Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spinal Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord is located along which area of the vertebral canal?

A

Between the medulla oblongata of the brain stem to the tapered conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The spinal cord is surrounded by ____ and meninges.

A

CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CSF is located in the ____.

A

Subarchoid area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the correct layering of the structures associated with the spinal cord from superficial to deep.

A 
Vertebrae
Ligaments
Fat
Venous plexus
Meninges
Fluid
Spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does the spinal cord start?

A

Foramen magnum terminal point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does the spinal cord extend the length of the vertebral canal?

A

In fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

By adulthood, the spinal cord ends between ____.

A

L1 and L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The conus medullarus begins around ____.

A

T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The cauda equina begins as the ventral and dorsal ____, extending down in a vertical orientation to their assigned IVF.

A

Roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Overall length of the spinal cord is ____.

A

42-45 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do males or females generally have the longer spinal cord?

A

Males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The spinal cord weighs about how much?

A

30-35 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The external dorsal surface of the spinal cord contains how many sulci?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The midline dorsal median sulcus, right/left dorsal intermediate sulci, and right/left dorsolateral sulci make up the ____ dorsal surface of the spinal cord.

A

External

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The external ventral surface has ____ fissure(s) and ____ sulcus/sulci.

A

1

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Central gray matter is ____ shaped.

A

H or butterfly shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The central gray matter is composed of:

A

Neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, neuroglia and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Horns of the internal spinal cord include:

A

Dorsal horns
Intermediate horn
Ventral horn
Gray commissure (connecting R/L halves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The peripheral white matter is composed of ____ axons.

A

Myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The white matter is composed of ____ arrangements of myelinated axons, neuroglia, and blood vessels.

A

Longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

White matter is organized into regions called ____ and bundles within the regions called ____.

A

Columns/funiculi

Tracts/fasiculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Outer white matter divisions consist of:

A

Dorsal column
Lateral column
Ventral column
Dorsal and ventral white commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ tracts take info from the peripheral nerves and spine cranially toward the higher centers of the brain.

A

Ascending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ascending tracts are mostly ____.

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ascending tracts are located ____ and ____.

A

Dorsally

Peripherally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

____ tracts take info from the higher centers of the brain down the spine toward peripheral nerves.

A

Descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Descending tracts are mostly ____.

A

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Descending tracts are located ____.

A

Ventral and deeper regions of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

White matter H-towers are derived from ____ on the dorsal end.

A

Fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus are large ____ tracts to convey the upper and lower extremities.

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, ventral spinocerebellar tract, spinothalamic are located on which column of white matter?

A

Lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The ____ column is made of the anterolateral system and the spino-olivary tract.

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The dorsal spinocerebellar tract is sensitive to what?

A

Proprioception/ touch and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The ventral spinocerebellar tract is sensitive to what?

A

Unconscious proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The spinothalamic tract is sensitive to what?

A

Pain and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The spino-olivary tract is sensitive to what?

A

Proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fasciculus interfascicularis and fasciculus spetomrginalis are small ____ tracts in the dorsal column.

A

Descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Deeper ____ tracts of the lateral column include raphespinal tract, lateral corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract.

A

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ventral corticospinal tract, medial longitudinal fasciculus, tectospinal tract, pontine reticulospinal tract, meduallary reticulospinal tract, lateral vestibulospinal tract are located in the ventral column and are part of the descending ____ tracts.

A

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ventral corticospinal tract of ventral column is considered what?

A

Descussate (criss cross)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cervical enlargement of spinal cord peaks at what level?

A

C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cervical enlargement peaking at C6 is due to what?

A

Increase in white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Lumbar spinal cord enlargement peaks at ____.

A

L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Lumbar spinal cord enlargement at L4 is due to an increase in ____ matter.

A

Gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord are necessary to accommodate the increased sensory input and motor output to which extremities?

A

Upper and lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Cervical spinal cord is ____ shaped.

A

Oval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Cervical gray matter characteristics:

A

Enlarged ventral horn (C4-8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Cervical white matter characteristics:

A

Large amount of white relative to gray: dorsal intermediate sulcus present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Thoracic spinal cord is ____ shaped.

