Final Exam Flashcards
How was abuse shown in the workplace?
Hidden cameras
How did these women in the workplace keep their eyes open while working in terrible conditions?
Clothespins
What was the relationship between buyers and suppliers?
Rich country buyers control web of suppliers in developing countries, with pressure for buyers to take responsibility for working
conditions and environmental impacts
How were leading companies made more vulnerable to bad publicity?
The increase in public awareness of human rights (hidden cameras) was exploited.
Which country was an example of bad factories?
Indonesia (Nike)
What are the 5 Myths of Corporate Codes of Conduct ?
- Corporate Social Responsibility is widespread in the developing world.
- Engaging in CSR is the key challenge for companies and their suppliers in developing countries.
- Compliance with CoC’s in developing countries
will necessarily improve working conditions and reduce
pollution - Auditing improves the understanding of how
CoC’s affect working conditions and the environment - Exclusion of non-complying suppliers from the
supply chain will help to improve working conditions
and the environment
What is wrong with the myth of the Corporate Social Responsibility is widespread in the developing world?
Only a small percent of the world’s transnational corporations embrace CSR. Multinationals don’t have a lot of control over their subcontractors.
What is the wrong with the myth that engaging in CSR is the key challenge for companies and their suppliers in developing countries?
A lot of suppliers don’t even met their own standards. The key challenge in developing countries is to get
companies to meet their legal obligations. Insistence in CSR discourse that companies voluntarily go beyond what they are legally required to do is
meaningless in these cases.
What is wrong with the myth that compliance with CoC’s in developing countries will necessarily improve working conditions and reduce pollution?
Unintended consequences may occur.
For example:
-an environmental standard to clean waste water may result in the waste being dumped illegally in a nearby river
-a code limiting working hours may result in insufficient
income for workers who need the extra hours
-Pakistani example of creating stitching centers for soccer ball production in order to control child labor, but women then had trouble combining work with childcare, work for women outside the home was stigmatized, and commuting time reduced working hours and family incomes
What is the wrong with the myth that auditing improves the understanding of how CoC’s affect working conditions and the environment?
-Issues that workers really value may not be included in the audits.
-Audits are pre-announced and fairly short
-Workers may be coached to give only positive information
-Double record-keeping and falsified information on working hours and pay
-Foreign auditors may not even have the legitimacy to
inspect local factories in developing countries
-Evidence can be tampered with
What is wrong with the myth that exclusion of non-complying suppliers from the supply chain will help to improve working conditions and the environment?
Workers can lose their jobs because their suppliers closed down and children go into more hazardous wok (child prostitution, mining, etc)
Why is women ‘s economic empowerment important?
It helps women mostly, but also help the economy.
What does it mean to improve women’s economic empowerment? What can help enable this?
It provides men and women opportunities (equality in access to education, health services, agency, etc), as well as the expansion of people’s outcomes (gender equality in income, wealth, assets, market work, and household work). It also improves women’s economic empowerment.
A wide range of interventions
Why is women entrepreneurship an important source of income generation for women and men?
- Provides flexibility
- Opportunity to act on innovative ideas
- Allows for upward mobility in labor market
- Self-employment a source of income when paid jobs are scarce, especially in low-income countries
- A source of income for women in conservative countries where women face constraints working outside the home
- Allows parents, especially mothers, to combine labor market participation with child care
What are three important strategies for promoting women’s self-employment?
- Loans
- Conditional cash transfer
- Bundled financial packages`
What is microfinancing?
Very small loans are given to women so that they can use it to start their business
Why would women’s friends pressure each other to pay the loans?
So that the other women can be paid
Who were the critics of these loans?
The husbands. They would get jealous, so they would resort to abuse.
Who started more businesses and why?
Women did because men already had access to money.
What were conditional cash transfer programs?
Women would get cash from the government for doing certain things (often on children). Some of these programs included support for women’s education, training, and employment. Most well known: Mexico’s Oportunidades (Progresa) program and Brazil’s Bolsa Familia
Why were women the target in these programs?
Give them extra money, they’ll spend it on their children.
look at
Women’s rights are human rights graph
what was wrong with the bundled financial packages?
- flypaper effect
- there is little to none positive impact of loans, grants, cash on women’s entrepreneurship and empowerment
what is the flypaper effect and what can be done to modify in order to strengthen it?
- Want loans to stick to their objectives (especially if there’s a problem with husbands)
- husbands and family members may take control over the liquid assets
-allow women to receive transfers through their own mobile phones or in their own secure savings accounts
what is the primary source of employment in many developing countries today?
farming and agriculture
what are the three salient features of the gendered division of labor in agriculture and what is the result?
- women’s relatively greater burden of unpaid work in caring labor
- gender gaps in agricultural productivity arising from an equitable access to land and inputs
- relatively more men holding the higher-paying wage jobs
it holds negative repercussions for agricultural productivity and overall economic progress
what do women allocate a disproportionate amount of time to?
childcare and domestic responsibilities
where are women most likely to work?
non-remunerated Productive farm work which means that they combine work with childcare responsibilities. This limits their ability to work gainfully in the market
what are agricultural sectors characterized by and why?
Large gender gaps in productivity across countries
mainly because an equitable allocation of land, and puts, credit and support services are given
what are some common features across countries of wage labor in agricultural markets?
