Final Exam Flashcards
The spinal cord is located along which area of the vertebral canal?
Between the medulla oblongata of the brain stem to the tapered conus medullaris
The spinal cord is surrounded by ____ and meninges.
CSF
CSF is located in the ____.
Subarchoid area
List the correct layering of the structures associated with the spinal cord from superficial to deep.
Vertebrae Ligaments Fat Venous plexus Meninges Fluid Spinal cord
Where does the spinal cord start?
Foramen magnum terminal point
When does the spinal cord extend the length of the vertebral canal?
In fetal development
By adulthood, the spinal cord ends between ____.
L1 and L2
The conus medullarus begins around ____.
T12
The cauda equina begins as the ventral and dorsal ____, extending down in a vertical orientation to their assigned IVF.
Roots
Overall length of the spinal cord is ____.
42-45 cm
Do males or females generally have the longer spinal cord?
Males
The spinal cord weighs about how much?
30-35 grams
The external dorsal surface of the spinal cord contains how many sulci?
5
The midline dorsal median sulcus, right/left dorsal intermediate sulci, and right/left dorsolateral sulci make up the ____ dorsal surface of the spinal cord.
External
The external ventral surface has ____ fissure(s) and ____ sulcus/sulci.
1
2
Central gray matter is ____ shaped.
H or butterfly shaped
The central gray matter is composed of:
Neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, neuroglia and capillaries
Horns of the internal spinal cord include:
Dorsal horns
Intermediate horn
Ventral horn
Gray commissure (connecting R/L halves)
The peripheral white matter is composed of ____ axons.
Myelinated
The white matter is composed of ____ arrangements of myelinated axons, neuroglia, and blood vessels.
Longitudinal
White matter is organized into regions called ____ and bundles within the regions called ____.
Columns/funiculi
Tracts/fasiculi
Outer white matter divisions consist of:
Dorsal column
Lateral column
Ventral column
Dorsal and ventral white commissure
____ tracts take info from the peripheral nerves and spine cranially toward the higher centers of the brain.
Ascending
Ascending tracts are mostly ____.
Sensory
Ascending tracts are located ____ and ____.
Dorsally
Peripherally
____ tracts take info from the higher centers of the brain down the spine toward peripheral nerves.
Descending
Descending tracts are mostly ____.
Motor
Descending tracts are located ____.
Ventral and deeper regions of the spinal cord
White matter H-towers are derived from ____ on the dorsal end.
Fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus are large ____ tracts to convey the upper and lower extremities.
Sensory
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, ventral spinocerebellar tract, spinothalamic are located on which column of white matter?
Lateral
The ____ column is made of the anterolateral system and the spino-olivary tract.
Ventral
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract is sensitive to what?
Proprioception/ touch and pressure
The ventral spinocerebellar tract is sensitive to what?
Unconscious proprioception
The spinothalamic tract is sensitive to what?
Pain and temperature
The spino-olivary tract is sensitive to what?
Proprioception
Fasciculus interfascicularis and fasciculus spetomrginalis are small ____ tracts in the dorsal column.
Descending
Deeper ____ tracts of the lateral column include raphespinal tract, lateral corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract.
Motor
Ventral corticospinal tract, medial longitudinal fasciculus, tectospinal tract, pontine reticulospinal tract, meduallary reticulospinal tract, lateral vestibulospinal tract are located in the ventral column and are part of the descending ____ tracts.
Motor
Ventral corticospinal tract of ventral column is considered what?
Descussate (criss cross)
Cervical enlargement of spinal cord peaks at what level?
C6
Cervical enlargement peaking at C6 is due to what?
Increase in white matter
Lumbar spinal cord enlargement peaks at ____.
L4
Lumbar spinal cord enlargement at L4 is due to an increase in ____ matter.
Gray
Cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord are necessary to accommodate the increased sensory input and motor output to which extremities?
Upper and lower
Cervical spinal cord is ____ shaped.
Oval
Cervical gray matter characteristics:
Enlarged ventral horn (C4-8)
Cervical white matter characteristics:
Large amount of white relative to gray: dorsal intermediate sulcus present
Thoracic spinal cord is ____ shaped.
Round
Thoracic gray matter characteristics:
Lateral horn present
Narrow dorsal and ventral horns
Thoracic white matter characteristics:
Large amount of white relative to gray: dorsal intermediate sulcus present (T1-T6)
Lumbar spinal cord is ____ shaped.
