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animal behavior > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

natural selection

A

heritable differences in survival and reproduction in a population

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2
Q

sexual selection

A

a subset of natural selection that acts on heritable traits affecting reproduction, ability to attract mate

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3
Q

Primary sexual characteristics

A

genitalia and reproductive organs differentiating males and females, affected by sexual selection

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4
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

differences between males and females that are not directly involved in reproduction, often decorative to attract mates

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5
Q

In which two ways does sexual selection operate in

A

intrasexual selection and intersexual selection

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6
Q

intrasexual selection

A

members of same sex compete each other for access to other sex, “male male” competition, favors evolution of weapons
eg: horns on dung beatles

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7
Q

intersexual selection

A

one sex selects other for reproduction, ‘female mate choice’, favors evolution of ornaments
eg: peacock tail

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8
Q

why are there two sexes?

A

gametes determine sex
male gametes: small motile gametes, cheep
female gametes: larger, immotile gametes, more expensive

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9
Q

anisogamy

A

animals with males and females, difference size gametes

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10
Q

isogamy

A

animals all produce same size gametes

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11
Q

Why are females normally choosy?`

A

Bateman hypothesis: male reproductive success is limited by number of eggs, male reproductive success is limited by number of mates, so females are choosier bc there is more competition for female gametes

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12
Q

parental investment theory

A

the sex that pays the highest cost should be choosier, this is usually females (incubation, feeding etc)

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13
Q

sex role reversal

A

when females compete for males that invest heavily in parental care and males are choosy

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14
Q

what happens during sex role reversal

A

females develop ornaments and weapons

eg: pipefish and seahorses (get preggo)

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15
Q

how can you tell who is choosier

A

animals with ornaments and weapons are often not the ones choosing

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16
Q

How do preferences evolve

A

1) sensory bias hypothesis
2) direct benefits of mate choice
3) indirect genetic benefits of mate choice

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17
Q

sensory bias hypothesis

A

Female mating preferences are a product of preexisting biases in females’ sensory system
thus biases evolved in none-mating contexts, males evolved to match pre-existing biases, like food!
eg: trinidadian guppies and the color orange!

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18
Q

direct benefit of mate choice

A

females can benefit by choosing males that provide direct benefits like food gifts, access to territories with food or enhanced parental care
Nuptial gifts: given to female before mating, provides nutrition
eg: fireflies transfer spermatophore during mating which has lots of protein

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19
Q

Indirect genetic benefits of mate choice

A

genetic benefits females obtain for their offspring by mating with males with high genetic quality
2 types: fisherman runaway selection and handicap principle/good genes

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20
Q

fisherman runaway selection

A

male trait coevolves with female preference and becomes increasingly exaggerated
1) female mates with mate with preferred trait
2) sons inherit trait, daughters inherit preference
3) strength of trait and preference increase (runaway) until costs outweigh the benefits.
assumes a linkage between gene for trait and preference
found for 23/43 species

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21
Q

handicap principle/ good genes

A

handicap principle: secondary sexual traits are costly, so only highest quality can display the most extreme forms
‘good genes’’: females benefit from choosing high quality males because offspring will inherit high quality alleles.
european tree frog: males call to attract females, offspring growth correlated with the attractiveness of males (most calls)

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22
Q

precopulatory sexual selection

A

sexual selection before mating

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23
Q

post-copulatory sexual selection

A

selection that occurs after mating, effects fertilization success

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24
Q

intrasexual postcopulatory selection

A

sperm competition between different males to fertilize eggs

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25
Q

intersexual selection

A

cryptic female choice, female influence over which males sperm fertilizes her eggs

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26
Q

Mate guarding

A

male follows female around before and after sex to reduce sperm competition and enhance paternity success, but is a lot of time and energy

eg: black throated warblers—> is effective in increasing paternity
eg: damsel flies genitals suck out other sperm, dunnock: when males return they peck at cloak for it to swell and expel sperm

