define the term Shunet es-Zebib
The best preserved funerary enclosure
Belonged to Khasekhemwy of the 2nd Dynasty
Has niches inner walls that still enclosed are of about 124x56m
Located in the same place as the step pyramid of king djoser at Saqqara
Define the term Canetti Cornice
An architectural feature consisting of recurved stone surface at the top of a wall or above doors
Represents frayed reeds at at the edge of Matt’s once used for walls
Found in chapels at Djoser complex evoking Predynastic shrines
Define the term funerary fort
Mud-brick enclosures found near the river
Part of funerary complexes found in Abydos
Most likely offering chapels
Best preserved one is the enclosure of Khasekhemwy
Upon each king’s accession he dismantled his predecessor’s enclosure and built his own
Consisted of:
- niches enclosure wall around tomb
- ritual boats
Define the term boat pits
Burials that consist of pits that contain wooden hulls of boats
Mud bricks are placed in the hills and built up around the outside forcing a structure about 27.4m in length
Dates to the 1st or 2nd Dynasty (unclear which)
Smaller boat burials found associated with early dynastic tombs of high officials at Saqqara and Helena
Purpose most likely was that the boats were used in funerary ceremony or they were symbolic of the journey in the afterlife
Who is Khasekhemwy?
The last ruler of the 2nd Dynasty
Constructed the last tomb in the royal cemetery at Abydos - earliest large scale construction in stone
Known as “Khasekhem” earlier in his reign
Define the term Amarna
The modern name for Akhetaten meaning “horizon of the Aten”
The capital city founded by King Akhenaten in Dynasty 18 - wanted to build the capital at a site no one had ever built before
It is a long city along a small area of cultivation
It is a ceremonial city because Akhenaten devoted his life to worshipping god Aten
Contained a royal road - everyday Akhenaten would leave his royal palace in the north and process through the city down the road - similar to the procession of statues except he was being worshipped
Aten’s temple - open air temple - unroofed so that sun penetrated everywhere and king and queen touched by sun anywhere they went - contained a bunch of alters where they piled offerings
Consisted of:
- north palace
- north suburbs
- south suburbs
- royal road
- workman village on outskirts - preplanned settlements - they built city and tombs
- royal tombs on east so that under sun rays every morning - decorated with images of royal family no other gods
Define the term Aten
The sun god that was relatively marginal god
The god Akhenaten raised above all other gods during his reign
Part of the divine triad akhenaten created: Aten, Akhenaten, Nefertiti
Aten’s temple
- at Amarna
- open air temple so sun penetrating everywhere so it beams on king and queen wherever they are
Not devoutly worshipped my majority of Egyptians - would pay homage to Aten but then go home and worship their household gods
Who is Akhenaten?
Reigned during the New Kingdom
His brother was supposed to be king but died so he ended up becoming king
Changed the religion
- selected the god Aten to be main god of Egypt
- began small - Aten worshipped along side other gods - grew to point that the worship of other gods was forbidden, their temples were closed and their statues desecrated
- made himself Devine and said he was the living manifestation of Aten so that people worshipped him as if he were a god
The problem with new religion:
- gave regular people less access to god because no cult images or household gods
- this religion could not exist after Akhenaten died
Invented the capital city of Amarna
Amarna Art introduced
- Depicted as hermaphroditic - this is because he was a god so embodied both the male and female
Define the term Amarna Letters
Takes place during Akhenaten’s reign
Since there were a bunch of empires beside each other they needed to communicate for trade reasons and making deals like marrying family members
Akkadian became the diplomatic language
These letters mostly consisted of gift exchanges - seems like nothing is being discussed but really it maintained their place within the system and it was ultimately about trade
Define the term Amarna Art
Began during reign of Akhenaten
Egyptian art moves into realm of realism
Focuses on nature
Shows aging human body (ex. Sagging Nefertiti) - more careful observation of anatomical structure (bone structure)
The Amarna Princess: egg like head - probably symbolizing fertility
Dream like quality
Later Amarna Art is less exaggerated and prettier
Introduces new subjects that were taboo before
- royal intimacy - Nefertiti sitting on Akhenaten’s lap
- familial setting - Akhenaten mourning death of daughter
Define the term Colossi de Memnon
The name given to a pair of statues in front of the ruined mortuary temple of Amunhotep III in Western Thebes locates at the Theban Necropolis
Define the term Deir el-Mahdina
Village where the artisans who worked on the tombs in the Valley of the Kings lived during the 18 to 20th Dynasties
Ancient name is “Set Ma’at” which means “the place of truth” and workmen called “servants in the place of truth”
Define the term Malkata/Malqata
The site of the palace complex built my Amenhotep III during Dynasty 18
Located on the West Bank of the Nile at Thebes I’m Upper Egypt
Kom El-Hetan Mortuary temple built here
- largest port hart temple
Built of mudbrick so not well preserved
King’s bedroom decorated in symbols - so king sleeping surrounded by ma’at - shows that king of Egypt at height
Who is Kamose?
