Final exam Flashcards
1
Q
How are liquid dosage forms prepared?
A
- Dissolving the active drug into an aqueous or non-aqueous solvent .
- Suspending the drug in the right medium.
- Incorporating the drug substance into an oil or water phase.
2
Q
What are the advantages of a liquid dosage form?
A
- Easy to swallow
- Homogenous doses
- Quicker absorption and distribution
- Varies route of administration
- Easily adjustable doses
- Minimize adverse effects in the GI Tract
3
Q
What are the disadvantages of a liquid dosage form?
A
- Less stable than solid
- Bulky for carrying around
- You need accuracy in preparing the dose
- Unpleasant taste
4
Q
What was the function of methycellulose?
A
Suspending agent/ Vehicle
5
Q
What is the function of Glycerin?
A
Wetting Agent
6
Q
What is the function of Cherry Syrup?
A
Flavoring
7
Q
What is the function of Metronidazole?
A
API/ Active drug
8
Q
What are the properties of an Ideal Solution?
A
API
Excipients and additives:
palatability, viscosity, sweetening agent,
stability with buffers and preservatives,
appearance: color and uniformity
9
Q
What are the properties of a Suspension?
A
- Uniform Dispersion
- Palatable
- Pleasing odor and color
- No grittiness
- Easy to pour and not watery
- Temperature insensitive
- particles should settle slowly
- Easy redispersion
- Not too vicous
10
Q
What are the properties of an Emulsion?
A
- Fine droplets
- Add droplets slowly and cream it slowly
- Easy to redisperse
11
Q
What does O/W mean?
A
Internal phase is oil and External phase is water
12
Q
What does W/O mean?
A
Internal phase is water and external phase is oil
13
Q
What does 4:2:1 mean?
A
4 parts oil, 2 parts water, and 1 part gum
14
Q
How many parts of water and gum do you need if you want 8 parts oil?
A
4 parts water and 2 parts gum
15
Q
What are some patient counseling points for Solution, suspension and emulsions?
A
- Shake it up
- Storage
- BUD
- Dosage materials
- Side effects
- Duration
16
Q
What is hypertonic?
A
When cells shrink
17
Q
What is hypotonic?
A
When cells swell up
18
Q
What is isotonic?
A
When water transport is the same outside as it is in the inside
19
Q
What is osmotic pressure?
A
The pressure it takes to push water through the membrane, against gravity
20
Q
Can particles and molecules in a solution be transported across the membrane?
A
No.
21
Q
What is a colligative property?
A
A property that depends on the amount of particles ( molecules and ions) dissolved in a solvent.
22
Q
What properties are affected by colligative properties?
A
Osmotic pressure, Vapor pressure, boiling point and freezing point
23
Q
What would happen to the osmotic pressure if there was an increase in solute/particles?
A
The osmotic pressure would increase.
24
Q
What would happen to the vapor pressure if there was an increase in solute/particles?
A
The vapor pressure would decrease
25
What would happen to the boiling point if there was an increase in solute/particles?
The vapor pressure would decrease, resulting in an increase in boiling point
26
What would happen to the freezing point if there was an increase in solute/particles?
Decrease in melting point and decrease in freezing point
27
Colligative properties in the graph shows:
An increase in particles and solute will cause the solution to have a LOWER VP than the pure solvent, a HIGHER BP than the pure solvent and a LOWER FP and MP than the pure solvent.
28
What is osmolarity?
The concentration of particles per volume
29
What is osmolality?
The concentration of particles per mass of solvent.
30
What is a non-electrolyte?
a substance that does not form ions when dissolved or melted and does not conduct electricity. `\
31
What is an example of a non-electrolyte?
Dextrose
32
What is an electrolyte?
a nonmental substance that conduct electricity and ions when dissolved in a solvent.
33
What is an example of an electrolyte?
NaCl
34
What is the difference between a non-electrolyte and an electrolyte?
A NE, only solubilizes into one particle and the E breaks apart depending on the number of ions in the molecule
35
What is the difference between isotonic and isosmotic?
Isotonic contains non penetrating solutes. It describes the difference between solutes like salt and your cell. and isosmotic contains solutes that contain penetrating solutes. It describes your blood to the osmotic pressure. The osmotic flow can change.
36
Can an isosmotic solution form by mixing isosmotic solutions?
Yes.