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27
Q

Cryptic female choice

A

females influence fertilization success of some sperm over others in favor of high quality males
eg: feral fowl: females eject sperm of males that are subordinate, because they often coerce her,
but they still have same mating success

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28
Q

Alternative reproductive male tactics

A

1) bourgeois tacticL

2) parasitic tactic

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29
Q

Bourgeois tactic

A

used by competitive males that define territory and posses attractive traits

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30
Q

parasitic tactic

A

used by less competitive males to steal matings from bourgeois males

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31
Q

types of parasitic male tactics:

A

satellite males and sneaker males

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32
Q

satellite males

A

stay near bourgeois males to intercept females

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33
Q

sneaker males

A

hide from bourgeois males but sneak in to fertilize eggs, often pretend to be females

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34
Q

How do these tactics evolve

A

conditional strategy hypothesis and evolutionary stable hypothesis

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35
Q

conditional strategy hypothesis:

A

bourgeois are the highest fitness, and only best condition males poorer condition takes parasitic approach to get some success
basically, males with lower fitness don’t have any choice if they want to survive
eg: green frog calls, satellite males want to be near highest quality males because they want to mate with females the bourgeous males are attracted to

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36
Q

evolutionary stable strategy

A

two strategies are maintained by frequency dependent relationship. fitness of tactics are higher when rare.
eg: pumpkin seed fish, sneaker males fertilize eggs: prediction is they have the same success, this is true

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37
Q

mate choice copy

A

a situation in which one individual observes and copies the mating decision of another prob because it is difficult to evaluate male quality if similar of if unexperienced
Trinidadian guppies changed choice to be choice of a model female.

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38
Q

sexual conflict

A

occurs when males and females have conflicting reproductive interests–> males and females maximize their reproductive fitness in different ways—> associated with nonmonogomous systems,

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39
Q

why harm your mate?

A

selection doesn’t favor harm itself, selection favors a trade that increases an individuals fitness, and sometimes harm occurs as a byproduct

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40
Q

sexual conflict as infraspecific coevolutionary arms race

A

male adaption–> costly to female—> female adaptation–> costly to male–> male adaptation etc…

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41
Q

adaptations to sexual conflict

A

grasping/antigrasping structures (water striders), male harassment(drosophila) /femaleresistance, traumatic insemination(bedbugs)

42
Q

sexual conflict over fertiliztion

A

adaptation for sperm competition (seed beetles–> male genetaliea has spines, longer spines have more offspring, puncture reproductive tracts, female developed thickened walls.

43
Q

copulatory plugs

A

transferred from males to females during mating, hardens inside female and prevents females from relating, females evolve to dissolve it

44
Q

toxic seminal proteins

A

transfers toxic proteins in seminal fluid, increase egg production and makes females less receptive to other males, decreases their lifespan and fecundity

45
Q

parental care

A

behaviors of parent to increase offspring fitness, costly to parents, both parents experience same fitness benefits of parental care, parent with highest cost of care should provide less care

46
Q

female biased parental care

A

in many mammals and birds, females provide more care because they have more confidence in relationship to offspring while males are more uncertain when fems aren’t monogamous
eg:blue footed booby ( males and females raise offspring together, females mate with others while males are away, males provide less care when its more possible that females have mated with others)

47
Q

male biased parental care

A

males provide most care in fish, amphibians and reptiles because fertilization is external (visible) so males are more sure,
indeterminate growth: females care for young less because its more beneficial for them to keep growing
eg: bluegill sunfish (territorial males make nests, females lay eggs in nests, sneaker males go in and quickly try to release sperm.