The last king of the 17th Dynasty during the second intermediate period
Define the term Lahun Pyramid
Located in Lahun which is near the Fayum
Example of late Dynasty 12 temple made of mud brick
Stone skeletal structure inside pyramid visible today because of eroded mud brick
Originally excavated by Petrie- has hard time finding entrance because not north side like usual but at east end - change probably due to association with Osiris
Lahun treasure found - 5 boxes, 2 inlaid with ivory which showed relationship with Nubia - found with Sith-Hathor-Yuunet
Define the term Kahun
A town often associated with the pyramid complex of Lahun
A town made to support the cult of the king
A planned city - shows there must have been government supervision and probably established all at once
Divided into 2 unequal sections, east and west divided by wall - divided by class
1) large houses on east, about 13 homes and about 70 rooms
2) 200 small houses on west with about 3-7 rooms each (family homes
Define the term Per-Ramesse
It means the house of Ramesses
Located in Qantir
Ramesses II moves the capital here and name it this
Many building projects were undertaken by Ramesses II here
Who was Ramesses III?
The second and greatest king of Dynasty 20 and the end of the Late Bronze Age
Ruled during a time of international upheaval
He reorganized the internal structure of the Egyptian army
Built his mortuary temple
- called the Medinet Habu Mortuary temple
- contains traditional images of Pharaoh smiting enemies showing destruction of chaos
- contains sea people scenes - how we know they were different ethnicities because of their different hair - came by boat - had women and children so probably fleeing homeland
During his reign the Sea People appeared
- they came from across the Eastern Mediterranean
- consisted of a variety of ethnic groups
- they disrupted the trade system which set off a chain of reactions that eventually destroyed the Bronze Age
- they were repelled by Ramesses III
Had to deal with corrupted government
Workers not getting paid enough - has first recorded strike due to the inflation of food prices
Assasination attempt by 3rd wife
- she wanted her son to be king and not the one in line so convinced an official to kill Ramesses III
- even though he was not killed he was injured and did not last much longer
Who was Seqenenre Tao II?
King in the 17th Dynasty during the 2nd intermediate period and ruled over the last of the Local kingdoms of the Theban region of Egypt
His body proves that there was a war between the Egyptians and the Hyksos because his body shows that he died of his wounds
Who is Horemhab?
A general active under King Tut who has familial relations to Nefertiti
He succeeded King Tut when he died
Has no children so appointed his army buddy Ramses who was the last king of Dynasty 18
Define the term Gabel el-Arak knife handle
A ceremonial knife dates back to Naqada II
Shows Mesopotamian influences
Made of ivory and flint
Found at the site of Gebel el-Arak but thought to be from Abydos
Depicts:
- boat with shrines or cabins
- a man with a mace
- the master of beast motif
Define the term Book of the Dead
The modern name for series of New Kingdom religious texts intended to protect the soul of the deceased as it travels through the underworld toward rebirth
Inscriptions found in Dynasty 18 tombs - Thurmond III in particular - he has inscriptions meant to represent papyrus book on the wall to ensure a safe resurrection - Dynasty 19-22 still have inscriptions but more naturalistic
Define the word Pyramid Texts
Religious texts intended to protect the spirit of the king in the afterlife incised on the walls of the pyramid burial chambers
Evident through Dynasties 5-12
In the Middle Kingdom pyramid texts usurped by commoners and evolved into Coffin Texts
Who was Khufu?