Round
Lumbar gray matter characteristics:
Large dorsal and ventral horns
Lumbar white matter characteristics:
Almost equal amounts of white and gray matter
Sacral spinal cord is ____ shaped.
Round to square
Sacral gray matter characteristics:
Dorsal and ventral horns less distinguished, form oval mass
Sacral white matter characteristics:
Small amount of white relative to gray
There are ____ pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.
31
Spinal nerves carry ____ fibers.
Motor and sensory
Motor responses may be :
Reflexive, postural, or voluntary
Mixed spinal nerve is composed of dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) ____.
Roots
Dorsal root contains ____.
Sensory fibers
Dorsal roots have ____ neurons.
Psuedounipolar
Cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion develop from ____.
Neural crest
Dorsal roots and rootlets transmit:
Pain, temperature, vibration, tension, proprioception
Doral root divides into ____ filaments called dorsal rootlets.
4-6
Dorsal rootlets are attached to the ____ sulcus of the spinal cord.
Dorsolateral
Ventral root contains ____ fibers.
Motor
Ventral roots contain ____ neurons
Multipolar motor
Cell bodies for ventral root are located in ____ horn of the spinal cord.
Ventral
Ventral root cell bodies develop from ____.
Neural tube
Ventral root axons emerge from the spinal cord’s ____ sulcus as ventral rootlets.
Ventrolateral
Ventral roots convey motor info to:
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
2 roots merge at the ____ to create the mixed spinal nerve.
IVF
As soon as the spinal nerve exits the IVF, it splits into a ____ dorsal rami and a ____ ventral rami.
Smaller
Larger
Rami contain ____ neurons.
Both motor and sensory
Internal organs are innervated by the ____ rami.
Ventral
Facet joints are innervated by which rami?
Dorsal
The cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses and intercostal nerves are formed by the ____ rami.
Ventral
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are carried to the viscera by the ____ rami.
Ventral
12th intercostal nerve is called ____.
Subcostal nerve
All the muscles, skin, and structures innervated by a single spinal nerve are considered a ____.
Spinal segment
The unilateral area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve:
Dermatome
The muscle mass receiving innervation from the fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve:
Myotome
Afferent sensory info is carried into the spine via ____ roots.
Dorsal
The spinal cord integrates and responds with a motor neuron that exits the ____ roots.
Ventral
Examples of spinal reflex include:
Muscle stretch reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Cross extensor reflex
Spinal nerve evaluation techniques:
Muscle tests ____
Reflex ____
Sensory evaluation ____
Myotome
Deep tendon reflex
Dermatome
The 3 membranes which surround and protect the brain and spinal cord:
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater (directly adhered to CNS)
Dura mater is continuous with the ____ of the peripheral nerve.
Epineurium
Arachnoid mater is continuous with the ____ of the peripheral nerve.
Perineurium
Pia mater is continuous with the ____ of the peripheral nerve.
Endoneurium
Dura mater AKA ____
Parchymeninx
Dura mater (pachymeninx) is separated from vertebrae by ____.
Epidural space
Dura mater (pachymeninx) attaches to the ____ of the foramen magnum, the posterior aspect of C2-C3 VBs, and PLL
Edge
Dura mater (pachymeninx) continues ____ to the dural sac (thecal sac) which ends around S2.
Caudally
Dura mater (pachymeninx) remnants continue caudally as the ____ (coccygeal ligament).
Filum terminalis
Dura mater extends over the spinal roots ____, as the dural sleeve, into the IVF. At the IVF, it is continuous with the epineurium of the newly formed spinal nerve.
Laterally
There may be a space between the inner layer of the dura mater and the outer layer of arachnoid mater, this space is called the ____ space.
Subdural
Arachnoid mater AKA ____.
Leptomeninges
____ are strands of arachnoid mater that remain in the subarachnoid space (where CSF is located).
Arachnoid trabeculae (arachnoid ligaments)
Arachnoid mater (leptomeninges) is vascular, ____ membrane.
Delicate, loosely arranged membrane
Arachnoid mater (leptomeninges) continues ____ , joining the dura mater to form the dural sac, as well as the filum terminale externa.
Caudually
Arachnoid mater (leptomeninges) extends over the spinal roots ____, into the IVF, continuous with the perineurium of the spinal cord.