48
Q

monogamy evolves when…

A

biparental care is essential, resources are poorer, rare in mammals bc of lactation eg: california mouse, more survived when both were rpesent

49
Q

why would monogamy evolve without biparental care

A

Territorial cooperation hypothesis:
2 individuals can defend territory better, high territory competition, high predation
Male guarding hypothesis: selection favors males who guard females because males done encounter many females
for snapping shrimp: both are true

50
Q

polygyny mating systems

A

one male and multiple females

51
Q

Female aggregations polygyny types

A

1) female defense polygyny

2) resource defense polygyny

52
Q

Female Defense polygyny

A

single male monopolizes group of females, females group bc of predators
Feral horses: defend their band from others, don’t show territory defense

53
Q

Resource defense polygyny

A

males defend rich territories that attract groups of females.
Carrion beetles will fight over meat and large males were dominant and mated with more females

54
Q

male dominance polygyny

A

males gather in fixed locations (leks) where they display to females, dom males occupy best locations, small number of males mate with multiple females

55
Q

Why do low rank males lek?

A

1) hotspot hypothesis: all males should gather where there are lots of females (food is likely there too)
removal of males should not effect attractiveness of lek
peafowl
2) hotshot hypothesis: low rank males should aggregate around high rank males because females are attracted to high rank males
removal of males sshould decrease attractiveness of lek
great snipe

56
Q

Polyandrous mating systems are predicted to evolve when…

A

1 female multiple males, are predicted to evolve when biparent care isn’t necessary and parental care is male based, associated with sex role reversal species

57
Q

Malte Andersson: how can polyandry evolve

A

1) species with male biased parental care, female may need extensive feeding time (resource poor habitat or predation of offspring)
2) females develop high fecundity and can lay more eggs than 1 male can care for
3) competition among females for males

Jacana fits all of these!

58
Q

polygynangrous mating systems

A 
multiple males and multiple females
rare but occurs in social species
"plural breading"
predicted to evolve when group defense of territory is more successful than individuals
all defend together
e.g. european badgers!
59
Q

promiscuous mating systems

A

multiple males multiple females, without social groups

60
Q

when does promiscuity evolve

A

when benefits of social living is low, pair bonds do not benefit either sex, territory defense is too costly

61
Q

what is a type of promiscuous mating

A

scramble competition: individuals compete with one another to find and mate with multiple partners
eg: kelp flies
red squirrels

62
Q

social vs genetic monogamy

A

can be social monogamous and genetically not,

eg: songbirds engage in extra pair copulations (EPC), EPC can benefit offspring if mate isn’t high quality so that they can have offspring with better mates
eg: Juncos!

63
Q

life history traits

A

traits involved in growth, survival, reproduction

eg: age at first reproduction, number/ size of offspring, amount of parental care, survival rate

64
Q

life history theory

A

natural selection favors traits that maximize an individuals lifetime reproductive success (energy and resources are distributed between self and reproduction, tradeoff between own growth and reproduction

65
Q

Low parental care

A

low survival, short life span, high fecundidty

66
Q

high parental care

A

high survival, long life span, low fecundity

67
Q

medium parental care

A

medium fecundity, survivorship and parental care

68
Q

tradeoff between current and future offspring

A

energy allocated toward current offspring reduces the energy available for future offspring

69
Q

parent-offpsirng conflict theory

A

parents and their offspring have different fitness interests under different selective pressures, parents should maximize lifetime reproductive success, offspring should maximize their own fitness (obtain as much energy/care from parents as possible
optimal level of parental investment is higher for offspring than parent which creates a conflict

70
Q

consequences of parent-offspring conflict

A

1) if parental care costs increase, parent should provide less care to current offspring
2) tradeoff between current and future reproduction– parents that invest more in current brood should have higher current reproductive success but reduced future success
eg: treehoppers

71
Q

brood reduction

A

the death of some siblings as a result of biased parental care to enhance fitness of surviving siblings- beneficial if resources scarce, some siblings are small or sick

72
Q

hatching asynchrony

A

differences in hatching timing when birds lay eggs over multiple days allows parents to modify care based on current conditions, high resources–> all offspring have high prob of survival, low resources, only earliest developed offspring have high prob of survival
eg: yellow headed blackbirds