A

Round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Thoracic gray matter characteristics:

A

Lateral horn present

Narrow dorsal and ventral horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Thoracic white matter characteristics:

A

Large amount of white relative to gray: dorsal intermediate sulcus present (T1-T6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Lumbar spinal cord is ____ shaped.

A

Round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Lumbar gray matter characteristics:

A

Large dorsal and ventral horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Lumbar white matter characteristics:

A

Almost equal amounts of white and gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Sacral spinal cord is ____ shaped.

A

Round to square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Sacral gray matter characteristics:

A

Dorsal and ventral horns less distinguished, form oval mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Sacral white matter characteristics:

A

Small amount of white relative to gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

There are ____ pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Spinal nerves carry ____ fibers.

A

Motor and sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Motor responses may be :

A

Reflexive, postural, or voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Mixed spinal nerve is composed of dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) ____.

A

Roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Dorsal root contains ____.

A

Sensory fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Dorsal roots have ____ neurons.

A

Psuedounipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion develop from ____.

A

Neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Dorsal roots and rootlets transmit:

A

Pain, temperature, vibration, tension, proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Doral root divides into ____ filaments called dorsal rootlets.

A

4-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Dorsal rootlets are attached to the ____ sulcus of the spinal cord.

A

Dorsolateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Ventral root contains ____ fibers.

A

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Ventral roots contain ____ neurons

A

Multipolar motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Cell bodies for ventral root are located in ____ horn of the spinal cord.

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Ventral root cell bodies develop from ____.

A

Neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Ventral root axons emerge from the spinal cord’s ____ sulcus as ventral rootlets.

A

Ventrolateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Ventral roots convey motor info to:

A

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

2 roots merge at the ____ to create the mixed spinal nerve.

A

IVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

As soon as the spinal nerve exits the IVF, it splits into a ____ dorsal rami and a ____ ventral rami.

A

Smaller

Larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Rami contain ____ neurons.

A

Both motor and sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Internal organs are innervated by the ____ rami.

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Facet joints are innervated by which rami?

A

Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

The cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses and intercostal nerves are formed by the ____ rami.

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are carried to the viscera by the ____ rami.

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

12th intercostal nerve is called ____.

A

Subcostal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

All the muscles, skin, and structures innervated by a single spinal nerve are considered a ____.

A

Spinal segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

The unilateral area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve:

A

Dermatome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

The muscle mass receiving innervation from the fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve:

A

Myotome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Afferent sensory info is carried into the spine via ____ roots.

A

Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

The spinal cord integrates and responds with a motor neuron that exits the ____ roots.

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Examples of spinal reflex include:

A

Muscle stretch reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Cross extensor reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Spinal nerve evaluation techniques:
Muscle tests ____
Reflex ____
Sensory evaluation ____

A

Myotome

Deep tendon reflex

Dermatome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

The 3 membranes which surround and protect the brain and spinal cord:

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater (directly adhered to CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Dura mater is continuous with the ____ of the peripheral nerve.

A

Epineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Arachnoid mater is continuous with the ____ of the peripheral nerve.

A

Perineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Pia mater is continuous with the ____ of the peripheral nerve.

A

Endoneurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Dura mater AKA ____

A

Parchymeninx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Dura mater (pachymeninx) is separated from vertebrae by ____.

A

Epidural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Dura mater (pachymeninx) attaches to the ____ of the foramen magnum, the posterior aspect of C2-C3 VBs, and PLL

A

Edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Dura mater (pachymeninx) continues ____ to the dural sac (thecal sac) which ends around S2.

A

Caudally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Dura mater (pachymeninx) remnants continue caudally as the ____ (coccygeal ligament).

A

Filum terminalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Dura mater extends over the spinal roots ____, as the dural sleeve, into the IVF. At the IVF, it is continuous with the epineurium of the newly formed spinal nerve.

A

Laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

There may be a space between the inner layer of the dura mater and the outer layer of arachnoid mater, this space is called the ____ space.

A

Subdural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Arachnoid mater AKA ____.

A

Leptomeninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

____ are strands of arachnoid mater that remain in the subarachnoid space (where CSF is located).

A

Arachnoid trabeculae (arachnoid ligaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Arachnoid mater (leptomeninges) is vascular, ____ membrane.