Laterally
Pia mater AKA ____.
Leptomeminges
Pia mater (leptomeninges) invests into the ____ fissure of the spinal cord.
Ventral median
Pia mater (leptomeninges) surrounds :
Spinal cord, arteries, rootlets, and roots as the course into the IVF
Pia mater (leptomeninges) is associated with which ligament?
Dentate ligament
Pia mater (leptomeninges) associated with with filum terminalis?
Interna and externa
Filum terminale interna is composed of ____ cells covered by a layer of pia mater.
Glial and ependymal
Filum terminale interna tethers the ____ during flex/extend of spine. Protecting cord from S-I traction.
Conus medullaris
Filum terminale externa = ____ ligament
Coccygeal
Filum terminale externa (coccygeal ligament) composed of:
Dura + arachnoid + pia maters
Total volume of CSF?
80-150 ml
CSF is replaced ____ times/day.
4-5
Pressure of CSF ranges from ____. MmHg.
80-180
CSF is ____ water.
98.5%
The remaining 1.5% of CSF is made of:
Inorganic salts/minerals
CSF should be ____ and sterile with a bacteriocidal effect.
Acellular
Which types of blood cells should not be present in CSF?
RBCs
CSF provides a route for ____ hormones to reach their target cells.
Neuroactive
CSF is made by ____ cells.
Ependymal
CSF is made in the ____ of the brain forming the BBB.
Choroid plexus
CSF circulates ____ through a series of pools called ventricles.
Inferiorly
CSF first leaves ____ lateral ventricles.
2
After leaving 2 lateral ventricles, CSF travels ____
Interventricular foramen of monro
After CSF travels through interventricular foramen of monro, it travels to ____.
3rd ventricle
After CSF travels to 3rd ventricle, it travels to ____.
Cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
After CSF travels to cerebral aqueduct of sylvius, it travels to ____.
4th ventricle
After CSF travels to 4th ventricle, there are ____ openings.
3
1 opening following the 4th ventricle for CSF is:
Median aperture (1)- foramen of magendie to central canal
2 openings of 4th ventricle of CSF travel are:
Lateral apetures of luschka to subarchnoid space
CSF drains back into the venous system via ____ into the venous sinuses of the cranial dura mater.
Arachnoid granulations
25% of CSF flows out through the ____ located in the dural sleeves surrounding the DRG and into the small spinal veins.
Arachnoid villi
Subarachnoid space is deep to arachnoid mater, filled with ____.
CSF
Enlarged areas of the subarachnoid space are called ____.
Cisterns
The ____ is caudal to the spinal cord, contains CSF, cauda equina, filum terminalis interna.
Lumbar cistern
____ part of vertebral artery gives off a large anterior spinal artery and 2+ posterior spinal arteries.
4th
Anterior spinal artery supplies anterior inferior medulla oblongata and continues down through the ____.
Foramen magnum
Within the foramen magnum, the anterior spinal artery is covered by pia mater in the ____ fissure of the spinal cord.
Ventral median
The anterior spinal artery tapers down to ____ where it is joined by the great radicular artery.
T8-L3
Posterior spinal arteries supply the ____ medulla oblongata.
Dorsolateral
The posterior spinal arteries then form into 2 channels which course down the spinal cord on either side of the attachments of the dorsal ____ of the spinal cord.
Rootlets
The 2 channels of posterior spinal arteries anastomose with each other and with the other side across the posterior aspect of the spinal cord forming the ____ plexus on the cord’s posterior surface.
Plial
At the ____, the anterior spinal artery and both posterior spinal arteries anastomose.
Conus medullaris
Both the anterior spinal artery and the posterior spinal arteries form a loop from which the artery of the ____ branches off.
Filum terminale
Segmental arteries arise off of ____ arteries to supply the VBs, vertebral column, vertebral canal and spinal nerves, roots, and cord.
Regional
Segmental arteries supply the VB via ____ plexus, gives off a spinal rami which enters the IVF then continues past the IVF.
Central
Spinal rami are branches of the ____ arteries.
Segmental
Enters the IVF at each level, supply meninges, ligaments, osseous structures, roots and rootlets. Also reinforces anterior spinal artery and the posterior spinal arteries.
Spinal rami
After entering the IVF, each of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves divide into ____ branches forming the branches of the spinal rami.
