Final Exam

Question 1

NPT

Answer 1

(Nuclear Nonproliferation treaty) : 1970 An international agreement that seeks to prevent horizontal proliferation by prohibiting further nuclear weapons sales, acquisitions, or production.

Question 2

INF

Answer 2

(Intermediate-range nuclear forces) : 1988 The U.S.– Russian agreement to eliminate an entire class of nuclear weapons by removing all intermediate and short-range ground-based missiles and launchers with ranges between 300 and 3500 miles from Europe.

Question 3

CTBT

Answer 3

(Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty): 1996; bans all testing on nuclear weapons

Question 4

CWC:

Answer 4

(Chemical Weapons Convention): 1993; requires all stockpiles of chemical weapons to be destroyed

Question 5

Collective Security

Answer 5

A security regime agreed to by the great powers that sets rules for keeping peace, guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met by a collective response from the rest.

Question 6

BWC

Answer 6

The Biological Weapons Convention (1975) is a legally binding treaty that outlaws biological arms.

Question 7

Peacekeeping

Answer 7

The efforts by third parties such as the United Nations to intervene in civil wars and/or interstate wars or to prevent hostilities between potential belligerents from escalating, so that by acting as a buffer, a negotiated settlement of the dispute can be reached.

Question 8

Peacemaking

Answer 8

The process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement that arranges an end to a dispute and resolves the issues that led to conflict.

Question 9

Positive Peace:

Answer 9

Positive Peace is defined as peace with justice for all. Often times, “peace” is mistaken simply as the absence of some negative force, such as tension or violence. But Dr. King reminded us that peace is not only the absence of tension, but the presence of justice

Question 10

Just War

Answer 10

The moral criteria identifying when a just war may be undertaken and how it should be fought once it begins. Influenced by christian doctrine and humanist reformers Hugo Grotius

Question 11

Functionalism:

Answer 11

an approach to the formation of international organizations that advocates international cooperation on scientific, humanitarian, social, and economic issues.
Functionalists argue that mutual trust and habits of cooperation between governments are more likely to develop through the sharing of discrete public-sector responsibilities, or functions (e.g., collecting meteorological data, coordinating international air-traffic control, the prevention of pandemic diseases, and promoting sustainable development)

Question 12

Neofunctionalism:

Answer 12

Neofunctionalism reintroduced territorialism in the functional theory and downplayed its global dimension. Neofunctionalism is simultaneously a theory and a strategy of regional integration, Neofunctionalists focused their attention solely on the immediate process of integration among states, i.e. regional integration. Initially, states integrate in limited functional or economic areas.

Question 13

ECSC

Answer 13

(European Coal and Steel Community) 1951: The beginning of European Integration (European Union)

Question 14

Bretton Woods system: 1944

Answer 14

The perceived causes of the economic catastrophes of the previous decade, as well as the states’ beliefs about the need for active U.S. leadership, shaped the proposals.
The United States sought free trade, open markets, and monetary stability—all central tenets of what would become the “Bretton Woods system”—based on the theoretical premises of commercial liberalism, which advocates free markets with few barriers to trade and capital flows.
Rested on 3 political bases
Power was concentrated in the rich Western European and N American countries
Compromise between American and Britain Ideology| honored liberal and mercantile desires
Embedded liberalism
Worked because the US assumed the burdens of hegemonic leadership

Question 15

World Bank

Answer 15

(Post 1944 Bretton Woods Conference):
July 1944, 44 countries created the world bank
Originally established to support reconstruction efforts in Europe after WWII
Shifted from reconstruction to developmental assistance
Lower interest and longer repayments to less developed countries

Question 16

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

Answer 16

Pre WWII | international community lacked institutional mechanisms to manage the exchange of money across borders
Post 1944 Bretton Woods Conference
a truly global IGO designed to maintain currency exchange stability by promoting international monetary cooperation and orderly exchange arrangements.
Further, the IMF sometimes functions as a lender of last resort for countries experiencing financial crises.

Question 17

GATT/WTO:

Answer 17

1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1995 (WTO): Has authority to enforce trading rules and to adjudicate trade disputes
WTO undermines the traditional rule of law that prohibits interfering in sovereign states’ domestic affairs,

Question 18

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries):

Answer 18

(OPEC), an intergovernmental organization of twelve oil-exporting developing countries that coordinates the petroleum policies of its members, remains important as well.
OPEC has set production targets for its members in order to manage the price of oil on the global market for both economic and political purposes.

Question 19

Oil Crisis (1973)

Answer 19

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countriesproclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo was targeted at nations perceived as supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War.[1] The initial nations targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States with the embargo also later extended to Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa.
By the end of the embargo in March 1974,[2] the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices were significantly higher. The embargo caused an oil crisis, or “shock”, with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.

Question 20

Debt Crisis

Answer 20

Beginning in the late 1970s, escalating through the 1980s, and persisting to the present, a wave of financial crises—both in currency and banking—occurred (see Map 10.2). In the Global South, the situation was particularly grim during the 1980s and 1990s. A massive debt crisis in Latin America, as well as unsustainable debt levels throughout the developing and transitioning economies, raised alarms throughout the global financial system.

Question 21

HIPC

Answer 21

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: Debt reduction program starting in 1996 and targeted debt levels in forty developing countries

Question 22

Command Economy

Answer 22

an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. Example
Soviet union
Underproduced items
Limited
Lack of incentives to innovate or improve efficiency

Question 23

Contagion Economic Theory

Answer 23

It helps explain an economic crisis extending across neighboring countries, or even regions. … International financial contagion, which happens in both advanced economies and developing economies, is the transmission of financial crisis across financial markets for direct or indirect economies.

Question 24

LDC’s

Answer 24

Least Developed Countries

Question 25

Washington Consensus

Answer 25

The term Washington Consensus usually refers to the level of agreement between the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and U.S. Department of the Treasury on those policy recommendations

Question 26

EU European Union:

Answer 26

A regional organization created by the merger of the
European Coal and Steel Community,
the European Atomic Energy Community,
European Economic Community (called the European Community until 1993) that has since expanded geographically and in its authority.

Question 27

Comparative Advantage:

Answer 27

The concept in liberal economics that, even if a state does not have an absolute advantage in the production of any good, a state will still benefit if it specializes in the production of those goods that it can produce at a lower opportunity cost.

Question 28

Terms of Trade

Answer 28

relationship between the prices at which a country sells its exports and the prices paid for its imports. If the prices of a country’s exports rise relative to the prices of its imports, one says that its terms of trade have moved in a favourable direction, because, in effect, it now receives more imports for each unit of goods exported. The terms of trade, which depend on the world supply of and demand for the goods involved, indicate how the gains from international trade will be distributed among trading countries

Question 29

NIC’s (Newly industrialized countries):

Answer 29

The most prosperous members of the Global South, which have become important exporters of manufactured goods as well as important markets for the major industrialized countries that export capital goods

Question 30

Cornucopians

Answer 30

Optimists who question limits-to growth perspectives and contend that markets effectively maintain a balance between population, resources, and the environment.

Question 31

Hegemon

Answer 31

A preponderant state capable of dominating the conduct of international political and economic relations.