Final Exam Flashcards

Question

Define the term Per-Ramesse

Answer 1

It means the house of Ramesses Located in Qantir Ramesses II moves the capital here and name it this Many building projects were undertaken by Ramesses II here

Answer 2

The second and greatest king of Dynasty 20 and the end of the Late Bronze Age Ruled during a time of international upheaval He reorganized the internal structure of the Egyptian army Built his mortuary temple - called the Medinet Habu Mortuary temple - contains traditional images of Pharaoh smiting enemies showing destruction of chaos - contains sea people scenes - how we know they were different ethnicities because of their different hair - came by boat - had women and children so probably fleeing homeland During his reign the Sea People appeared - they came from across the Eastern Mediterranean - consisted of a variety of ethnic groups - they disrupted the trade system which set off a chain of reactions that eventually destroyed the Bronze Age - they were repelled by Ramesses III Had to deal with corrupted government Workers not getting paid enough - has first recorded strike due to the inflation of food prices Assasination attempt by 3rd wife - she wanted her son to be king and not the one in line so convinced an official to kill Ramesses III - even though he was not killed he was injured and did not last much longer

Answer 3

King in the 17th Dynasty during the 2nd intermediate period and ruled over the last of the Local kingdoms of the Theban region of Egypt His body proves that there was a war between the Egyptians and the Hyksos because his body shows that he died of his wounds

Answer 4

A general active under King Tut who has familial relations to Nefertiti He succeeded King Tut when he died Has no children so appointed his army buddy Ramses who was the last king of Dynasty 18

Answer 5

A ceremonial knife dates back to Naqada II Shows Mesopotamian influences Made of ivory and flint Found at the site of Gebel el-Arak but thought to be from Abydos Depicts: - boat with shrines or cabins - a man with a mace - the master of beast motif

Answer 6

The modern name for series of New Kingdom religious texts intended to protect the soul of the deceased as it travels through the underworld toward rebirth Inscriptions found in Dynasty 18 tombs - Thurmond III in particular - he has inscriptions meant to represent papyrus book on the wall to ensure a safe resurrection - Dynasty 19-22 still have inscriptions but more naturalistic

Answer 7

Religious texts intended to protect the spirit of the king in the afterlife incised on the walls of the pyramid burial chambers Evident through Dynasties 5-12 In the Middle Kingdom pyramid texts usurped by commoners and evolved into Coffin Texts

Answer 8

King in the 6th Dynasty reigned for 23 years His name means “the god Khnum protects me” Khnum = local god of Elaphantine His Pyramid, The Great Pyramid at Giza is the largest in Egypt Burial chamber in the core of the pyramid on ground level (unusual) The valley, pyramid temples, and causeway originally decorated in low raised relief scenes that conveyed ideas of Egyptian kingship and anticipated events the king would experience in afterlife 2 boats found - intended to be used by king in his journey across the sky in the company of the gods 3 pyramids containing burial of his queens lined up to the east of his pyramid His valley temple located under densely populated village Hemiunu = Khufu’s vizier - responsible for completion of project - buried in huge mastaba in cemetery west of the pyramid

Answer 9

Early Dynasty 11 King Once he gained power he consolidated it and began to trade with Nubia again Built mortuary complex at Deir El-Bahri Enlarged, expanded, transformed soff tomb Originally had a central element on podium - deteriorated now - we have no idea what it was so we call it the central element The front had a garden planted with trees The relief from shrine - refined hieroglyphic inscriptions - low relief - high quality artistry - revival of court culture Burial chamber was lined with granite - called the gate of the horse because I horse tripped which lead them to finding statue - it was only wearing the red crown so there is either another I found statue of him wearing the white one or it symbolizes the domination of Lower Egypt

Answer 10

Lived during Dynasty 5 into Dynasty 6 Represented the culmination of the Old Kingdom Noble Tombs His mastaba - had tons of interior space with 32 rooms, wife and son had suites dedicated to them where they were buried - contains the famous bed scene - where he is on bed with princess enjoying husband and wife scene - intimate but nothing explicit - main pillar hall chapel - statue of him walking out of tomb - reinforces attainment of afterlife

Answer 11

Type of Memphite 4th Dynasty funerary sculpture Consists of limestone human head, usually with excised or unsculpted ears and enigmatic lines carved around the neck and down the back of the cranium