3
____ branches of the spinal rami supply the posterolateral VB, pedicle, pedicle, and PLL.
Anterior
____ branches of the spinal rami supply the lamina, superior and inferior articular process, ligamentum flava, spinous process, extradural adipose tissue and posterior spinal dura mater.
Posterior
____ branches of spinal rami supplies the spinal nerve and the anterior and posterior spinal roots (anterior and posterior radicular arteries) and anastomose with the spinal arteries.
Neurospinal
Vertebral artery is surrounded by which component of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetics
There are ____ variable longitudinal veins of the venous plexus of the spinal cord.
6
The longitudinal veins are further broken down into ____ anteromedian and ____ anterolateral.
1
2
The longitudinal veins are further broken down into ____ posteromedian and ____ posterolateral.
1
2
All 6 variable longitudinal veins empty into the ____ plexus.
Epidural venous
External vertebral venous plexus surrounds the outside of the ____.
Vertebrae and the vertebral canal
External vertebral venous plexus communicates with ____ veins, which drain into ____ veins, and with the internal vertebral venous plexus.
Segmental
Regional
____ veins associated with deep cervical, vertebral, posterior intercostals, lumbar veins.
Regional
Internal (epidural) vertebral venous plexus AKA ____.
Batson’s plexus
Does the external vertebral venous plexus or the internal (epidural) vertebral venous (aka Batson’s plexus) contain valves?
Internal (epidural) vertebral venous (aka Batson’s plexus)
Which vertebral venous plexus is poster and respiration dependent?
Internal (epidural) vertebral venous plexus (aka Batson’s plexus)
Interal (epidural) vertebral venous plexus (aka Batson’s plexus) has ____ interconnected longitudinal channels.
4
Anterior channels of internal (epidural) vertebral venous plexus (aka Batson’s plexus) receive venous drainage from ____ veins which drain the VBs.
Basivertebral
The sacrum is composed of 5 fused segments that ____ in size.
Decrease
Sacral base has a ____ superior aspect.
Wider
Sacral apex has a ____ inferior aspect.
Smaller
Sacrum is taller in ____ and wider in ____.
Males
Females
Sacrum is ____ anteriorly.
Concave (kyphotic)
Sacrum base is ____ to sacrum apex so curve faces anterior and inferior.
Anterior
Secondary centers of ossification of sacrum fuse at ____ age.
25
In the sacrum, ____ separates the VBs and may remain into middle age.
Fibrocartilage
First sacral segment, larger body, especially from ____.
Right to left
Sacral promontory:
Anterior lip of sacral body
Vertebral foramen in sacral base is ____ shaped.
Triangular
Sacrum base vertebral foramen is the beginning of ____, extending the length of the sacrum
Sacral canal
Pedicles of the sacral base are ____, extending to R and L lamina.
Small
Sacral base lamina meet on the midline to form the ____.
S1 spinous tubercle
Sacral base TPs extend laterally, uniting with ____ to form the large L and R sacral ala.
Costal elements
The sacral ala AKA ____.
Lateral sacral masses
L and R articular processes extend superior from the sacral base, facing ____.
Posterior and slightly medial
The concave anterior surface of the sacral ala is for what muscle attachment?
Psoas major
The plane of the sacral base facet joints varies considerably from nearly coronal to sagittal and are commonly asymmetrical. This is called what?
Tropism
L and R superior sacral notches: lateral to superior articular processes, allowing for passage of L and R ____ of L5.
Dorsal rami
Ligaments attaching to anterior base of sacrum include:
ALL, iliolumbar, ventral sacroiliac
Muscles attaching to anterior base of sacrum include:
Psoas major and iliacus
Nerves associated with anterior base of sacrum include:
Lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5) crossing over base
Posterior base of the sacrum ligament attachments include:
PLL, ligamentum flavum (to lamina of S1), posterior sacroiliac, interosseous sacroiliac
Lateral surface of sacrum, TPs fused with ____.
Costal elements
Lateral surface of sacrum auricular surface articulates with the auricular surface of the ilium to form ____.
Sacroiliac joint
Sacral auricular surface is ____ posteriorly.
Concave
Sacral auricular surface extends ____ segments long.
3
Interior to auricular surface, the lateral surface of the sacrum curves ____ and thins.
Medially
Inferior and lateral angle of sacrum is located at ____ tapering to the sacral apex distally.