73
Q

brood parasitism

A

a behavior in which a female brood parasite lays an egg ini the nest of another female, reduces parental care,

74
Q

interspecific brood parasites

A

females who lay eggs in nests of another species,

75
Q

obligate interspecific brood parasites

A

only lay eggs in nests of other species, avoids all costs of parental care –> cuckoos and cowbirds

76
Q

brood parasitism causes:

A

a coevolutionary arms race, adapt to recognize own eggs and reject parasites, parasite mimics egg of host better,

77
Q

hormones regulate parental care:

A

steroid hormones in mammals, prolactin, estradiol progesterone
rats treated with prolactin showed more parental care

78
Q

sociality

A

the tendency to live and associate with others

79
Q

benefits of sociality

A

reduce search time for recourses
increased feeding success
enhanced resource defense, reduced creation risk
lower physiological costs (huddling for thermoregulation, increased aerodynamics)

80
Q

costs of sociality

A

increase competition for resources, increased predator attraction
increased risk of disease transmission
increased aggression

81
Q

dominance hierarchies

A

an organized social system with dominant and subordinate members (can actually minimize aggressive interactions

82
Q

linear dominance hierarchy

A

individuals are ranked, dominant to all below, subordinate to all above
eg: charm baboons- reduces aggression

83
Q

cooperative behavior

A

mutually beneficial interaction between individuals

84
Q

altruism

A

a behavior that increases fitness of recipient and involves a cost to the individual performing the behavior (usually involves kin selection , increase fitness of relatives, and inclusive fitness

85
Q

inclusive fitness

A

number of offspring produces + number of offspring produced by relatives

86
Q

hamilton rule

A

predicts when altruism should evolve based on benefits to recipient (b), costs to actor (C) and relatedness between recipient and actor
altruism can evolve when BXr> C
belting ground squirrel’s alarm calls, do it more

87
Q

cooperative reproduction

A

only a few individuals breed, others do not breed but help care for young

88
Q

how can cooperative breeding evolve

A

helpers usually close related to breeding individuals (indirect benefits), and ecological constraints (lack of breeding sites and high predation risk)

89
Q

castes

A

morphologically and behaviorally distinct groups of individuals within a social group
eg: large soldiers that defend nest, small workers that care for nest

90
Q

eusocial species

A

species that live in social groups and have cooperative breeding with a cast system (subset of individuals

91
Q

haplodiploid in eusocial species

A

hymenoptera (wasps bees ants)–> eusociality has evolved multiple times, workers are usually sterile females,
have haplodiploid genetic system, males develop from unfertilized eggs (haploid), females develop from fertilized eggs (diploid)

92
Q

byproduct mutualism

A

when an individual’s behavior increases its own fitness and the fitness of others (cooperative behavior is self serving)

93
Q

direct reciprocal altruism

A

the actor can benefit if the recipient of an altruistic behavior reciprocates in the future, both eventually receive the benefit

94
Q

evolution of reciprocal altruism

A

tit-for-tat strategy: first time interact with new individual: always help
subsequent interactions, match behavior of individual from previous interactions

95
Q

conditions required for evolution of reciprocal altruism

A

individuals must interact repeatedly
benefits of receiving help must exceed costs of giving help
individuals must be able to recognize one another to prevent cheating

eg japanese macaques grooming away parasites

96
Q

parasite

A

an organism that lives in or on another organism and gets nutrients and shelter from the host at the hosts expense

97
Q

hyperparacite

A

a species that parasitizes a paracite

98
Q

definitive host

A

a host in which the parasite reproduces

99
Q

intermediate host

A

a host in which the parasite growths develops but does not reproduce (must get from intermediate host to definitive host to reproduce

100
Q

ectoparasites

A

live on host (external)

101
Q

endoparasites

A

live in host (digestive tract, blood etc) most behavior altering parasites are endoparasites

animal behavior (2 decks)

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