King in the 6th Dynasty reigned for 23 years
His name means “the god Khnum protects me”
Khnum = local god of Elaphantine
His Pyramid, The Great Pyramid at Giza is the largest in Egypt
Burial chamber in the core of the pyramid on ground level (unusual)
The valley, pyramid temples, and causeway originally decorated in low raised relief scenes that conveyed ideas of Egyptian kingship and anticipated events the king would experience in afterlife
2 boats found - intended to be used by king in his journey across the sky in the company of the gods
3 pyramids containing burial of his queens lined up to the east of his pyramid
His valley temple located under densely populated village
Hemiunu = Khufu’s vizier - responsible for completion of project - buried in huge mastaba in cemetery west of the pyramid
Who is Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II
Early Dynasty 11 King
Once he gained power he consolidated it and began to trade with Nubia again
Built mortuary complex at Deir El-Bahri
Enlarged, expanded, transformed soff tomb
Originally had a central element on podium - deteriorated now - we have no idea what it was so we call it the central element
The front had a garden planted with trees
The relief from shrine
- refined hieroglyphic inscriptions
- low relief
- high quality artistry
- revival of court culture
Burial chamber was lined with granite
- called the gate of the horse because I horse tripped which lead them to finding statue - it was only wearing the red crown so there is either another I found statue of him wearing the white one or it symbolizes the domination of Lower Egypt
Who is Mereruka?
Lived during Dynasty 5 into Dynasty 6
Represented the culmination of the Old Kingdom Noble Tombs
His mastaba
- had tons of interior space with 32 rooms, wife and son had suites dedicated to them where they were buried
- contains the famous bed scene - where he is on bed with princess enjoying husband and wife scene - intimate but nothing explicit
- main pillar hall chapel - statue of him walking out of tomb - reinforces attainment of afterlife
Define the term reserve head
Type of Memphite 4th Dynasty funerary sculpture
Consists of limestone human head, usually with excised or unsculpted ears and enigmatic lines carved around the neck and down the back of the cranium
Define the term Heb sed
The ritual in which the king demonstrated his vitality and ability to rule by running a prescribed course
The ritual was initially celebrated in the 13th year of the king’s rule and at more frequent intervals thereafter
Also called jubilee
Define the term Hierakonopolis
The religious and political capital of Upper Egypt during Naqada II
At the Hierakonpolis Painted Tomb
- started seeing traditional Egyptian art practices
- Start seeing smiting motifs
- see boat ground lines
- start seeing animal motifs (Mesopotamian)
Define the term cobra frieze
Found only at Djoser’s Step Pyramid on the south tomb
Imhotep very experimental
Define the term Khekher Frieze
Form of architectural ornamentation
Carved or painted representation of bundles of bound reeds
Usually found at top of wall or above lintels
Define the term Abu Simbel
Two massive rock temples at Abu Simbel
A village in Nubia, south of Egypt
They are located near Aswan
Define the term Avaris
The Hyksos capital during the second intermediate period
Emerged as great cosmopolitan centre
One of largest cities in East Mediterranean world at the time
Found donkey burials, race car burials,
Hyksos consoles trade routes from here
Define the term Buhen
An Egyptian settlement located on the west of the Nile below the second cataract built on the 12th Dynasty
When Nubia conquered as far as Semna which is just south of the second cataract
to ensure the area remained subjugated the Egyptians built a string of 13 housing garrisons between the first and second cataract and one was called Buhen
Who was King Auibre Hor?
A pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the 2nd intermediate period
Most well known for the nearly completely intact tomb found in 1894 and the rare life-sized wooden statue of the king’s Ka found in it
Who was Hatshepsut?