S4-S5
Sacral apex has ____ shaped facet on the inferior surafce to articulate with coccyx.
Oval
The vertebral foramina of the 5 fused sacral segments form the ____.
Sacral canal
Sacral L and R lateral walls contain ____ IVFs.
4
Each sacral IVF has a ____ opening and a dorsal sacral foramen.
Pelvic (ventral foramen)
Sacral canal ends inferiorly as the sacral ____.
Hiatus
What neuro structure extends through the sacral canal?
Cauda equina
Arachnoid and dura mater end around ____.
S2 spinous tubercle
Roots exiting inferior S2 receive a ____.
Dural root sleeve
Dorsal and ventral roots unite to form the ____, exiting a sacral IVF.
Spinal nerve
L and R S5 nerve roots and coccygeal nerve of each side exit sacral hiatus medial to the ____.
Sacral cornua
Posterior divisions of S5 nerve roots and coccygeal nerve innervate the skin over the ____.
Coccyx
Anterior divisions of S5 and coc1 pierce the coccygeus muscle to join the S4 anterior division and form the ____ plexus.
Coccygeal
Coccygeal plexus gives off the _____ nerves supplying the skin over the sacrotuberous ligament.
Anoccoygeal
The end of the filum terminale also passes through the sacral hiatus attaching to the posterior surface of the ____ coccygeal vertebral segment.
1st
____ lines run across the anterior surface of the sacrum. Remnants of the IVDs are deep to the lines.
Transverse
____ pairs of ventral sacral foramina exit anterior primary divisions of S1-S4 sacral nerves.
4
Branches of lateral and medial ____ arteries as well as segmental veins accompany the nerves through the ventral sacral foramen.
Sacral
Muscles and ligaments attaching to anterior sacrum include:
Piriformis, sacrospinous ligament
Nerves associated with anterior sacrum include:
S1-S4 ventral rami, sympathetic trunks
Arteries associated with the anterior sacrum include:
Median sacral, lateral sacral, superior rectal
Viscera associated with the anterior sacrum include:
Peritoneum, sigmoid mesocolon, rectum
There are ____ vertical ridges on the dorsal sacrum.
5
Median sacral crest along dorsal surface of sacrum is composed of ____.
Fused SPs (S1-S4)
5th sacral lamina does not fuse on the midline, instead forming the ____.
Sacral hiatus
L and R intermediate sacral crests formed from fused ____ of S2-S5.
Articular pillars
Intermediate sacral crests are located ____ to the dorsal sacral foramina.
Medial
L and R articular tubercles of S5 extend down as the ____.
Sacral cornua
What separates the sacral apex from the coccyx?
Firbrocartilagenous disc
Occasionally a ____ joint develops within the sacrococcygeal joint.
Synovial
____ % of low back pain comes from SI joint.
13-30
____ % of low back pain comes from discs.
10
There are ____ distinct types of joints in the pelvic ring.
5q
There are ____ joints total in the pelvic ring.
8
R and L lumbosacral Z joints, anterior lumbosacral joint (L4-S1 IVD), R and L coxal (hip joints/ femoral-acetabular joints), R and L sacroiliac joints (fibrous and synovial components), pubic symphysis are all the joints of the SI joint.
True or False.
True
How much movement occurs in the SI joint?
2mm and 2 degrees
SI joint was once classified as amphiarthrosis but now is classified as ____.
Atypical synovial joint
SI joint is shaped like ____.
Inverted L or a C
Upper portion of SI joint is oriented ____.
Posterior and superior
Lower portion of SI joint is oriented ____.
Posterior and inferior
Angle between U/L portions of SI joint is ____.
71-76 degrees.
SI joint usually runs ____.
S1 to mid S3 segment
Superior SI joint composition is mostly ____.
Ligamentous/fibrous
Middle SI joint composition is ____.
Mixed synovial anterior and ligamentous posterior
Inferior SI joint composition is ____.
Mostly synovial
Sacral surface of SI joint is ____.
Thick hyaline
Iliac surface of SI joint is ____.
Thin fibrocartilage
Which aspect of the SI joint has an articular joint capsule?
Anterior
Posterior aspect of SI joint is covered by what ligament?
Posterior sacroiliac
SI joint is described as an interlocking series of ____ between the ilium and sacrum.
Tongue in groove
Posterior aspect of the SI joint has 3 sacral fossa which are:
Superior, middle, inferior
Which sacral fossa is considered the axis of SI joint rotation?