37
For a non-electrolyte what is the I value?
The I value is 1.
38
For an electrolyte, what is the I value?
The value is greater than 1.
39
What is an amphoteric acid or base?
It is a molecule that can act both as an acid or a base.
40
What is a zwitterionic molecule?
A molecule that has a positive and negative charge.
41
What is an example of an amphoteric substance?
Water.
42
What is equivalent weight?
Molecular weight per charge
| Ew= Fw/v (g/eq)
43
What is equivalent moles?
The number of moles times charge. EM= m/Ew or m*v/Fw
44
What is electrolyte concentration?
The numbers of ions in a solution.
45
What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
A strong acid complete ionizes in water and a weak acid reaches equilibrium in water.
46
What is the difference between a strong base and a weak base?
A strong base completely ionizes in water and a weak base reaches equilibrium in water.
47
How do you calculate the pH of a solution?
pH= pka+log(CB/ACID)
48
What would happen if CB was greater than acid?
The ratio of CB to Acid is greater than 1.
| The pH will be greater than the pKa.
49
What would happen if acid was greater than the CB?
The ratio of CB to Acid is less than 1.
| The pH will be smaller than the pKa.
50
When is the concentration of the acid and CB equal?
At the pKa. Its 50% total
51
When is the concentration of CA and base equal?
At the pKa.
52
What is a polyprotic molecule?
When a molecule contains more than one positive proton. Example: H2CO3, contains two acidic protons and H3PO4 contains three positive protons.
53
What are many active ingredients made of?
Weak acids and base.
54
Do you want a high buffering capacity or a low buffering capacity?
You want a high buffering capacity so that the pH can be less affected by changes. You may want a low buffering capacity for a drug to change its pH more drastically to get absorbed in a certain area.
55
What influences the buffering capacity?
The buffer concentration and the pH. The greater the concentration of the buffer, the higher the buffering capacity will be. If the Cb/Acid ratio is closer to 1, than the buffering capacity is higher.
56
Higher buffering capacity?
low pH change. You want this.
57
When should you use a graduated cylinder?
To measure
58
When should you use a conical cylinder?
To mixing liquids and dissolving solids. Not get for measuring because it increases error as you increase the diameter of the top.
59
Should you use a 100 mL cylinder to measure 15mL of a solution?
NO
60
What do you use to measure glycerin?
a syringe is preferred.
61
What should you use to measure free flow liquids?
a graduated cylinder
62
What should you use to measure viscous liquid?
A syringe or a conical cylinder
63
What must be known to use a liquid dropper for liquid measurement?
The number of liquid drops per mL.
64
What are the tests that need to be performed on the torsion balance?
1. Structural test
| 2. Sensitivity test
65
What is the sensitivity test?
Max. 6mg sen. with no load and max 10 with each pan of load
66
For a torsion balance, where should you add the weight?
The right pan.
67
What is particle size reduction called?
Comminution.
68
What is Trituration?
The process of continuing to rub a solid in the mortar with a pestle to reduce the size of the solid.
69
What is the process of levigation?
Adding a small amount of liquid because the solid is not soluble.
70
When should glycerin be used as a levigating agent?
It is a hydrophilic wetting agent, that should be used if you desire a hydrophilic external phase.
71
When should mineral be used as a levigating agent?
If you went a hydrophobic external phase.
72
What mortar should you use for making solutions and suspensions, high potent drug,hazardous drugs or stains?
Glass mortar
73
What mortar should you use to make an emulsion?
A ceramic or wooden mortar.
74
What are sterile products used for?
to introduce a drug into the body that bypasses the protective barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes
75
According to the USP 797, what is considered a sterile product?
Injections, eye drops, pulmonary inhalation, implants, irrigations, bath and soaks for live organs.
76
What are the advantages of a parental administration?
1. Rapid Response
2. High F
3. A way to inject non oral drugs
4. Local affects
Fluid and electrolyte balance
5. Provides nutrients if your body can't take stuff orally.
77
What are the disadvantages of parental administration?
1. Have to be put by someone who is trained
2. Expensive
3. Site of injection hurts
4. Calculations error
5. Interactions
6. Must follow aseptic procedures
78
What are the dosage form design?
1. Api
2. Excipients
3. Packaging
4. Administration device
79
What is the USP <797>?
Its for non-hazardous drugs guidelines
80
What is the USP <800>?
It is a hazardous drug guideline
81
What is the Ante room?
It has to have positive pressure and it is used for gowning
82
What pressure does the non-hazardous drug room have?
It has positive pressure
83
What pressure does the hazardous drug room have?
It has a negative pressure?
84
How does air flow between the rooms?
Air should flow from positive pressure to negative pressure.
85
What is PEC?
It is the primary engineering controls. AKA hoods.
86
What do hoods contain?
HEPA filter. It removes 99.7% of air particles up to 0.3microns.
87
What are LAWF used for?
Its used for non-hazardous drugs and have positive pressure.
88
What is the BSC?
Biological safety cabinets. It can be in the hazardous or non-hazardous drugs. Its in the hazardous room.
89
What is required of BSC?
1. Negative pressure
2. air is recycled or contained
3. Vertical air flow
90
What is IVLFZ?
Integrated Vertical Laminar Flow Zone
| It's for nonhazardous drugs only
91
Where is the HEPA filter located in the IVLFLZ?
It is located in the ceiling.
| It has vertical flow
92
What is the air flow of LAWF?
It can be vertical or horizontal?
93
What are RABS?
Restrictive access barrier system. They are isolators or glove boxes.
94
What are the two types of RABS?
CAI and CACI.
95
What is CAI for?
Its for nonhazardous drugs and it has positive pressure
96
What is CACI for?
used for hazardous or non-hazardous compounds like CHEMO. It has negative pressure.
97
Where should garbing be done?
On the dirty side. The ANTE room. Between the line of demarcation
98
What is the garbing method?
Shoe, hair, mask, and eyes.
Wash hands
gown, purrel hands, and gloves and spray with 70% IPA
99
Ordering of cleaning the hood?
Top, Bar, Back, Sides, Sash, work surface
100
What is first air?
Air before it touches anything
101
Where is air coming from in the horizontal hoods?
The back of the hood
102
Where is air coming from in the vertical hoods?
The top of the hood
103
Where is the most common and most significant error made in sterile compounding?
It is made by blocking first air.
104
What is hypodermic syringe used for?
IM,IV, SC
105
What parts of the syringe can't you touch?
plunger, syringe tip, needle hub, needle
106
What syringe capacity should you select?
20-80 percent
107
The small the gauge number...
The larger the diameter
108
How much volume does a Large volume parental IV bag carry?
more than 100 mL
109
How much volume does a small volume parental IV bag carry?
100 mL or smaller. Piggy back bag.
110
The piggy back bag must be higher than the IV bag. True or false
True because gravity
111
What are the three types of pumps?
1. Electronic Pumps
2. Syringe Pumps
3. Elastomeric Pumps
112
What are electronic pumps for?
1. Hospital Use
2. Typical infusion method
3. Rate mL/hr
113
What are syringe pumps for?
1. Hospital Use
2. Neonates
3. Low dose medication
4. Analgesia medicine
114
What are elastomeric pumps for?
1. Ambulatory use
2. Elastic ballon to push medication in at a set rate
3. Does not need batteries
115
What are hydrophilic filters for?
1. For more liquids
116
What are hydrophobic filters used for?
1. Glass, low surface tension solvents
117
What are hydrophilized filters for?
1. Allow proteins to pass through the filter
118
What should you not use for opening an ampule?
Alcohol wipe
119
What is the Anti-Coring Technique?
1. Needle enter vial at 45 degrees
| 2. Adjust needle to 90 degree as it enters the membrane
120
When adding a solution to an IV bag, where should the needle be enters?
The medication port
121
How thick should the needle be when injecting it into an iv bag?
1 inch or longer.
122
What is equashield use for
hazardous drug transfer. Provides a closed system.
123
Where do you place open ampoules that contain drug in them?
The sharps waste bin
124
Where do you place open ampoules with no drugs in them?
The glass bin
125
Where do you place unbroken empty vials?
The regular trash container
126
Where do you place the unbroken vial with medication in it
The black trash container
127
What is contained in the biological waste?
infectious and non-infectious waste: blood urine, stool, petri dishes, and tissues
128
What is contained in the general waste?
1. Empty drug vials that are less than 3%
2. Plain fluid
3. Electrolytes
4. Parental nutrition ingredients
5. Wrappers
129
What is the moist heat method?
Conducted in an autoclave. For protein denaturation and coagulation
130
What is the Dry heat method?
Destroys pyrogens. Uses an oven. It allows for loss of moisture and protein denaturation, oxidation
131
What is the filtration method?
Removes microogranisms but viruses and endotoxins are not filtered out.
132
What is the gas method?
Disruption of cellular metabolism. Exposure to EO and PO
133
What is the radiation method?
Consists of gamma rays and cathode rays
134
What is the sterility test, usp <71>
to test membrane filteration and direct inoculation. Requires 14 days incubation
135
What is the Pyrogen Test, USP <151>
Test of rabbits used to check for pyrogens.
136
What is the Bacterial Endotoxins Test, USP <85>
Test for the presence or absence of pyrogens in aq parenterals.
137
What is the LAL test?
A test used to see if endotoxins in a sample exceed a threshold pyrogenic dose.
138
What is the Particulate Matter in Injections Test, USP <788>
Used to detect to see if there are sub-visible particles in the parenteral injection
139
What do the Particulate Matter in Injections Test, USP <788> tests consist of?
1. Light obscuration particulate count test
2. microscopic particle count test
for both of these the particulate count test must not exist the limit
140
What are Endotoxins?
A subset of pyrogens that come from gram negative bacteria.
141
What are pyrogens?
By products from bacterial metabolisms that can have their own immune system.
142
What can affect the stability of the drug?
1. Absorption of the drug to the packaging
2. Leaching: Loss of materials from the package that gets into the drug
3. Permeability: Ability of volatile substances such as water vapors, oxygen to move into the packaging. Ampules vs. Vials.
4. Increased temperature
143
What can the amber containers help do?
Decrease photolysis of the drugs
144
What can decreasing the temperature do to the stability of the drug?
It can increase the stability of the drug
145
What are the factors you should consider for the compatibility of the drug?
1. Drug-Drug
2. Drug-diluent
3. Drug-additive
4. Drug-package
146
What are the roles of additives and excipients?
they maintain the stability and help ensure sterility.
147
What are the characteristics of sterile dosage forms?
1. Isotonic
2. Stable
3. Free from particles
4. Pyrogen free but have some endotoxins that don't exceed the limit
5. Meet the USP standards
6. Compatible with other drugs, diluent, additives and packages
148
What is a phase?
part of a system that is chemically and physically uniform but is separated from other portions
149
What are the three states that matter exist as?
Gas, Liquid and Solid.
150
How many phases does a gas system have?
only one phase can exist
151
Is a gas system miscible?
Yes
152
Does immiscible liquid form different phases or one phase?
They can have polyphases
153
Ethanol + h20 is how many phases
1 phase
154
h20 + oil is how many phases
2 phase
155
Will different solids form different phases?
yes.
156
When can drug show its activity?
molecular state
157
When can free molecules exist?
In the liquid and gas state
158
What happens to the surface of liquids in terms of vapor pressure?
Molecules of the surface will evaporate and go to the gas phase or condense.
159
What happens to KE when you increase temperate?
The KE increases and evaporation increase
160
What is the relationship between pressure and the distance between the molecules?
As pressure increase, the distance between the molecules decreases and they become closer.
161
When happens to the pressure during condensation?
Increase pressure and decrease temperature.
162
What is critical temperature?
The max temperature that a liquid can remain in that state
163
What is critical pressure?
the max VP that a liquid can have.
164
What is the phase rule for a one component system?
F=C-P+2
165
As degrees of freedom increases, what happens to the component?
As F increases so does C.
166
As F increases what happens to P?
P decreases.
167
How many phases does the O(triple point) have?
3 phases.
168
What is constant at the O (triple point) phase?
Constant temperature and pressure.
169
How many phases are there in a solid, liquid and vapor phase?
1 phase.
170
How many phases does OB, OA, OC have?
Two phases.
171
What is the phase rule for a two component model?
F=C-P+1
172
What does the two component take into account?
Liquid and solid. Not VP so not gas.
173
In one component model, what if F=1, what is the factor controlling it?
Temperature
174
In a one component model, if F=2, what is the factor controlling it?
Temperature, and pressure
175
What is Eutectic temperature?
The lowest temperature, two solids can exist at liquid phase.
176
What is a solid dispersion?
Mixture one crystalline solid together with another one. Small molecules dissolve faster.
177
What is a solid solution?
Mixing a solid with a solid solvent to give a mixed Crystal.
178
What can a solid dispersion and solid solution do that gives benefit to it?
Increase stability, F, dissolution (because of the reduction in particle size), solubility, clumping up of particles and allowing it to get
179
What does particle size mean?
Any matter smaller than 10mm and 1 cm in diameter.
180
What method do you want to use to decrease the particle size?
titration
181
Why does an emulsion require a small particle size?
small particle size, allows it to stay in the emulsion phase for longer
182
How small do nasal and pulmonary aerosal have to be?
5 microns
183
What is the reconstitution of oral delivery used for
To make tablets and capsules
184
The smaller the particle size...
The better the oral absorption and the higher the efficacy
185
Are there particulates in parenteral dosage forms for injections?
Yes, but not too much. It can get stuck in capillaries.
186
Why is it important that particles be as small as possible?
Less problem with aggregation and it will settle more slowly.
187
What is the definition of a suspension?
A solid particle dissolved in a liquid phase with a suspending agent.
188
What are the particle size of a suspension.
a. Fine 1 to 50 microns
| b. Course: greater than 50 microns
189
What is the size of an emulsion?
Less than 40 microns or less
190
Why is it important emulsion to have a small particle size?
Lessen aggretion, lessen cracking, lessen settling rate.
191
Why should solid drugs in creams or ointments be as small as possible?
To prevent chemical burns
192
Why should liquid drugs in creams or ointments be as small as possible?
To avoid chemical burns
193
Do large or small particles have a bigger SA to volume ratio?
Small particles
194
The dissolution test on Dilantin vs. Generic name showed what?
The brand named had a finer drug due to a grinding mill they used. Smaller particles, allowed the drug to have a higher F. It prevent seizures while the generic did not.
195
What size should aerosol drugs be?
1 to 5 micrometers.
196
What size should parenteral drugs be?
Less than 5 micrometers.
197
What are the requirements for a large volume parenterals?
Particles greater than 10 micrometers but less than 50 micrometers.
198
What are the requirements for a small volume parenterals?
equal or less than a large volume parenteral
199
What do filtering devices do?
Stop glasses or anything that is larger than 50 micrometers
200
When will a Rabbit test be positive?
When there are pyrogens in the solution. It tests for ALL PYROGENS.
201
Can the LAL test, test for pyrogens?
no only endotoxins.
202
What do industrys do to prevent contamination?
1. Remove pyrogens
| 2. Autoclave
203
What is the difference between in line and end of line device?
In line is already made into the IV set.
End of line is attached so there is nothing than 5 micrometers entering the pateint. Colliods can use this. The drug will get filtered out
204
What is the particle size for solid dosage form?
0.5 to 3,000 micrometers.
205
What are the characteristics of powdered drugs?
1. Size 0.5 micrometers to 3,000 micrometers
2. low density
3. no charge
4. Spherical shape
206
What problems do powder drugs have?
They have a problem adhering to each other and repelling.
207
What do you add to a powered drug to make it adhere to each other?
A inert material: mannitol, lactose, starch
208
What is the Pulverized by Intervention method?
Adding alcohol or water then adding an inert agent. This is to reduce and unify particle size.
209
How can you measure particle sizes in powders?
Micromeritics method. The smaller the number the bigger the hole. Like a shifter for powder sugar.
210
What can using variable particle size of drugs do?
It can prolong drug release and absorption, which are important for some drugs.
211
How should Powder Paper drugs be taken?
mixed with apple sauce or juice with a small ratio of apple sauce to the medication. DO NOT TAKE POWDER STRAIGHT UP
212
What are capsules made of?
Vegetable and gelatin.
213
How should oil filled capsules be made?
Double sealing and double capsule. The oil should be in the smaller sized capsule
214
What are two examples of granular fills?
ampicillin or amoxicillin.
215
What are the requirements for a tablet powder drug?
1. uniform mass with itself and diluent
2. powder needs to be compressible
3. needs to retain shape once compressed
4. should dry before removal from presser. Should break apart.
216
What is acacia gum used for?
Emulsifying agent
217
How big is the filtering needle?
5 microns
218
What is the smallest capsule size?
5.
219
What is the biggest capsule size?
000
220
What is the size of the capsule that the oil would go into when making an oil capsule?
3. And the outer layer is 1.
