Final Exam

Question 1

Social Structure

Answer 1

framework of society that adds order and predictability to our private lives

Question 2

Social Dilemma

Answer 2

long-term ruin of a society’s social structure because of an individual’s short-term interest

Question 3

Bureaucracy

Answer 3

a large hierarchal organization that’s governed by formal rules, regulations, and has a clear specification of work tasks

Question 4

Racism

Answer 4

the beliefs that humans are and can be ranked into sub-groups based on race, and ranked as superior or inferior to one another

Question 5

Stereotypes

Answer 5

an overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group

Question 6

Prejudice

Answer 6

rigidly held unfavorable attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about members of a different group based on a social characteristic

Question 7

Discrimination

Answer 7

the unfair treatment of people based on some social characteristic

Question 8

White Privilege

Answer 8

the unearned advantages of being white in a racially stratified society (coined by W.E.B Dubois)

Question 9

Double Consciousness

Answer 9

aware of individual self and race

Question 10

Gender

Answer 10

the psychological social and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness (ex. colors: pink and blue)

Question 11

Sex

Answer 11

the biological traits of maleness and/or femaleness (ex. penis and vagina)

Question 12

Male Flight

Answer 12

refers to a phenomenon in which men abandon feminizing arenas of life (ex. cheerleading: now devalued/sexualized, compprog: now valued/higher pay)

Question 13

Transgender

Answer 13

refers to a person whose gender ID and/or gender expression is different from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth

Question 14

Patriarchy

Answer 14

refers to the dominance of men over women (ex. cultural beliefs, values, given higher prestige)

Question 15

Sexism

Answer 15

A system of beliefs, prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination against women, on the basis of sex

Question 16

Objectification

Answer 16

the practice of treating people as objects especially if the intent is to devalue and dehumanize

Question 17

Gendertyping

Answer 17

when women hold occupations of lower status and pay, and men higher status and pay

Question 18

Upper class

Answer 18

group of people who have high incomes and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth

Question 19

Middle class

Answer 19

group of people who have a general intermediate level of wealth, income, and prestige

Question 20

Working class

Answer 20

group of people who have a low level of wealth, income, and prestige and must work continuously to secure resources

Question 21

The poor

Answer 21

group of people who work for minimum wage or are chronically unemployed

Question 22

Near-poor

Answer 22

individuals or families whose earnings are between 100% and 125% of the federal poverty line

Question 23

Working poor

Answer 23

employed people who earn consistent wages but do not have enough money to start savings

Question 24

Contradictory class locations

Answer 24

individuals such as middle managers and supervisors whose positions place them between two major classes and makes it difficult to identify with one side or the other

Question 25

Socioeconomic status

Answer 25

prestige, honor, respect, and power associated with different class positions in society

Question 26

Prestige

Answer 26

reverence and admiration given to some people in a society derived from both achieved and ascribed characteristics

Question 27

Power

Answer 27

person’s ability to affect decisions in ways that benefit him or her

Question 28

Authority

Answer 28

possession of some status or quality that compels others to obey

Question 29

False consciousness

Answer 29

situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them; primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution

Question 30

Competitive individualism

Answer 30

cultural belief that those who succeed in society are those who work hardest and have the best abilities; those that suffer don’t work hard enough or lack the necessary traits or abilities

Question 31

Culture-of-poverty thesis

Answer 31

belief that poor people, resigned to their position in society, develop a unique value structure to deal with their lack of success

Question 32

Colonization

Answer 32

process of expanding economic markets by invading and establishing over a weaker country and its people; characterized by forced cultural assimilation, dominance of the colonizers’ culture, and lasting tradition of racism and colorism

Question 33

Bourgeoise

Answer 33

owners of the means of production; class of new money industrialists and factory owners

Question 34

Proletariat

Answer 34

people who earned a living by exchanging their labor for money; particularly manual laborers and factory workers

Question 35

Class consciousness

Answer 35

when one sees class relations as they really are as a system of exploitation