Answer 12

The ritual in which the king demonstrated his vitality and ability to rule by running a prescribed course The ritual was initially celebrated in the 13th year of the king’s rule and at more frequent intervals thereafter Also called jubilee

Answer 13

The religious and political capital of Upper Egypt during Naqada II At the Hierakonpolis Painted Tomb - started seeing traditional Egyptian art practices - Start seeing smiting motifs - see boat ground lines - start seeing animal motifs (Mesopotamian)

Answer 14

Found only at Djoser’s Step Pyramid on the south tomb Imhotep very experimental

Answer 15

Form of architectural ornamentation Carved or painted representation of bundles of bound reeds Usually found at top of wall or above lintels

Answer 16

Two massive rock temples at Abu Simbel A village in Nubia, south of Egypt They are located near Aswan

Answer 17

The Hyksos capital during the second intermediate period Emerged as great cosmopolitan centre One of largest cities in East Mediterranean world at the time Found donkey burials, race car burials, Hyksos consoles trade routes from here

Answer 18

An Egyptian settlement located on the west of the Nile below the second cataract built on the 12th Dynasty When Nubia conquered as far as Semna which is just south of the second cataract to ensure the area remained subjugated the Egyptians built a string of 13 housing garrisons between the first and second cataract and one was called Buhen

Answer 19

A pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the 2nd intermediate period Most well known for the nearly completely intact tomb found in 1894 and the rare life-sized wooden statue of the king’s Ka found in it

Answer 20

Female king on Dynasty 18 Daughter of Thutmose I, wife of Thurmose the II, and step mother and queen regent of Thutmose III Was often portrayed as male Claimed to be the daughter of Amun - as depicted in mortuary temple Thutmose III always portrayed as secondary ruler Exposition to Punt that regained trade there

Answer 21

The location of Hatshepsut and Nebhepet-Re Mentuhotep Dominated by Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple Has 2 levels that represent her 2 major accomplishments 1) north side - birth relief - narrative that focuses of legitimation of Hatshepsut as king - shows Amun as her father so she gets right to rule from her ultimate father 2) south side - exposition to Punt - shows huts on stilts and fish carvings - trade items expaditioners brought back - shows Queen of Punt who the Egyptians were obsessed with Eventually destroyed by Thutmose III - hacked out image of Hatshepsut giving offerings to Amun - probably political not personal

Answer 22

When Hatshepsut when on her exposition to Punt encountered the queen There are reliefs of this experience in her mortuary temple Egyptians fascinated by her because she does not adhere to Egyptian ideals of beauty but still very powerful

Answer 23

The new capital during Dynasty 12 under rule of Amenemhat I Means “tying of two lands” During this time Thebes stopped being political capital and started to become religious centre

Answer 24

A complex of temples at modern Luxor dominated by the temple of Amun Construction began during the reign of Senusret I in the Middle Kingdom and continued through to the Middle Kingdom

Answer 25

Found by Petrie in one of the pits in the Lahun pyramid of Sensuret II buries with Sith-Hathor-Yuunet Jewelry in 5 boxes, two of them inlaid with ivory Shows trade with Nubia to access luxury items

Answer 26

The memorial temple of Ramesses II Located in the Theban necropolis in Upper Egypt Built in Dynasty 19

Answer 27

Senuseret II’s daughter so an Egyptian princess during the 12th Dynasty The Lahun treasure was buried with her in her father’s pyramid complex at Lahun

Answer 28

The son of Thutmose II Ruled after Hatshepsut during Dynasty 18 Once she died he destroyed her images which was probably politically motivated Conducted the final conquest of Nubia - colonization Nubians started sending their children to Egyptian court - May have been a policy of his it is unclear if they were coerced or not

Answer 29

In Karnak Hatshepsut had a place built for her ritual activities consisting of a series of rooms around a bark shrine where she had depicted her purification and acceptance by the gods The shrine includes depictions of the processions associated with the Opet Festival and the Beautiful Feast is the Valley During this festival Amun left Karnak to travel westward to Deir el-Bahri and the temples of other rulers This festival became the most prized one on the Theban West Bank during the New Kingdom

Answer 30

Group of over 1000 spells, selections from which were inscribed on coffins during the Middle Kingdom