A

Delicate, loosely arranged membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Arachnoid mater (leptomeninges) continues ____ , joining the dura mater to form the dural sac, as well as the filum terminale externa.

A

Caudually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Arachnoid mater (leptomeninges) extends over the spinal roots ____, into the IVF, continuous with the perineurium of the spinal cord.

A

Laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Pia mater AKA ____.

A

Leptomeminges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Pia mater (leptomeninges) invests into the ____ fissure of the spinal cord.

A

Ventral median

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Pia mater (leptomeninges) surrounds :

A

Spinal cord, arteries, rootlets, and roots as the course into the IVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Pia mater (leptomeninges) is associated with which ligament?

A

Dentate ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Pia mater (leptomeninges) associated with with filum terminalis?

A

Interna and externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Filum terminale interna is composed of ____ cells covered by a layer of pia mater.

A

Glial and ependymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Filum terminale interna tethers the ____ during flex/extend of spine. Protecting cord from S-I traction.

A

Conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Filum terminale externa = ____ ligament

A

Coccygeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Filum terminale externa (coccygeal ligament) composed of:

A

Dura + arachnoid + pia maters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Total volume of CSF?

A

80-150 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

CSF is replaced ____ times/day.

A

4-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Pressure of CSF ranges from ____. MmHg.

A

80-180

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

CSF is ____ water.

A

98.5%

118
Q

The remaining 1.5% of CSF is made of:

A

Inorganic salts/minerals

119
Q

CSF should be ____ and sterile with a bacteriocidal effect.

A

Acellular

120
Q

Which types of blood cells should not be present in CSF?

A

RBCs

121
Q

CSF provides a route for ____ hormones to reach their target cells.

A

Neuroactive

122
Q

CSF is made by ____ cells.

A

Ependymal

123
Q

CSF is made in the ____ of the brain forming the BBB.

A

Choroid plexus

124
Q

CSF circulates ____ through a series of pools called ventricles.

A

Inferiorly

125
Q

CSF first leaves ____ lateral ventricles.

A

2

126
Q

After leaving 2 lateral ventricles, CSF travels ____

A

Interventricular foramen of monro

127
Q

After CSF travels through interventricular foramen of monro, it travels to ____.

A

3rd ventricle

128
Q

After CSF travels to 3rd ventricle, it travels to ____.

A

Cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

129
Q

After CSF travels to cerebral aqueduct of sylvius, it travels to ____.

A

4th ventricle

130
Q

After CSF travels to 4th ventricle, there are ____ openings.

A

3

131
Q

1 opening following the 4th ventricle for CSF is:

A

Median aperture (1)- foramen of magendie to central canal

132
Q

2 openings of 4th ventricle of CSF travel are:

A

Lateral apetures of luschka to subarchnoid space

133
Q

CSF drains back into the venous system via ____ into the venous sinuses of the cranial dura mater.

A

Arachnoid granulations

134
Q

25% of CSF flows out through the ____ located in the dural sleeves surrounding the DRG and into the small spinal veins.

A

Arachnoid villi

135
Q

Subarachnoid space is deep to arachnoid mater, filled with ____.

A

CSF

136
Q

Enlarged areas of the subarachnoid space are called ____.

A

Cisterns

137
Q

The ____ is caudal to the spinal cord, contains CSF, cauda equina, filum terminalis interna.

A

Lumbar cistern

138
Q

____ part of vertebral artery gives off a large anterior spinal artery and 2+ posterior spinal arteries.

A

4th

139
Q

Anterior spinal artery supplies anterior inferior medulla oblongata and continues down through the ____.

A

Foramen magnum

140
Q

Within the foramen magnum, the anterior spinal artery is covered by pia mater in the ____ fissure of the spinal cord.

A

Ventral median

141
Q

The anterior spinal artery tapers down to ____ where it is joined by the great radicular artery.

A

T8-L3

142
Q

Posterior spinal arteries supply the ____ medulla oblongata.

A

Dorsolateral

143
Q

The posterior spinal arteries then form into 2 channels which course down the spinal cord on either side of the attachments of the dorsal ____ of the spinal cord.

