Final Exam

Question 1

Causes for urban sprawl (demographic, cultural, policies) and environmental and social consequences. (likely to be open ended)

Answer 1

after WW2 the creation of the GI Bill gave cheap housing to returning soldiers, created places like Levittown

• gigantic areas of easy to build houses with the American ideal of a “white picket fence” home
• Largely a result of housing, tax, and highway policies
• Tax Policies: Federal tax deductions for mortgage interest and local property taxes, accelerated depreciation for commercial real estate investment

Question 2

urbanized area

Answer 2

> 50,000 people

Question 3

urban cluster

Answer 3

<50,000 people

Question 4

CBSA

Answer 4

(core-based statistical area) This is a combination of Urban area/urbanized/cluster as well as MSA.

Question 5

MSA and its governing body?

Answer 5

Where there is an urban area with an urban core. Basically a city with all kinds of municipalities and townships dependant on that urban core. (METROPOLITAN AREA) State college considered metro area.
-> MPO is governing body (metropolitan planning organization)

Question 6

micro- SA

Answer 6

small-city

Question 7

CSA

Answer 7

Combined Statistical Area (any combination of a MSA or Micro-SA)

Question 8

Urban Millenium Year

Answer 8

2007 - The approximate year the majority of the world’s population lived in Urban Areas. (For the US this happened in 1920) Hard to define because “city” is a broad term.

Question 9

Super Zips

Answer 9

“Skyboxification of America”. This article focus’ in on the Northern Virginia region, which is a vast landmass that spreads across 717 square miles. Here, one in every four households is located in what is defined as a super zip. A super zip is defined as America’s most prosperous and well-educated areas (separated by zip-code). This 717 square-mile area is home to a contiguous system of super zips. Those who live in this area are among the most educated, and well-paid people in the country. There is a huge underlying issue with areas like this. The utmost important would be the separating of populations due to affluence. (zip-codes in which have the highest of educational rates and average household pay)

Question 10

Mega-city

Answer 10

over 10,000,000 people

Question 11

The federal laws that regulated the disposal of land in the 19th and early 20th century.

Answer 11

• Started with the Land Ordinance of 1785 which was the first recording by the geographer of the US to make record of Realestate in the northwest territory
• Indian Removal Act removed indians from these areas in order to read Realestate
• Preemption Act of 1841 (allowed people to purchase up to 160 acres of land for $1.25/acre)
• Homestead Act of 1862
• Enlarged Homestead Act of 1869

Question 12

Where is the most federal land and why?

Answer 12

Most federal land is in the western half of the U.S- it was the area acquired after the U.S became a country, Louisiana purchase. Preservation of Natural Areas became a big thing in the west and still is today.

Question 13

The “quiet revolution” in state land use planning, what is the MPC

Answer 13

-States made more active use of their police power
-Police Power = the Power granted to states to do planning
-MPC - Municipality Planning Code
4 Tiered System
:

Question 14

Relationship between comprehensive planning and zoning.

Answer 14

Planning is large scale while zoning is details. The plan typically comes first in an ideal situation. It’s required in some states that the zoning is based off of the comprehensive plan. A comprehensive plan must be updated every ten years and must consist of thorough research. A zoning change can be made quickly.

Question 15

“A good place to do business also makes[s] it a good place to live.” (p.549) “Physical design matters.” (p.549)

Answer 15

Cities may fairly be called natural economic generators of diversity and natural economic incubators of new enterprises. To summarize, when a city has a very diverse setting for business, there is also a good diversity of those who use these businesses, therefore making it a great place to live.

Question 16

“Euclidean zoning has been hard where it should be soft and soft where it should be hard.” (p.548)

Answer 16

Zoning has been hard in dividing our cities and towns into uniform, low-density districts, each dedicated to a single primary use. And zoning has been soft in its failure to set design standards for streets, and for how buildings front upon those streets, that would reinforce the fundamental character of streets as public spaces.