Middle
The anterior aspect of iliac tuberosity contacts the middle sacral fossa creating a ____ which the iliac ridge turns within the sacral groove.
Pivot
Tongue in groove sacral groove ____ and iliac ridge ____.
Depression
Elevation
Tongue in groove middle sacral fossa ____ and iliac tuberosity ____.
Depression
Elevation
Tongue in groove sacral tuberosity ____ and sulcus between iliac ridge and iliac tuberosity = iliac tuberosity ____.
Elevation
Depression
Tongue in groove posterior and superior surface elevations on sacral ala ____ and depression anterior and superior to iliac tuberosity ____.
Elevation
Depression
Articular capsule of SI joint is only located on which surface?
Anterior
Articular capsule is lined by ____.
Synovial membrane
Articular capsule is innervated by ____.
Nociceptors and mechanoreceptors
Interosseuous SI ligament connects ____ to the iliac tuberosity.
The 3 sacral fossa
Which SI ligament receives the greatest amount of stress?
Interosseous SI ligament
Interosseous SI ligament forms the ____ aspect of the SI joint.
Posterior
Posterior SI ligament consists of ____ parts.
2
Long posterior SI ligament attaches to PSIS, blending with ____ ligament to lateral sacral crests of S3-S4.
Sacrotuberous
Short posterior SI ligament attaches ____ to the medial aspect of posterior surfaces of iliac crest and iliac tuberosity.
Intermediate and lateral sacral crests of S1-S2 horizontally
Pain with walking/traveling is associated with which ligament?
Sacrotuberous ligament
Which ligaments limits sacral nutation?
Sacrotuberous
Sacrospinous
Ligament connecting sacrum to ischial tuberosity?
Sacrotuberous
Pain with sitting is associated with which ligament?
Sacrospinous
Which ligament connects sacrum to ischial spine?
Sacrospinous
Which ligament is associated with pain with standing?
Iliolumbar
Which ligament connects iliac crest with TP of L5?
Iliolumbar
Which ligament limits lateral tilting of pelvis and gapping of superior aspect of SI joint?
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral artery and vein supply ____ of the SI joint
Anterior and posterior aspects
____ anastomose with superior gluteal artery and vein.
Lateral sacral artery and vein
SI joints are often completely fused by ____ age.
80 years
Anteroinferior movement of sacrum is defined as ____.
Nutation
Posterosuperior movement of sacrum is defined as ____.
Counternutation
____ movement along the axis of sacrum passing longitudinally through iliac ridge.
Rotary
Posterior ilium moves superiormedial and inferolateral is what kind of listing?
AS/PI
Gaping of superior and inferior aspects of SI is what kind of listing?
IN/EX
Full range of SI joint motion is not seen until hip joints (femoral-acetabular) are ____.
Toward their end ranges of motion
Lumbosacral trunk, ventral rami of S1-S3 and part of S4 are all components of which division of the sacral plexus?
Anterior primary division (ventral rami)
S4 contributes to sacral plexus and ____ plexus.
Coccygeal
Sacral plexus is located on ____ pelvic wall. Just anterior to piriformis muscle.
Posterior
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S1-S3), pudenal nerve (S2-S4), sciatic nerve (L4-S3), superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1), inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2), Nerve to obturator internus (and superior gemellus) (L5-S2), nerve to quadratus femoris (and inferior gemellus) (L4-S1)
Nerves of the sacral plexus. True or False.
True
S2-S4 provide ____ innervation to the pelvic viscera via pelvic splanchnic nerves.
Parasympathetic
The sympathetic trunk has ____ sacral ganglia which supply the area with sympathetic innervation via the gray rami communicans.
5
L and R sympathetic chains meet up inferiorly at the ____.
Ganglion impar
Abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of ____ into L and R common iliac arteries.
L4
Common iliac arteries become the ____ arteries.
Femoral
Internal iliac arteries will have posterior ____ branches and anterior ____ branches.
Somatic
Visceral
Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, superior gluteal artery make up which division of the internal iliac artery?
Posterior
Inferior gluteal artery, internal pudenal artery, inferior vesicular artery (to bladder), middle rectal artery, obturator artery, umbilical artery make up which division of internal iliac artery?
Anterior
____ artery comes off of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, traveling down the anterior surface of the sacrum.
Median sacral