A

Rootlets

144
Q

The 2 channels of posterior spinal arteries anastomose with each other and with the other side across the posterior aspect of the spinal cord forming the ____ plexus on the cord’s posterior surface.

A

Plial

145
Q

At the ____, the anterior spinal artery and both posterior spinal arteries anastomose.

A

Conus medullaris

146
Q

Both the anterior spinal artery and the posterior spinal arteries form a loop from which the artery of the ____ branches off.

A

Filum terminale

147
Q

Segmental arteries arise off of ____ arteries to supply the VBs, vertebral column, vertebral canal and spinal nerves, roots, and cord.

A

Regional

148
Q

Segmental arteries supply the VB via ____ plexus, gives off a spinal rami which enters the IVF then continues past the IVF.

A

Central

149
Q

Spinal rami are branches of the ____ arteries.

A

Segmental

150
Q

Enters the IVF at each level, supply meninges, ligaments, osseous structures, roots and rootlets. Also reinforces anterior spinal artery and the posterior spinal arteries.

A

Spinal rami

151
Q

After entering the IVF, each of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves divide into ____ branches forming the branches of the spinal rami.

A

3

152
Q

____ branches of the spinal rami supply the posterolateral VB, pedicle, pedicle, and PLL.

A

Anterior

153
Q

____ branches of the spinal rami supply the lamina, superior and inferior articular process, ligamentum flava, spinous process, extradural adipose tissue and posterior spinal dura mater.

A

Posterior

154
Q

____ branches of spinal rami supplies the spinal nerve and the anterior and posterior spinal roots (anterior and posterior radicular arteries) and anastomose with the spinal arteries.

A

Neurospinal

155
Q

Vertebral artery is surrounded by which component of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetics

156
Q

There are ____ variable longitudinal veins of the venous plexus of the spinal cord.

A

6

157
Q

The longitudinal veins are further broken down into ____ anteromedian and ____ anterolateral.

A

1

2

158
Q

The longitudinal veins are further broken down into ____ posteromedian and ____ posterolateral.

A

1

2

159
Q

All 6 variable longitudinal veins empty into the ____ plexus.

A

Epidural venous

160
Q

External vertebral venous plexus surrounds the outside of the ____.

A

Vertebrae and the vertebral canal

161
Q

External vertebral venous plexus communicates with ____ veins, which drain into ____ veins, and with the internal vertebral venous plexus.

A

Segmental

Regional

162
Q

____ veins associated with deep cervical, vertebral, posterior intercostals, lumbar veins.

A

Regional

163
Q

Internal (epidural) vertebral venous plexus AKA ____.

A

Batson’s plexus

164
Q

Does the external vertebral venous plexus or the internal (epidural) vertebral venous (aka Batson’s plexus) contain valves?

A

Internal (epidural) vertebral venous (aka Batson’s plexus)

165
Q

Which vertebral venous plexus is poster and respiration dependent?

A

Internal (epidural) vertebral venous plexus (aka Batson’s plexus)

166
Q

Interal (epidural) vertebral venous plexus (aka Batson’s plexus) has ____ interconnected longitudinal channels.

A

4

167
Q

Anterior channels of internal (epidural) vertebral venous plexus (aka Batson’s plexus) receive venous drainage from ____ veins which drain the VBs.

A

Basivertebral

168
Q

The sacrum is composed of 5 fused segments that ____ in size.

A

Decrease

169
Q

Sacral base has a ____ superior aspect.

A

Wider

170
Q

Sacral apex has a ____ inferior aspect.

A

Smaller

171
Q

Sacrum is taller in ____ and wider in ____.

A

Males

Females

172
Q

Sacrum is ____ anteriorly.

A

Concave (kyphotic)

173
Q

Sacrum base is ____ to sacrum apex so curve faces anterior and inferior.

A

Anterior

174
Q

Secondary centers of ossification of sacrum fuse at ____ age.

A

25

175
Q

In the sacrum, ____ separates the VBs and may remain into middle age.

A

Fibrocartilage

176
Q

First sacral segment, larger body, especially from ____.

A

Right to left

177
Q

Sacral promontory:

A

Anterior lip of sacral body

178
Q

Vertebral foramen in sacral base is ____ shaped.