- Women’s relative participation in the rural wage market is low
- Women are less likely to hold full-time contracts
- Women are more likely to be in seasonal jobs
- trailer female participation in local and global supply chains
- growth in the production of cash crops has helped women, but there is increasing gender segregation in the agricultural labor force
what are some strategies to promote women’s agency in agriculture?
- develop infrastructure to reduce their unpaid work burdens
- promote gender aware agricultural extension services
- formalize of woman’s land ownership and property rights
What do gender differences in wage employment encompass?
- Labor force participation rates
- wage gaps and occupational segregation
- working conditions
what are some facts about gender wage gap is an occupational segregation?
- on average, women earn less than men in most countries
- men’s advantage often persists overtime
- gaps partially explained by gender differences in observed characteristics (like education and experience), where the rest of the gap could be due to discrimination by employers
- occupational segregation around the globe
- some evidence that globalization and competition and manufactured export markets has put downward pressure on women’s wages
all of this results in larger gender wage gap‘s
what is the key objective to promote equal treatment?
to reduce disparities and pay and employment by passing and enforcing antidiscrimination legislation
how can working conditions and global factories improve?
- Government enforcement of existing labor laws
- Strengthen and enforced worker rights to organize and bargain collectively
what are some strategies to promote equal treatment?
- improve working conditions in global factories
- provide level playing field for working parents with paid parental leave, paid sick leave, and public support for child care
- Increase access to schooling and promote skill development for girls and women
what do gender smart policy reforms need in order to facilitate more inclusive economic growth?
- promote decent and productive employment opportunities
- support women’s roles as income and care providers
- reduce their unpaid work burdens
What are some examples of genders my policies that promote women’s economic empowerment?
- provide women with greater access to credit
- promote skill development of women beyond gender stereotypes
- invest in infrastructure
- improved agricultural extension services
- implement gender responsive social protection measures such as paid parental leave and paid sick leave benefits
- enforce antidiscrimination legislation
- strengthen woman’s property Rights
What risks does sex work carry? Which is the most feared?
STD’s, HIV/AIDS, and physical safety
Workers are more afraid of risking physical safety than obtaining disease.
What do sex workers charge higher premiums for?
- Going to unknown places and for going with more than one client
- having vaginal sex without
a condom, but premium not as high
Why don’t sex workers insist on getting condoms?
They fear that their client is going to get angry or abusive`
What was the Nicaragua study on?
one of the first to look at how these risks
interact and how they influence women’s agency in
confronting them.
What ethnographic material did the study use?
Survey, interview, focus groups, etc.
What were main findings of the Nicaragua study?
-sex workers are concerned about their
long-term health, but they face important immediate
structural constraints to protecting themselves from
violence
-Sex workers engage in relatively fewer risks to their
safety, and when they do, they charge a higher premium
compared to risks to their health.
-Results suggest that containing the spread of HIV/AIDS is
not just about education about safe sex, it’s about
providing sex workers with a safe working environment.
-Minimizing physical risk increases sex workers’ control of
the transactions and their bargaining power relative to
their clients → condom use can be negotiated up-front
Why do sex workers only keep a small fraction of their earnings?
They pay for drug addictions and third-party extortions of their earnings
What happens when former sex-workers leave the sex trade?
They face stigma and insufficient training when attempting to rejoin the mainstream labor market. the individuals have lost significant opportunities to acquire
income-earning productivity attributes and, over their
work life, sex-trade workers may incur large indirect
personal costs in terms of lost earnings compared to
similar women in society.
What are the two kinds of segregation, where were they most common, and what did it entail?
- de jure segregation
- Segregation by law
- Common in the South
- Laws forbade African-Americans from attending the same church, using the same swimming pool, eating in restaurants, or marrying white people. - de facto segregation
- Segregration without laws
- Common in the North
- Housing discrimination. White community groups did not allow non-Whites to live in White neighborhoods. Every ethnic group had its own part of town.
What was the Plessy v Ferguson case and what was the decision?
1896 Homer Plessy took a seat in the “Whites Only” car of a train and refused to move. He was arrested, tried, and convicted in the District Court of New Orleans for
breaking Louisiana’s segregation law.
Split decision that “separate but equal” law did not violate the 14th amendment
What was the Brown vs. Board of Education case and what was the decision?
In 1954 Linda Brown’s parents wanted her to attend
the school close to her home. Her parents sued the Board of Education to try to force them to allow Linda to attend the white school. Kansas law stated she had to attend a segregated school. NAACP and attorney Thurgood Marshall tested the law. Judge said segregation in public schools is unconstitutional
- “separate educational facilities inherently unequal”
- desegregation required across the nation
How did the wars change segregation?
WWII/Korean War -racial minorities (African-Americans, Hispanics, or Native Americans) made many gains. The U.S. military had needed their help and had allowed them to fight. Many came home heroes and earned respect.
Racists - Most people believed America had fought those wars for democracy and freedom. Racial segregation started to seem un-American to many. People remembered that Hitler and the other anti-democratic leaders had been racists.
Cold War - America was trying to convince the world that it was better than the Soviet Union, racism made America look bad to the rest of the world. Communists could use America’s racism as an example showing that the U.S. was evil.
Who was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and how did he and television change segregation?
gained national prominence as a leader during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Arrested in Birmingham
Americans could watch the news every day. The non-violent civil disobedience used by King made the civil rights protesters look like good people and made their opponents look hateful, violent, and ugly. People could also hear Dr. King’s inspiring speeches. He was a powerful speaker who knew how to change people’s hearts and minds.