Answer 31

The first king of Egypt Responsible for unifying Egypt Not a real person actually a mythical creature We know that he went on an exposition and was carried off by a hippo It is actually a title

Answer 32

King during 4th Dynasty during Old Kingdom Son of Khufu and successor Djedefre The Sphinx represents him as the sun god Has Valley temple - rectangular building with stone walls and T-path hallway At Summer Solstice sun sets between two pyramids of Khufu and Khafre making a giant Akhet

Answer 33

A type of rock cut tomb used in the el-Tarif area of western Thebes by the local rulers of the Theban 11th Dynasty

Answer 34

Eugene Grebaut a French Director of the Antiquities Service in 1887 started clearing the sand around the Giza Sphinx Discovered: - the chest - the paws - the altar - the plateau made completely uncovered - stele of Thutmosis IV was discovered - recorded a dream in which he was ordered to clear the sand from the Sphinx Contains the pyramids: - Khufu - Khafra - Menkaura

Answer 35

The founding monarch of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom Built at least 3 pyramids that survived to this day and introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramids in Dashur: 1) the Bent Pyramid 2) the Red Pyramid 3) the Medium Pyramid

Answer 36

Represents Khafre as the sun god and conveys the idea of the lion as the guardian of the necropolis Wears the Nemes headdress - identifies it as royal - at one point it also had the royal beard but it has since fallen off At one point there was a socket on top where a crown was There is the sphinx temple in front of the Sphinx - never finished possibly never used - it is the only non funerary temple of Dynasty 4 - associated with the Sphinx and probably dedicated to the sun god

Answer 37

The Giza Pyramid complex consists of the 3 Great Pyramids, the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a worker’s village and industrial complex Other pyramid complexes: - pyramid complex of Pepi II - Djoser’s Step Pyramid complex at Saqara - Lahun Pyramid complex

Answer 38

King Djoser’s minister, architect and physician during Dynasty 3 Responsible for King Djoser’s Step Pyramid Very experimental in his architecture Later becomes demigod

Answer 39

One of the two buildings in King Djoser’s Pyramid complex because has interior space created in Dynasty 3 Functioned as dressing room for king in preparation for different rituals Djed Pillar Frieze From here had access to south court to perform rituals Not very big

Answer 40

In protodynastic period Abydos becomes major city centre In early dynastic period funerary monuments built in Abydos Main burial ground for Dynasty 1 royal tombs - all tombs share general template - square or rectangle - fairly large inside - no superstructure because no preserved so we only have substructure - sereks - decorated with wood paneling - round-topped funerary stele of King Djet Abydos boat graves in Dynasty 2 - wooden haul of boats preserved In Dynasty 2 King Sekhemib moves capital back to Abydos and built stone lined burial chamber at Abydos

Answer 41

First king of Dynasty 18 Succeeded his brother Kamose who was the last king of Dynast 17 He was coronated when he was very young so his mother Ahhotep acted as Queen Regent He eventually drove out all foreigners

Answer 42

In Dynasty 18 king Ahmose’s queen regent Had appearance of formidable powerful woman Period of strong, powerful women - I’m supportive and ruling role - ceremonial battle ax found in her now lost tomb in Western Thebes - shows that she was some sort of military leader - fly emblems found shows persistence in overwhelming odds

Answer 43

King in Dynasty 18 Kom El-Hetan Mortuary Temple - largest mortuary temple - only thing left are the colossi statues Built the Malkata Palace - 35 hectares - built of mud brick so not well preserved - remains of wall plastered from Malqata - king’s bedroom decorated with symbols so that surrounded my Ma’at - king of Egypt at its height First king to deitfy himself - worshipped especially in Nubia - introduces importance of Atum - became sun king in his lifetime - after 30th jubilee (30th year of king) his depictions become more and more youthful

Answer 44

The worship of a single god while not denying the existence of other deities Akhenaten brought this belief to Egypt in Dynasty 18 - Aten was main god but did not deny existence of other gods

Answer 45

Info-European cultural group occupying central and southern Turkey In Dynasty 18 Ramesses II had major conflict with hittites for land called Battle Kadesh