A

Triangular

179
Q

Sacrum base vertebral foramen is the beginning of ____, extending the length of the sacrum

A

Sacral canal

180
Q

Pedicles of the sacral base are ____, extending to R and L lamina.

A

Small

181
Q

Sacral base lamina meet on the midline to form the ____.

A

S1 spinous tubercle

182
Q

Sacral base TPs extend laterally, uniting with ____ to form the large L and R sacral ala.

A

Costal elements

183
Q

The sacral ala AKA ____.

A

Lateral sacral masses

184
Q

L and R articular processes extend superior from the sacral base, facing ____.

A

Posterior and slightly medial

185
Q

The concave anterior surface of the sacral ala is for what muscle attachment?

A

Psoas major

186
Q

The plane of the sacral base facet joints varies considerably from nearly coronal to sagittal and are commonly asymmetrical. This is called what?

A

Tropism

187
Q

L and R superior sacral notches: lateral to superior articular processes, allowing for passage of L and R ____ of L5.

A

Dorsal rami

188
Q

Ligaments attaching to anterior base of sacrum include:

A

ALL, iliolumbar, ventral sacroiliac

189
Q

Muscles attaching to anterior base of sacrum include:

A

Psoas major and iliacus

190
Q

Nerves associated with anterior base of sacrum include:

A

Lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5) crossing over base

191
Q

Posterior base of the sacrum ligament attachments include:

A

PLL, ligamentum flavum (to lamina of S1), posterior sacroiliac, interosseous sacroiliac

192
Q

Lateral surface of sacrum, TPs fused with ____.

A

Costal elements

193
Q

Lateral surface of sacrum auricular surface articulates with the auricular surface of the ilium to form ____.

A

Sacroiliac joint

194
Q

Sacral auricular surface is ____ posteriorly.

A

Concave

195
Q

Sacral auricular surface extends ____ segments long.

A

3

196
Q

Interior to auricular surface, the lateral surface of the sacrum curves ____ and thins.

A

Medially

197
Q

Inferior and lateral angle of sacrum is located at ____ tapering to the sacral apex distally.

A

S4-S5

198
Q

Sacral apex has ____ shaped facet on the inferior surafce to articulate with coccyx.

A

Oval

199
Q

The vertebral foramina of the 5 fused sacral segments form the ____.

A

Sacral canal

200
Q

Sacral L and R lateral walls contain ____ IVFs.

A

4

201
Q

Each sacral IVF has a ____ opening and a dorsal sacral foramen.

A

Pelvic (ventral foramen)

202
Q

Sacral canal ends inferiorly as the sacral ____.

A

Hiatus

203
Q

What neuro structure extends through the sacral canal?

A

Cauda equina

204
Q

Arachnoid and dura mater end around ____.

A

S2 spinous tubercle

205
Q

Roots exiting inferior S2 receive a ____.

A

Dural root sleeve

206
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots unite to form the ____, exiting a sacral IVF.

A

Spinal nerve

207
Q

L and R S5 nerve roots and coccygeal nerve of each side exit sacral hiatus medial to the ____.

A

Sacral cornua

208
Q

Posterior divisions of S5 nerve roots and coccygeal nerve innervate the skin over the ____.

A

Coccyx

209
Q

Anterior divisions of S5 and coc1 pierce the coccygeus muscle to join the S4 anterior division and form the ____ plexus.

A

Coccygeal

210
Q

Coccygeal plexus gives off the _____ nerves supplying the skin over the sacrotuberous ligament.

A

Anoccoygeal

211
Q

The end of the filum terminale also passes through the sacral hiatus attaching to the posterior surface of the ____ coccygeal vertebral segment.

A

1st

212
Q

____ lines run across the anterior surface of the sacrum. Remnants of the IVDs are deep to the lines.

A

Transverse

213
Q

____ pairs of ventral sacral foramina exit anterior primary divisions of S1-S4 sacral nerves.

A

4

214
Q

Branches of lateral and medial ____ arteries as well as segmental veins accompany the nerves through the ventral sacral foramen.

