Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Traits may not be perfectly adaptive because of:

A

all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In order for a trait to qualify as an adaptation, it must

A

develop as a result of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Measures of reproductive success that do not actually involve looking at relative reproductive success across many generations are called:

A

proxies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The comparative method of behavioral investigation will often use phylogenetic analysis

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Your text suggests that the fact that ground-nesting black-headed gulls engage in mobbing behavior while closely related kittiwake (that are cliff-nesting) do not mob illustrates an example of:

A

Divergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Observations of peppered moths by H.B.D. Kettlewell provided striking evidence of natural selection operating on different color morphs in the species

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Optimality theory is associated with analysis of costs and benefits

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meire and Ervynck developed a highly accurate optimal foraging model for oystercatchers. They predicted that the most optimal targets were the largest mussels because those animals yielded “the most bang for the buck.”

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

refers to selection that tends to increase rarer forms of a trail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The principle of parsimony suggests that

A

the simplest explanation is often the best

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Idea free distribution theory predicts

A

individuals will select different habitats based on maximizing fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gordon Orians tested the ideal free distribution theory using red-winged blackbirds. He studied other females of this species choose lower quality territories when higher quality territories were occupied

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Marler and Moore tested the costs of territoriality by implanting testosterone beneath the skin of Yarrow’s spiny lizard during a non-breeding time of the year. They found that:

A

Implanted lizards began exhibiting territorial behaviors and sought out females to mate with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Animals occupying a particular area but not engaging territorial defense behaviors are

A

said to occupy a home range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Kemp and Wiklund modified Nick Davies experiments on speckled wood butterflies in their efforts to test the prediction that:

A

Residents generally prevail in territorial contests with intruders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Your text describes a hypothesis that predicts animals may tolerate familiar or neighboring competitors to a greater degree than unfamiliar competitors. This hypothesis is based on an idea called

A

Dear enemy effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Debra Sheir and Ron Swaisgood moved 99 kangaroo rats, permitting about half to retain their familiar neighbors and mixing unfamiliar pairs for the remainder. They found that once rats were established in their new spaces, those in familiar groups reproduced more successfully

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dispersal in mammals is

A

more often seen in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bar-tailed godwits are listed by Alcock as an example of a long-distance migrating species because they migrate from Alaska to New Zealand

A

true

20
Q

As an example of how energetic costs influence migration success, your text describes that case of red knots that feast on aborted seal pups in Delaware Bay. In order to secure enough of this essential protein source the birds exhibit a highly aggressive form of territorial defense that involves direct attempts to blind their competitors via spitting into sand and a chemical irritant into their eyes

A

false

21
Q

Given the safety benefits, migrating birds will most always seek routes over land, even if an over-water route will save them time

A

false

22
Q

Darwin developed ideas to explain the elaborate and often costly displays observed among some sexually breeding species. These ideas are called:

A

Sexual selection theory

23
Q

Alcock described research that predicted that bower-building bird species would exhibit relatively larger brains

A

true

24
Q

According to Alcock, females generally enjoy a greater sense of assurace that their offspring cary their genes

A

true

25
Q

The theory of sex differences suggests

A

competition for mates can be influenced by the operational sex ratio

26
Q

Simply counting the number of matings that males have does not accurately assess their fitness owing to

A

The ned to account for survival of offspring

Sperm competition

27
Q

Matings among birds that are not with their nest partners are called

A

extra-pair copulations

28
Q

In general, the benefits of mate guarding increase with the probability that unguarded females will mate again

A

true

29
Q

Alcock suggests that many behavioral ecologists now see reproduction as an activity in which the two sexes battle for maximum genetic advantage

A

true

30
Q

The term for a mating system whereby females copulate with two or more males in a breeding system, sometimes using the sperm of more than one male to fertilize eggs is called

A

polyandry

31
Q

Most mammal species are monogamous

A

false

32
Q

The mate-assistance hypothesis provides a possible explanation for

A

monogamy

33
Q

Your text describes interactions between male and female buring beetles in which males unsuccessfully attempt to attract a second female to the site of a dead mammal. The principle being illustrated is

A

female-enforced monogamy

34
Q

Your text describes paternal care on the part of Djungarian hamsters in which male hamsters assist in the birth process

A

True

35
Q

in contrast to mammals, most bird species are monogamous

A

false

36
Q

The genetic compatibility hypothesis predicts

A

females will seek multiple males in order to increase the chances of a genetically compatible mating

37
Q

Polyandry can be found in insect species

A

true

38
Q

Benefits that females secure by mating with males beyond quality sperm are called

A

Material benefits

39
Q

The polygyny threshold hyothesis as tested in red-winged blackbirds predicts

A

females will shift from a preference for monogamous males if territory quality offered by polygynous males is significantly better

40
Q

Female caecilians will allow their offspring to eat their own skin

A

true

41
Q

In general, although both sexes pay a price for being paternal, the costs of brood care are generally greater for male than females

A

true

42
Q

Bird species that “trick” other species into raising their young are called

A

brood parasites

43
Q

Female cattle egrets adjust the amount of androgen they supply to their eggs in relation to the egg’s position in the nest

A

false

44
Q

Belostomids (waterbugs) need to lay large eggs because:

A

producing larger eggs is the only way to produce larger sized adults

45
Q

Male paternal care is particularly common among fish species

A

true