Answer 46

In second intermediate period the Kerman’s from Nubia were one of three main players alongside the Hyksos and Egyptians Kerma was a main town for about 1000 years - this time called the Kerman Dynasty headed by a king and operated as a hierarchical society Marked by town and culture necropolis (cemetery) Western Defuffa - the architecture of Kerma reflects its advanced level of urbanism - underwent several phases of alteration throughout its lifetime - dominated town of Kerma - had little interior space - it was almost solid block of masonry and echoes of Egyptian temples Tombs located away from settlement; standard type was Earth Tumulus - means that bodies buried underground and you just see a mound of dirt on top - might be invisible or elaborately decorated with bull sculls depending on status - burial practices not Egyptian more African or Nubian - they were bed burials and no treatment to the body - one or more people buried together and the more important person buried in bed - Tumulus round with central corridor and got larger throughout second intermediate period - corridor filled with bodies- example of peak Kerma culture Distinct type of pottery called Kermaware with red band, silver band and tulip beakers Very talented at faience productions - amulets - they are often evocative of Egyptian materials - worked with material called Mika (a glittery transparent material)

Answer 47

Wife of Dynasty 18 king Akhenaten Part of Devine triad of Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Aten One of most famous Amarna Art is the bust of Nefertiti - in other art she is shown as aging and intimate with king - shows transition in art

Answer 48

A group of a variety of atheists groups that tried to settle along the western delta during Ramesses III reign in Dynast 20 Ramesses III repels them They disrupted delicate trade system which set off a chain of reactions that eventually destroyed the Bronze Age I’m Ramesses III’s mortuary temple at Medinet Habu there are images of sea people scenes - tells us they were made up of a group of a a variety of ethnicities - we know this through their different hair styles - they cake by sea in boats - had women, children, and livestock - shows they were probably fleeing someone in homeland

Answer 49

Ceramic ware of the second intermediate period Dark with punctures Had horizon mark of Hyksos

Answer 50

A valley on the West Bank of Luxor containing tombs of New Kingdom king’s Dynasty 18 tombs here: compact, cartouche shaped chamber Dynasty 19-20 tombs here: longer, straight access, no bends, more colours of blue and gold One of most famous is the tomb of King Tutankhamen

Answer 51

A major Egyptian deity After the rebellion of Thebes against the Hyksos and with the rule of Ahmose I Amun acquired national importance expressed in his fusion with the Sun god Ra as Amun-Re Hatshepsut gained birth right by claiming she was the daughter of Amun-Re

Answer 52

The main centre of power during dynasties 9&10 during the end of the first intermediate period Named the house of Khety because so many rulers named Khety

Answer 53

Occurred in the first intermediate period No grid lines Canon if proportions not used Figures less rigid Eyes low and abnormally large

Answer 54

The first or second ruler of the 8th Dynasty Ruled for a short period of time during the transition from the Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period Created the third Giza Pyramid - much smaller - called the “the divine pyramid” - mortuary temple began in limestone with granite facing but completed in mud brick - sign that he died before it was finished - Queen’s pyramid to the south never finished - found a number of statues depicting him with gods and goddesses - reflects supreme self confidence which reflects Egyptian ideals of the time

Answer 55

The first King of Dynasty 12 during the Middle Kingdom Came from Northern Egypt, not Thebes Was probably a vizier if Mentuhotep IV who was the last king of Dynasty 11 He may have been a usurper of the crown but unlikely because smooth transition between dynasties When he come to the crown he still had the monumental task of consolidating power because nomarchs still dating according to their local reigns - so power not yet completely consolidated He was most concerned with passing down his kingship so to put him a ease he put his eldest son as co-regent ensuring he would take over once he died He was assassinated by his chamber maids when he was 30 From his death on the kings appointed the nomarchs - the position did not just pass automatically to their son - ensured they were worthy of the king Made the new capital Itj-Tawy which means tying of two lands while Thebes became a religious centre

Answer 56

Refers to the pyramid of The fourth Dynasty Kung Khufu located on the Giza plateau Covered in limestone casing stones forming smooth surface but has eroded so now there is only the core structure 3 chambers inside the Great Pyramid: 1) lowest chamber cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and unfinished 2) Queen’s chamber 3) King’s chamber - higher within pyramid structure Part is pyramid complex is 2 mortuary temples honouring Khufu and 3 smaller pyramids for his wives, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for the nobles

Answer 57

They were one of the Dynasty 4 king Sneferu’s son and son’s wife They got a shared mastaba Rahotep got a larger chapel Their statues were found in their mastaba - eyes inset with smoky quartz making them look lifelike - Nofret - typical image of Old Kingdom - founder face, bigger, shorter waste)