A

Sacral

215
Q

Muscles and ligaments attaching to anterior sacrum include:

A

Piriformis, sacrospinous ligament

216
Q

Nerves associated with anterior sacrum include:

A

S1-S4 ventral rami, sympathetic trunks

217
Q

Arteries associated with the anterior sacrum include:

A

Median sacral, lateral sacral, superior rectal

218
Q

Viscera associated with the anterior sacrum include:

A

Peritoneum, sigmoid mesocolon, rectum

219
Q

There are ____ vertical ridges on the dorsal sacrum.

A

5

220
Q

Median sacral crest along dorsal surface of sacrum is composed of ____.

A

Fused SPs (S1-S4)

221
Q

5th sacral lamina does not fuse on the midline, instead forming the ____.

A

Sacral hiatus

222
Q

L and R intermediate sacral crests formed from fused ____ of S2-S5.

A

Articular pillars

223
Q

Intermediate sacral crests are located ____ to the dorsal sacral foramina.

A

Medial

224
Q

L and R articular tubercles of S5 extend down as the ____.

A

Sacral cornua

225
Q

What separates the sacral apex from the coccyx?

A

Firbrocartilagenous disc

226
Q

Occasionally a ____ joint develops within the sacrococcygeal joint.

A

Synovial

227
Q

____ % of low back pain comes from SI joint.

A

13-30

228
Q

____ % of low back pain comes from discs.

A

10

229
Q

There are ____ distinct types of joints in the pelvic ring.

A

5q

230
Q

There are ____ joints total in the pelvic ring.

A

8

231
Q

R and L lumbosacral Z joints, anterior lumbosacral joint (L4-S1 IVD), R and L coxal (hip joints/ femoral-acetabular joints), R and L sacroiliac joints (fibrous and synovial components), pubic symphysis are all the joints of the SI joint.
True or False.

A

True

232
Q

How much movement occurs in the SI joint?

A

2mm and 2 degrees

233
Q

SI joint was once classified as amphiarthrosis but now is classified as ____.

A

Atypical synovial joint

234
Q

SI joint is shaped like ____.

A

Inverted L or a C

235
Q

Upper portion of SI joint is oriented ____.

A

Posterior and superior

236
Q

Lower portion of SI joint is oriented ____.

A

Posterior and inferior

237
Q

Angle between U/L portions of SI joint is ____.

A

71-76 degrees.

238
Q

SI joint usually runs ____.

A

S1 to mid S3 segment

239
Q

Superior SI joint composition is mostly ____.

A

Ligamentous/fibrous

240
Q

Middle SI joint composition is ____.

A

Mixed synovial anterior and ligamentous posterior

241
Q

Inferior SI joint composition is ____.

A

Mostly synovial

242
Q

Sacral surface of SI joint is ____.

A

Thick hyaline

243
Q

Iliac surface of SI joint is ____.

A

Thin fibrocartilage

244
Q

Which aspect of the SI joint has an articular joint capsule?

A

Anterior

245
Q

Posterior aspect of SI joint is covered by what ligament?

A

Posterior sacroiliac

246
Q

SI joint is described as an interlocking series of ____ between the ilium and sacrum.

A

Tongue in groove

247
Q

Posterior aspect of the SI joint has 3 sacral fossa which are:

A

Superior, middle, inferior

248
Q

Which sacral fossa is considered the axis of SI joint rotation?

A

Middle

249
Q

The anterior aspect of iliac tuberosity contacts the middle sacral fossa creating a ____ which the iliac ridge turns within the sacral groove.

A

Pivot

250
Q

Tongue in groove sacral groove ____ and iliac ridge ____.

A

Depression

Elevation

251
Q

Tongue in groove middle sacral fossa ____ and iliac tuberosity ____.

A

Depression

Elevation

252
Q

Tongue in groove sacral tuberosity ____ and sulcus between iliac ridge and iliac tuberosity = iliac tuberosity ____.

A

Elevation

Depression

253
Q

Tongue in groove posterior and superior surface elevations on sacral ala ____ and depression anterior and superior to iliac tuberosity ____.

A

Elevation

Depression

254
Q

Articular capsule of SI joint is only located on which surface?

A

Anterior

255
Q

Articular capsule is lined by ____.

A

Synovial membrane

256
Q

Articular capsule is innervated by ____.