Female king on Dynasty 18
Daughter of Thutmose I, wife of Thurmose the II, and step mother and queen regent of Thutmose III
Was often portrayed as male
Claimed to be the daughter of Amun - as depicted in mortuary temple
Thutmose III always portrayed as secondary ruler
Exposition to Punt that regained trade there
Define the term Deir el-Bahri
The location of Hatshepsut and Nebhepet-Re Mentuhotep
Dominated by Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple
Has 2 levels that represent her 2 major accomplishments
1) north side - birth relief
- narrative that focuses of legitimation of Hatshepsut as king
- shows Amun as her father so she gets right to rule from her ultimate father
2) south side - exposition to Punt
- shows huts on stilts and fish carvings
- trade items expaditioners brought back
- shows Queen of Punt who the Egyptians were obsessed with
Eventually destroyed by Thutmose III - hacked out image of Hatshepsut giving offerings to Amun - probably political not personal
Define the term Queen of Punt
When Hatshepsut when on her exposition to Punt encountered the queen
There are reliefs of this experience in her mortuary temple
Egyptians fascinated by her because she does not adhere to Egyptian ideals of beauty but still very powerful
Define the term Itj-Tawy
The new capital during Dynasty 12 under rule of Amenemhat I
Means “tying of two lands”
During this time Thebes stopped being political capital and started to become religious centre
Define the term Karnak Temple
A complex of temples at modern Luxor dominated by the temple of Amun
Construction began during the reign of Senusret I in the Middle Kingdom and continued through to the Middle Kingdom
Define the term Lahun treasure
Found by Petrie in one of the pits in the Lahun pyramid of Sensuret II buries with Sith-Hathor-Yuunet
Jewelry in 5 boxes, two of them inlaid with ivory
Shows trade with Nubia to access luxury items
Define the term Ramesseum
The memorial temple of Ramesses II
Located in the Theban necropolis in Upper Egypt
Built in Dynasty 19
Who is Sit-Hathor-Yunet?
Senuseret II’s daughter so an Egyptian princess during the 12th Dynasty
The Lahun treasure was buried with her in her father’s pyramid complex at Lahun
Who is Thutmose III?
The son of Thutmose II
Ruled after Hatshepsut during Dynasty 18
Once she died he destroyed her images which was probably politically motivated
Conducted the final conquest of Nubia - colonization
Nubians started sending their children to Egyptian court - May have been a policy of his it is unclear if they were coerced or not
Define the term Beautiful Feast of the Valley
In Karnak Hatshepsut had a place built for her ritual activities consisting of a series of rooms around a bark shrine where she had depicted her purification and acceptance by the gods
The shrine includes depictions of the processions associated with the Opet Festival and the Beautiful Feast is the Valley
During this festival Amun left Karnak to travel westward to Deir el-Bahri and the temples of other rulers
This festival became the most prized one on the Theban West Bank during the New Kingdom
Define the term Coffin Texts
Group of over 1000 spells, selections from which were inscribed on coffins during the Middle Kingdom
Who is Menes?
The first king of Egypt
Responsible for unifying Egypt
Not a real person actually a mythical creature
We know that he went on an exposition and was carried off by a hippo
It is actually a title
Who was Khafre?
King during 4th Dynasty during Old Kingdom
Son of Khufu and successor Djedefre
The Sphinx represents him as the sun god
Has Valley temple - rectangular building with stone walls and T-path hallway
At Summer Solstice sun sets between two pyramids of Khufu and Khafre making a giant Akhet
Define the term saff tomb
A type of rock cut tomb used in the el-Tarif area of western Thebes by the local rulers of the Theban 11th Dynasty
Define the term Giza Plateau
Eugene Grebaut a French Director of the Antiquities Service in 1887 started clearing the sand around the Giza Sphinx
Discovered:
- the chest
- the paws
- the altar
- the plateau made completely uncovered
- stele of Thutmosis IV was discovered - recorded a dream in which he was ordered to clear the sand from the Sphinx
Contains the pyramids:
- Khufu
- Khafra
- Menkaura
Who was Snefru?