Answer 58

Prince and noblewoman of Dynasty 4 Their mastaba had a bit more interior space but not much Inlay experimentation in Chapel of Nefermaat - sunk relief filled in with paste to make flush surface - the problem was the paste fell out as it dried so had to use paint instead of paste in the Meydum Geese painting

Answer 59

The last pharaoh of Dynasty 4 Built his mastaba in Saqqara called the Pharaoh’s Bench More like a giant sarcophagus than a real mastaba Also did not compound his name with Re Shows an obvious blimp in funerary practices because in Dynasty 5 the pharaoh returns to pyramids in Giza

Answer 60

The statue room in a pyramid complex I’m King Djoser’s it is located on the east side of the pyramid - completely enclosed - had a peep hole so you can see the statue - inside there was a life sized statue of Djoser - probably Kha statue

Answer 61

- the last king of Dynasty 6 and the last king of the Old Kingdom - rules for 94 years - long rule is why there are statues of him as child ruling on mother’s lap who was presumably queen regent - his pyramid at Saqqara was the last major monument of the Old Kingdom - his pyramid complex has large mortuary temple with lots of interior space - built pyramids for 3 of his queens

Answer 62

A burial ground during the Old Kingdom Served as necropolis for Ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis

Answer 63

Second king of Dynasty 19 Usually seen with Ramesses II (his son) in art work - probably for reasons of legitimation His most important achievement was fathering Ramesses II

Answer 64

One of the three main plays during the second intermediate period along with the Kushites from Nubia and Egyptians They are from the Eastern Delta An increasing number of foreigners started infiltrating Egypt and setting up house along the Eastern delta The Egyptians called them “rulers of the foreign land” identifying them as non-Egyptian Egyptians note that it was a time of chaos, that they reeked havoc and destroyed temples but archeology suggests that this was all propaganda and that they actually adopted Egyptian traditions Later Egyptians saw this as a time of great humiliation Avaris was the Hyksos capital from which they controlled trade routes and a great cosmopolitan centre

Answer 65

The battle of Kadesh occurred during the reign of Ramesses II during Dynasty 18 It was a major battle between the Hittites and their king They were fighting for the control of territories Ramesses II left so many inscriptions if the battle that we know almost exactly what happened We have narrative from both Egyptians and Hittites and they both claim victory so what probably actually happened was a stalemate The land Nebi Mend which they were fighting for becomes no man’s land the the two powers continue to squabble over it but had no other major battles Through this the Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty was created - probably Syrian empire started moving in on Hittites and they could not fight on two fronts and if they needed help they had the Egyptians

Answer 66

King of Dynasty 18 Moved capital to Qantir and called it Per-Ramesse One of major events during reign was battle Kadesh Created Egyptian-Hittite peace treat through this battle and sealed it by marrying his daughter to Hittite King His 13th son Merneptah inherits throne - had over 100 children

Answer 67

The mortuary temple of Ramesses III Contains traditional image of pharaoh smiting enmities Contains sea people scenes

Answer 68

King in Dynasty 11 Thebes was a provincial dynasty that followed their own traditions especially funerary practices at this time - specific rock cut tombs called saff tombs which were large rectangular court cut into sandstone and soft part of cliff, a row of opening that leads to where burial room cut into bedrock Once he gained his power he started consolidating it after the first intermediate period and trading with Nubia again He had mortuary complex - not exactly an Old Kingdom burial but still get a monumental public project - built it at Deir el-Bahri - basically and enlarged and expanded saff tomb - had central element on podium but has since deteriorated - probably primeval mount - front has garden with trees - courtyard has burial shaft that leads to burial chamber which lies below the shrine - relief of shrine: low relief of refine hieroglyphic inscriptions, high quality art showing revival of court culture - burial chamber lined with granite called gate of bourse because found with horse tripped - has statue of him only wearing red crown

Answer 69

Dynasty 12 king of Middle Egypt

Answer 70

The Hyksos capital Another name for Avaris Emerges as great cosmopolitan centre Occupies 4 square kilometres One of largest cities of Eastern Mediterranean world at the time Found donkey, race car burials and warrior burials with dagger at the waste Found tell el- Yehudoiya ware - a type of pottery Controlled trade routes from here