“Euclidean zoning separates or quarantines uses so that they do not “infect one another”

Question 17

“Density must be coupled with variety.” (p.550)

Answer 17

she rejects standardized high-density housing. She likes walk-up and elevated housing types as well as row homes mixed in with one-and two-family houses.

Question 18

“Each block should bring together different uses.” (p.550)

Answer 18

the streets and sidewalks are more active and safer both day and night, while being less congested during peak hours. “the most effective mixture of uses ae fine-grained” Mixed-use districts that offer an array of business, homes, offices, etc, attract a far wider range of people while also spreading out their activities.

Question 19

“Sidewalks […] are the true public spaces of a city.”

Answer 19

The “fine-grained mixture” of uses and activities must be supported by a continuous network of small blocks and frequent streets intensified by parks, squares, and public buildings at key areas. She believed that pedestrians should be favored over cars and street traffic was a necessary part of city life. This could be a precursor to combatting the issue traffic overcrowding by encouraging the people to use the public spaces for walking.

Question 20

“Part of physical diversity of a healthy district […] is the retention of old buildings mixed in with the new.” (p.552)

Answer 20

Old buildings offer cheap for new businesses and low-cost housing. They offer the visual and emotional landmarks that anchor a neighborhood in space and time.

Question 21

“A city is [not] a functional, repetitive machine, [but] an ever-evolving organism.” (p.553)

Answer 21

She is attacking the functionalist presumptions made by city planners. By contrast, she believes that her view of planning and other forms of regulation appropriate means of controlling the pace and nature of smaller-scale, more gradual changes in in urban land uses.

Question 22

What is “predictability” in the three legs procedural principles?

Answer 22

knowing how authorities will act

Question 23

What is “impartiality” in the three legs procedural principles?

Answer 23

actions and decisions apply to all people

Question 24

What is “due-process” in the three legs procedural principles?

Answer 24

expectation that public body will act in a certain way; used if the other principles fail

Question 25

Property rights statements.(eminent domain)

Answer 25

• landowner’s right to equal treatment with owners of similar lands who want to engage in the same activity.
• right to get compensation if a law goes beyond halting a harmful activity and demands that a landowner confer a benefit on the public, realizing through the broad powers of government to redefine harm, keeping it up to date.
• there’s a near total protection for current land uses, unless a land use really is causing obvious harm. If you mix labor to improve land, your labor is protected.
• right to insist that all land use limits foster the public good and not some private good, and that the laws apply broadly to landowners similarly situated.

Question 26

Urbanist Perspective

Answer 26

Urbanist perspective emphasizes “agricultural minimalism” (Jackson-Smith, 2003) • the economic (‘utilitarian’) dimension: urban-rural areas are one economic space • the cultural (‘hedonistic’) dimension: rural areas as the garden of cities

Question 27

Rural Perspective

Answer 27

Rural perspective emphasizes “agricultural essentialism” (Jackson-Smith, 2003), i.e. the ‘social’ dimension of rural areas • farmers as shepherds of the landscape, open space, natural resources, cultural heritage, regional identity • economic importance of agriculture is low (20% of total employment in the US), but they produce a landscape that is appreciated by the public • basis for government funding, e.g. Conservation Reserve Program (CPR) in the US and Rural Development Policy in the EU, which is a legitimization for this perspective

Question 28

Farmland lost in terms of Urbanist vs. Rural

Answer 28

• Loss of farmland goes at cost of (Jackson-Smith, 2003):
• social structure (conflict old/new, rich/poor)
• production conditions (fragmentation)
• rural identity
• agricultural landscape and quality of life

Question 29

Cultural aspects of public participation in rural areas

Answer 29

Rural - people live there for generations, all about the community and just “how its always been” **More on Canvas

Question 30

What are the driving forces for smart growth?