The founding monarch of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom
Built at least 3 pyramids that survived to this day and introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramids in Dashur:
1) the Bent Pyramid
2) the Red Pyramid
3) the Medium Pyramid
Define the term Sphinx Temple
Represents Khafre as the sun god and conveys the idea of the lion as the guardian of the necropolis
Wears the Nemes headdress - identifies it as royal - at one point it also had the royal beard but it has since fallen off
At one point there was a socket on top where a crown was
There is the sphinx temple in front of the Sphinx
- never finished possibly never used
- it is the only non funerary temple of Dynasty 4
- associated with the Sphinx and probably dedicated to the sun god
Define the term Pyramid Conplex
The Giza Pyramid complex consists of the 3 Great Pyramids, the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a worker’s village and industrial complex
Other pyramid complexes:
- pyramid complex of Pepi II
- Djoser’s Step Pyramid complex at Saqara
- Lahun Pyramid complex
Who was Imhotep?
King Djoser’s minister, architect and physician during Dynasty 3
Responsible for King Djoser’s Step Pyramid
Very experimental in his architecture
Later becomes demigod
Define the term Temple T
One of the two buildings in King Djoser’s Pyramid complex because has interior space created in Dynasty 3
Functioned as dressing room for king in preparation for different rituals
Djed Pillar Frieze
From here had access to south court to perform rituals
Not very big
Define the term Abydos
In protodynastic period Abydos becomes major city centre
In early dynastic period funerary monuments built in Abydos
Main burial ground for Dynasty 1 royal tombs
- all tombs share general template
- square or rectangle
- fairly large inside
- no superstructure because no preserved so we only have substructure
- sereks
- decorated with wood paneling
- round-topped funerary stele of King Djet
Abydos boat graves in Dynasty 2
- wooden haul of boats preserved
In Dynasty 2 King Sekhemib moves capital back to Abydos and built stone lined burial chamber at Abydos
Who is Ahmose?
First king of Dynasty 18
Succeeded his brother Kamose who was the last king of Dynast 17
He was coronated when he was very young so his mother Ahhotep acted as Queen Regent
He eventually drove out all foreigners
Who is Ahhotep?
In Dynasty 18 king Ahmose’s queen regent
Had appearance of formidable powerful woman
Period of strong, powerful women
- I’m supportive and ruling role
- ceremonial battle ax found in her now lost tomb in Western Thebes - shows that she was some sort of military leader - fly emblems found shows persistence in overwhelming odds
Who was Amenhotep III?
King in Dynasty 18
Kom El-Hetan Mortuary Temple
- largest mortuary temple
- only thing left are the colossi statues
Built the Malkata Palace
- 35 hectares
- built of mud brick so not well preserved
- remains of wall plastered from Malqata
- king’s bedroom decorated with symbols so that surrounded my Ma’at
- king of Egypt at its height
First king to deitfy himself
- worshipped especially in Nubia
- introduces importance of Atum
- became sun king in his lifetime
- after 30th jubilee (30th year of king) his depictions become more and more youthful
Define the term henotheism
The worship of a single god while not denying the existence of other deities
Akhenaten brought this belief to Egypt in Dynasty 18
- Aten was main god but did not deny existence of other gods
Define the term Hittites
Info-European cultural group occupying central and southern Turkey
In Dynasty 18 Ramesses II had major conflict with hittites for land called Battle Kadesh
Define the term Kerma
In second intermediate period the Kerman’s from Nubia were one of three main players alongside the Hyksos and Egyptians
Kerma was a main town for about 1000 years - this time called the Kerman Dynasty headed by a king and operated as a hierarchical society
Marked by town and culture necropolis (cemetery)
Western Defuffa - the architecture of Kerma reflects its advanced level of urbanism - underwent several phases of alteration throughout its lifetime - dominated town of Kerma - had little interior space - it was almost solid block of masonry and echoes of Egyptian temples
Tombs located away from settlement; standard type was Earth Tumulus - means that bodies buried underground and you just see a mound of dirt on top - might be invisible or elaborately decorated with bull sculls depending on status - burial practices not Egyptian more African or Nubian - they were bed burials and no treatment to the body - one or more people buried together and the more important person buried in bed - Tumulus round with central corridor and got larger throughout second intermediate period - corridor filled with bodies- example of peak Kerma culture
Distinct type of pottery called Kermaware with red band, silver band and tulip beakers
Very talented at faience productions - amulets - they are often evocative of Egyptian materials - worked with material called Mika (a glittery transparent material)
Who is Nefertiti?