A

Nociceptors and mechanoreceptors

257
Q

Interosseuous SI ligament connects ____ to the iliac tuberosity.

A

The 3 sacral fossa

258
Q

Which SI ligament receives the greatest amount of stress?

A

Interosseous SI ligament

259
Q

Interosseous SI ligament forms the ____ aspect of the SI joint.

A

Posterior

260
Q

Posterior SI ligament consists of ____ parts.

A

2

261
Q

Long posterior SI ligament attaches to PSIS, blending with ____ ligament to lateral sacral crests of S3-S4.

A

Sacrotuberous

262
Q

Short posterior SI ligament attaches ____ to the medial aspect of posterior surfaces of iliac crest and iliac tuberosity.

A

Intermediate and lateral sacral crests of S1-S2 horizontally

263
Q

Pain with walking/traveling is associated with which ligament?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

264
Q

Which ligaments limits sacral nutation?

A

Sacrotuberous

Sacrospinous

265
Q

Ligament connecting sacrum to ischial tuberosity?

A

Sacrotuberous

266
Q

Pain with sitting is associated with which ligament?

A

Sacrospinous

267
Q

Which ligament connects sacrum to ischial spine?

A

Sacrospinous

268
Q

Which ligament is associated with pain with standing?

A

Iliolumbar

269
Q

Which ligament connects iliac crest with TP of L5?

A

Iliolumbar

270
Q

Which ligament limits lateral tilting of pelvis and gapping of superior aspect of SI joint?

A

Iliolumbar

271
Q

Lateral sacral artery and vein supply ____ of the SI joint

A

Anterior and posterior aspects

272
Q

____ anastomose with superior gluteal artery and vein.

A

Lateral sacral artery and vein

273
Q

SI joints are often completely fused by ____ age.

A

80 years

274
Q

Anteroinferior movement of sacrum is defined as ____.

A

Nutation

275
Q

Posterosuperior movement of sacrum is defined as ____.

A

Counternutation

276
Q

____ movement along the axis of sacrum passing longitudinally through iliac ridge.

A

Rotary

277
Q

Posterior ilium moves superiormedial and inferolateral is what kind of listing?

A

AS/PI

278
Q

Gaping of superior and inferior aspects of SI is what kind of listing?

A

IN/EX

279
Q

Full range of SI joint motion is not seen until hip joints (femoral-acetabular) are ____.

A

Toward their end ranges of motion

280
Q

Lumbosacral trunk, ventral rami of S1-S3 and part of S4 are all components of which division of the sacral plexus?

A

Anterior primary division (ventral rami)

281
Q

S4 contributes to sacral plexus and ____ plexus.

A

Coccygeal

282
Q

Sacral plexus is located on ____ pelvic wall. Just anterior to piriformis muscle.

A

Posterior

283
Q

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S1-S3), pudenal nerve (S2-S4), sciatic nerve (L4-S3), superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1), inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2), Nerve to obturator internus (and superior gemellus) (L5-S2), nerve to quadratus femoris (and inferior gemellus) (L4-S1)

Nerves of the sacral plexus. True or False.

A

True

284
Q

S2-S4 provide ____ innervation to the pelvic viscera via pelvic splanchnic nerves.

A

Parasympathetic

285
Q

The sympathetic trunk has ____ sacral ganglia which supply the area with sympathetic innervation via the gray rami communicans.

A

5

286
Q

L and R sympathetic chains meet up inferiorly at the ____.

A

Ganglion impar

287
Q

Abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of ____ into L and R common iliac arteries.

A

L4

288
Q

Common iliac arteries become the ____ arteries.

A

Femoral

289
Q

Internal iliac arteries will have posterior ____ branches and anterior ____ branches.

A

Somatic

Visceral

290
Q

Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, superior gluteal artery make up which division of the internal iliac artery?

A

Posterior

291
Q

Inferior gluteal artery, internal pudenal artery, inferior vesicular artery (to bladder), middle rectal artery, obturator artery, umbilical artery make up which division of internal iliac artery?

A

Anterior

292
Q

____ artery comes off of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, traveling down the anterior surface of the sacrum.

A

Median sacral

Spinal Anatomy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions