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Anthropology 105 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

sets of learned behaviors and ideas that humans acquire as members of society

A

culture

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2
Q

process by which people acquire and learn the ways of thinking associated with particular culture

A

Enculturation

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3
Q

process of learning to live as a member of a group

A

Socialization

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4
Q

the relationship between a symbol and what it stands for is:

A

conventional

arbitrary

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5
Q

a theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

A

Interpretive theory of culture

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6
Q

the culture and cultural knowledge people can talk about, of which they are aware

A

Explicit Culture

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7
Q

the culture and cultural knowledge of which people are usually unaware–difficult to communicate verbally

A

tacit culture

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8
Q

disorientation a person amy feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life or culture

A

culture shock

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9
Q

the idea that culture is not fixed, but is always changing

A

dynamic culture

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10
Q

insiders perspective, view from within the culture

A

Emic

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11
Q

outsiders perspective, view from outside the culture

A

Etic

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12
Q

the assumption that one’s own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people’s practices or views as wrong or ignorant

A

ethnocentrism

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13
Q

the principle that an individual human;s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture

A

cultural relativism

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14
Q

the systematic study of people and cultures

A

ethnography

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15
Q

the method by which culture anthropologists conduct research

A

ethnographic fieldwork

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16
Q

the study of language as a cultural resource and speaking as a cultural practice
(study the cognitive and social components of language)

A

linguistic anthropology

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17
Q

a system of symbolic communication

A

language

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18
Q

an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning

A

signal

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19
Q

shared understanding about the meaning of certain words, attributes, or objects

A

symbol (language)

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20
Q

versions of a particular language characteristic of particular groups

A

dialects

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21
Q

switching from one variety of speaking to another in different social situations

A

code switching

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22
Q

languages that can develop when different cultures come into contact

A

hybrid languages

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23
Q

used for communication between people not sharing a common language

A

pidgin

24
Q

is a stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin

A

Creole

25
Q

a West African historian, storyteller, praise singer, poet, and/or musician

A

Griot

26
Q

belief in an impersonal supernatural force

A

anamatism

27
Q

religions based on the idea that plants, animals, inanimate objects, and even natural phenomena have a spiritual or supernatural element

A

animism

28
Q

spirits with human characteristics

A

anthropomorphic spirits

29
Q

care for the ancestors

A

filial piety

30
Q

practices or ceremonies that serve a religious purpose or are usually supervised by religious specialists

A

ritual

31
Q

transition from one stage in life to another

A

rite of passage

32
Q

actions involving magic or supernatural powers (usually undertaken for the purpose of doing harm)

A

witchcraft

33
Q

follow periods of crisis, attempts to resolve serious problems

A

revitalization ritual

34
Q

the study of human economic behavior using the holistic lens of anthropology

A

economic anthropology

35
Q

What does medical anthropology concern itself with?

A
  • human health
  • the factors that contribute to disease or illness
  • the ways that human populations deal with disease
36
Q

western forms of medical knowledge and practice

based on biological science

A

biomedical model

37
Q

alternative medical systems based on local culture and local practices
based on different knowledge systems

A

Ethnomedical model

38
Q

cultural domination with enforced social change

A

colonialism

39
Q

the study of the legacy of colonialism and imperialism

A

post-colonialism

40
Q

death and suffering as a result of socioeconomic political/cultural structure

A

structural violence

41
Q

the use of anthropological theory and research methods to solve real world problems

A

applied anthropology

42
Q

uses anthropological ideas and techniques to help medical professionals care for individuals and implement culture-specific health interventions

A

applied medical anthropology

43
Q

the idea that human cultural change can be described as a Darwinian evolutionary process that is similar in key respects to biological/genetic evolution

A

cultural evolution

44
Q

a technique of field research, used in anthropology and sociology, by which an investigator studies the life of a group by sharing in its activities.

A

participant observation

45
Q

a language user’s grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.

A

communicative competence

46
Q

the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language

A

linguistic competence

47
Q

What are the four subfields of anthropology?

A

archeology
linguistic
cultural
biological/physical

48
Q

What are the characteristics/components of a language?

A
  • Phonology: the system of relationships among the speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of a language
  • Morphology: the study of the forms of words (and their meanings)
  • All languages have grammar
  • All languages can be learned
  • All languages are dynamic (they change)
49
Q

What is the difference between symbol and signal?

A

a signal is an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning (is a language on its own and it is used to communicate something to people) while a symbol is a shared understanding about the meaning of certain words, attributes, or objects (is subjective in nature and often requires interpretation)

50
Q

What is the difference between linguistic and communicative competence?

A

Communicative competence is a term in linguistics which refers to a language user’s grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately

Linguistic competence is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language. It is distinguished from linguistic performance, which is the way a language system is used in communication.

Linguistic competence is when you’ve mastered the grammar and complex stuff about a language. Communicative is just when you know a language enough to be able to communicate.

51
Q

What are the differences between Pidgins and Creoles?

A

A pidgin is used for communication between people not sharing a common language while Creole is a stable, natural languages that has developed from a pidgin.
Pidgin: simple grammar, small vocabulary, a trade language, no native speakers, used in specific settings.
Creole: complex grammar, large vocabulary, has native speakers, used as a primary language.

52
Q

What are the four elements of religion?

A
  1. Cosmology-the science of the origin and development of the universe
  2. Belief in the supernatural
  3. Rules governing behavior (i.e. 10 commandments)
  4. Ritual- a ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order
53
Q

What are the 3 modes of exchange?

A
  1. market- goods equal in value (informal or formal)
  2. reciprocity- exchange for mutual benefit
  3. redistribution- centralized collection, distribution from that collection
54
Q

What are the differences between balanced and generalized reciprocity?

A

Balanced involves an allotted value as well as an allotted amount of time to return the exchange ( entails giving with the expectation of a equivalent) while Generalized has no certain value or amount of time where the exchange needs to be returned (most common among closely related exchange partners and involves no specific expectation)

55
Q

taking the model & applying it to health, using things like symptoms and applying them to why someone is sick

A

explanatory model of illness

56
Q

religion reduces or increases anxiety for unexplainable things

A

explanatory model

Anthropology 105 (2 decks)

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