Wife of Dynasty 18 king Akhenaten
Part of Devine triad of Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Aten
One of most famous Amarna Art is the bust of Nefertiti - in other art she is shown as aging and intimate with king - shows transition in art
Define the term Sea People
A group of a variety of atheists groups that tried to settle along the western delta during Ramesses III reign in Dynast 20
Ramesses III repels them
They disrupted delicate trade system which set off a chain of reactions that eventually destroyed the Bronze Age
I’m Ramesses III’s mortuary temple at Medinet Habu there are images of sea people scenes
- tells us they were made up of a group of a a variety of ethnicities - we know this through their different hair styles
- they cake by sea in boats
- had women, children, and livestock - shows they were probably fleeing someone in homeland
Define the term Tell el-Yehudiya ware
Ceramic ware of the second intermediate period
Dark with punctures
Had horizon mark of Hyksos
Define the term valley of the kings
A valley on the West Bank of Luxor containing tombs of New Kingdom king’s
Dynasty 18 tombs here: compact, cartouche shaped chamber
Dynasty 19-20 tombs here: longer, straight access, no bends, more colours of blue and gold
One of most famous is the tomb of King Tutankhamen
Define the term Amon-Re
A major Egyptian deity
After the rebellion of Thebes against the Hyksos and with the rule of Ahmose I Amun acquired national importance expressed in his fusion with the Sun god Ra as Amun-Re
Hatshepsut gained birth right by claiming she was the daughter of Amun-Re
Define the term Heracleopolis
The main centre of power during dynasties 9&10 during the end of the first intermediate period
Named the house of Khety because so many rulers named Khety
Define the term cartoon art
Occurred in the first intermediate period
No grid lines
Canon if proportions not used
Figures less rigid
Eyes low and abnormally large
Define the term Mycerinus/Menkare
The first or second ruler of the 8th Dynasty
Ruled for a short period of time during the transition from the Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period
Created the third Giza Pyramid
- much smaller
- called the “the divine pyramid”
- mortuary temple began in limestone with granite facing but completed in mud brick - sign that he died before it was finished
- Queen’s pyramid to the south never finished
- found a number of statues depicting him with gods and goddesses - reflects supreme self confidence which reflects Egyptian ideals of the time
Who was Amenemhet I?
The first King of Dynasty 12 during the Middle Kingdom
Came from Northern Egypt, not Thebes
Was probably a vizier if Mentuhotep IV who was the last king of Dynasty 11
He may have been a usurper of the crown but unlikely because smooth transition between dynasties
When he come to the crown he still had the monumental task of consolidating power because nomarchs still dating according to their local reigns - so power not yet completely consolidated
He was most concerned with passing down his kingship so to put him a ease he put his eldest son as co-regent ensuring he would take over once he died
He was assassinated by his chamber maids when he was 30
From his death on the kings appointed the nomarchs - the position did not just pass automatically to their son - ensured they were worthy of the king
Made the new capital Itj-Tawy which means tying of two lands while Thebes became a religious centre
Define the term Great Pyramid
Refers to the pyramid of The fourth Dynasty Kung Khufu located on the Giza plateau
Covered in limestone casing stones forming smooth surface but has eroded so now there is only the core structure
3 chambers inside the Great Pyramid:
1) lowest chamber cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and unfinished
2) Queen’s chamber
3) King’s chamber - higher within pyramid structure
Part is pyramid complex is 2 mortuary temples honouring Khufu and 3 smaller pyramids for his wives, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for the nobles
Who were Rahotep and Nofret?
They were one of the Dynasty 4 king Sneferu’s son and son’s wife
They got a shared mastaba
Rahotep got a larger chapel
Their statues were found in their mastaba
- eyes inset with smoky quartz making them look lifelike
- Nofret - typical image of Old Kingdom - founder face, bigger, shorter waste)
Who were Nefermaat and Itet?
Prince and noblewoman of Dynasty 4
Their mastaba had a bit more interior space but not much
Inlay experimentation in Chapel of Nefermaat - sunk relief filled in with paste to make flush surface - the problem was the paste fell out as it dried so had to use paint instead of paste in the Meydum Geese painting
Who is Shepseskaf?
The last pharaoh of Dynasty 4
Built his mastaba in Saqqara called the Pharaoh’s Bench
More like a giant sarcophagus than a real mastaba
Also did not compound his name with Re
Shows an obvious blimp in funerary practices because in Dynasty 5 the pharaoh returns to pyramids in Giza
Define the term serdab
The statue room in a pyramid complex
I’m King Djoser’s it is located on the east side of the pyramid
- completely enclosed
- had a peep hole so you can see the statue
- inside there was a life sized statue of Djoser
- probably Kha statue
Who was Pepi II?
- the last king of Dynasty 6 and the last king of the Old Kingdom
- rules for 94 years
- long rule is why there are statues of him as child ruling on mother’s lap who was presumably queen regent
- his pyramid at Saqqara was the last major monument of the Old Kingdom
- his pyramid complex has large mortuary temple with lots of interior space
- built pyramids for 3 of his queens
Define the term Saqqara
A burial ground during the Old Kingdom
Served as necropolis for Ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis
Who is Seti I?
Second king of Dynasty 19
Usually seen with Ramesses II (his son) in art work - probably for reasons of legitimation
His most important achievement was fathering Ramesses II
Define the term Hyksos
One of the three main plays during the second intermediate period along with the Kushites from Nubia and Egyptians
They are from the Eastern Delta
An increasing number of foreigners started infiltrating Egypt and setting up house along the Eastern delta
The Egyptians called them “rulers of the foreign land” identifying them as non-Egyptian
Egyptians note that it was a time of chaos, that they reeked havoc and destroyed temples but archeology suggests that this was all propaganda and that they actually adopted Egyptian traditions
Later Egyptians saw this as a time of great humiliation
Avaris was the Hyksos capital from which they controlled trade routes and a great cosmopolitan centre
Define the term Kadesh
The battle of Kadesh occurred during the reign of Ramesses II during Dynasty 18
It was a major battle between the Hittites and their king
They were fighting for the control of territories
Ramesses II left so many inscriptions if the battle that we know almost exactly what happened
We have narrative from both Egyptians and Hittites and they both claim victory so what probably actually happened was a stalemate
The land Nebi Mend which they were fighting for becomes no man’s land the the two powers continue to squabble over it but had no other major battles
Through this the Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty was created - probably Syrian empire started moving in on Hittites and they could not fight on two fronts and if they needed help they had the Egyptians
Who was Ramesses II?
King of Dynasty 18
Moved capital to Qantir and called it Per-Ramesse
One of major events during reign was battle Kadesh
Created Egyptian-Hittite peace treat through this battle and sealed it by marrying his daughter to Hittite King
His 13th son Merneptah inherits throne - had over 100 children
Define the term Medinet Habu
The mortuary temple of Ramesses III
Contains traditional image of pharaoh smiting enmities
Contains sea people scenes
Who is Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II?
King in Dynasty 11
Thebes was a provincial dynasty that followed their own traditions especially funerary practices at this time
- specific rock cut tombs called saff tombs which were large rectangular court cut into sandstone and soft part of cliff, a row of opening that leads to where burial room cut into bedrock
Once he gained his power he started consolidating it after the first intermediate period and trading with Nubia again
He had mortuary complex
- not exactly an Old Kingdom burial but still get a monumental public project
- built it at Deir el-Bahri
- basically and enlarged and expanded saff tomb
- had central element on podium but has since deteriorated - probably primeval mount
- front has garden with trees
- courtyard has burial shaft that leads to burial chamber which lies below the shrine
- relief of shrine: low relief of refine hieroglyphic inscriptions, high quality art showing revival of court culture
- burial chamber lined with granite called gate of bourse because found with horse tripped - has statue of him only wearing red crown
Who was Senuseret II?
Dynasty 12 king of Middle Egypt
Define the term Tell el-Dab’a
The Hyksos capital
Another name for Avaris
Emerges as great cosmopolitan centre
Occupies 4 square kilometres
One of largest cities of Eastern Mediterranean world at the time
Found donkey, race car burials and warrior burials with dagger at the waste
Found tell el- Yehudoiya ware - a type of pottery
Controlled trade routes from here