Answer 30

• New Urbanism
• Higher density built environment that incorporates or allows for multimodal transportation and walking
• Mix of non residential land uses, especially civic and open spaces, as well as multiple types of housing that together create a demographically diverse space
• Effort to promote environmental conservation and increase regional density
• Return of baby boomers and millenials- 135 million people in total, the next 100 million- empty nesters and single person households will live in the second ring suburbs
• Housing demand shift from large lots to small over next 20 years

Question 31

What is suburban gentrification within smart growth?

Answer 31

older homes/buildings being purchased and changed, thus changing the identity of the neighborhood

Question 32

Who are the interest groups within smart growth?

Answer 32

the main supporters of Smart Growth; have to encourage the public to get behind it which is generally unsuccessful

Question 33

What are the political barriers within smart growth?

Answer 33

-Red-tape: developers have to do more impact studies in order to get allowance for a project, especially because they are in a city where the requirements are more rigorous

Question 34

What is the homeowners attitude towards smart growth?

Answer 34

Its not what they want; most people want suburban living

Question 35

What is the “old paradigm for transportation?

Answer 35

• “car is king”
• roads and travel were built for cars not for biking and walking.
• we have the highway system to move people quickly, by car, from the suburbs to the city center, which is still the job center

Question 36

What is the “new paradigm” for transportation?

Answer 36

• shared spaces
• need to have room for all forms of transportation
• Have bike paths and usable sidewalks, make sure that everyone has space on the road, and to travel
• See this in cities for the most part
• Traveling can be a joy and a choice.

Question 37

what is the “salad bowl” vs. “melting pot” comparison in terms of public areas and parks?

Answer 37

Salad bowl- mixture of different cultures and ideas within public spaces such as parks

Melting pot- one idea for public spaces and parks

Question 38

What is phronetic planning research

Answer 38

A central task of phronetic planning research is to provide concrete examples and detailed narratives of the ways in which power and values work in planning, with what consequences to whom, and to suggest how relations of power and values could be changed to work with other consequences.
(Sociological and quantitative research )

Question 39

What are four phronetic research questions?

Answer 39

• Where are we going with planning?
• Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power?
• Is this development desirable?
• What should be done?

Question 40

What was Jane Jacobs’ main goal or her main idealism terms of urban development?

Answer 40

Her main goal is to strike a middle-course: to preserve and enhance diversity by avoiding large-scale, cataclysmic physical and social changes, without prominently freezing a community’s character.

Question 41

Why are we doing so much research into smart cities? What may be their benefits?

Answer 41

The smart city can be understood as an urban strategy that seeks advanced technological solutions to the pressing issues facing policy makers today, among which climate change has taken centre stage.

Question 42

In terms of the Smart City readings, what is an ICT, and how was it compared to Hurricane Sandy and New York City?

Answer 42

ICT= information and communication technologies

New York City was declared a major disaster zone. Alongside food and fresh water distribution points organised by public authorities, the telecoms company AT&T provided generator-powered “charging stations” for people to charge their handsets and use wireless connectivity supported by satellites, as mobile and electricity networks were down in parts of the city. Additionally, the telecoms operators AT&T and T-Mobile made a roaming agreement allowing customers of both companies to use either network where services had been affected. The main point is people perceived need for ICT’s was prioritized alongside food and fresh water.

Question 43

Why are people attracted to smart-cities? How can this cause issues?

Answer 43

The desire to eradicate human error is strong in todays world. People view smart cities as an “error-free” solution.

The vision of ‘Smart Cities’ is the urban center of the future, made safe, secure, environmentally green, and efficient because all structures … are interfaced with computerized systems

Changing to smart technologies may eliminate human error but in reality it just creates a new pathway of failure by means of technological error.

In New Songdo the smart city is accessible mainly to privileged international workers and the South Korean “affluent class” as the high development costs are pricing out most locals

Further integration of ITC’s leads to a greater amount of household electrical use. It is estimated that this amount will double within the next two decades.

If equipped with energy-saving technology, consumers typically respond with an
increase in overall energy demand