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Abnormal psych > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Pavlov’s discovery/contribution to psychology

A 
Classical conditioning.
o	Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
o	Unconditioned Response (UCR)
o	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
o	Conditioned Response (CR)
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2
Q

Social learning theory

A

Social learning theory is the view that people learn by observing others. Associated with Albert Bandura’s work in the 1960s, social learning theoryexplains how people learn new behaviors, values, and attitudes.

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3
Q

Importance of cultural considerations in considering abnormal behavior

A 
o	Cultural relativism
•	 Whatever culture defines it as
•	 Not absolute, arbitrary
•	 Pro: acknowledges culture
•	 Con: cannot compare cultures
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4
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences.

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5
Q

Multidimensional integrative approach

A

Approach to the study of psychopathology that holds psychological disorders as always being the products of multiple interacting causal factors.
o Biological
o Genes, neural chemicals, activity, connectivity
o Psychological
o Behavioral/cognitive/psychodynamic/existential
o Emotional
o Cycle of effect (fear, anxiety) on behavior, biology
o Social/Interpersonal
o Social learning and social effects
o Developmental

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6
Q

Learned helplessness

A

o a condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed. It is thought to be one of the underlying causes of depression.

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7
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD symptoms)

A 
Intrusive and nonsensical 
 Thoughts, images, or urges
 Attempts to resist or eliminate
 Compulsions
 Thoughts or actions 
 Provide relief from obsessive thoughts
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8
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD symptoms)

A 
Feeling restless, “keyed up”
 Chronic muscle tension 
 Uncontrollable worry, many “spheres” 
 Can’t concentrate
 Sleep disturbances
 Hypervigilance
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9
Q

PTSD symptoms

A 
Trauma exposure 
 Continued re-experiencing
 Avoidance
 Emotional numbing
 Reckless or self-destructive behavior
 Interpersonal problems
 Persist for more than 1 month after the trauma
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10
Q

Thought-action fusion

A

One of these factors is a cognitive distortion known as thought-action fusion. This is when a person believes that thinking bad or distressingthoughts is just as terrible as performing the action associated with thethought.

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11
Q

Somatic symptom disorders

A

excessive or maladaptive response to physical symptoms or health concerns
Substantial impairment in social/occupational functioning
Consistent overreaction to physical signs and sensations

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12
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorders

A

Severe anxiety related to possibility of having/acquiring a serious disease
Mild or absent symptoms
Medical reassurance unhelpful

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13
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Severe alterations or detachments from reality
Affect identity, memory, or consciousness
Depersonalization
Derealization

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14
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Includes several forms of psychogenic memory loss
Generalized vs. localized or selective type
May involve dissociative fugue

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15
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Formerly known as multiple personality disorder
Key feature: dissociation of personality
Adoption of several knew identities
Identities are unique

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16
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

One or more MDEs w/ periods of remission
Recurrent episodes – more common
No manic or hypomanic episodes

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17
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

At least two years of depressive symptoms
Most of the day, on >50% of the days
May include periods of more severe major depressive symptoms

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18
Q

Bipolar 1 disorder

A

You must have had at least one manic episode and one major depressive episode to be diagnosed with bipolar 1 disorder. The depressive episode must have occurred either before or after the manic episode.

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19
Q

Bipolar 2 disorder

A

Bipolar 2 disorder involves a major depressive episode lasting at least two weeks and at least one hypomanic episode. People with bipolar 2 typically don’t experience manic episodes

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20
Q

Commonly observed triggers for suicide

A 
Increased social / interpersonal isolation
 Increased stress
 Major life altering event
 Talking about death
Giving away possessions
 Writing a letter
 Elevated Mood
 Previous suicide attempt
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21
Q

Anhedonia

A

inability to feel pleasure
Extremely depressed mood and/or anhedonia
Most of the day, nearly every day
At least two weeks

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22
Q

Causes of eating disorders

A

Gross deviations in eating behavior
o Heavily influenced by social, cultural, and psychological factors
o Most driven by distorted thinking related to shape and weight

23
Q

Barriers to treatment for those with eating disorders

A

o Heavily influenced by social, cultural, and psychological factors
o Most driven by distorted thinking related to shape and weight

24
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Often diagnosed in childhood
Not associated with excess body weight
Often associated with higher than normal ketone levels at diagnosis

25
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Usually diagnosed in over 30 years old
Often associated with excess body weight
Often associated with high blood pressure and/or cholesterol levels

26
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders

A

Disturbed sleep leading to distress/impairment
Due to brain’s inability to synchronize day and night
Affects stimulation of melatonin
Examples
Shift work type
Familial type
Delayed/advanced sleep phase type

27
Q

Insomnia

A

One of the most common
Microsleeps
Problems initiating/maintaining sleep
Not better explained

28
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

Feeling trapped in the body of the wrong sex
Often assuming identity of the desired sex
Causes are unclear
Gender identity usually begins between 18-36 months of age
Fluid or cross-gender identity is not a disorder unless it causes significant distress or impairment

29
Q

Sexual dysfunction: rates of occurrence

A
  • Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire- Affects 5% of men

* Premature Ejaculation- Affects 21% of all adult males

30
Q

Arousal Disorder

A 
•	Typically manifesting in:
o	reduced sexual interest
o	reduced sexual activity
o	fewer sexual thoughts
o	reduced arousal to sexual cues
o	reduced pleasure or sensations during almost all sexual encounters
31
Q

Diagnosis of sexual problems

A
  • Must lead to impairment or distress in order to be considered a disorder
  • Acts on urges with a nonconsenting person
32
Q

Paranoid Schizotypal

A

o Pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion
o Few meaningful relationships, sensitive to criticism
o Poor quality of life

33
Q

Schizoid characteristics

A

o Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships

o Very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations

34
Q

Schizotypal characteristics

A

o Behavior and dress is odd and unusual
o Socially isolated and highly suspicious
o Magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions
o Many meet criteria for major depression
o Some conceptualize this as resembling a milder form of schizophrenia

35
Q

Borderline

A

o Unstable moods and relationships
o Impulsivity, fear of abandonment, very poor self-image
o Self-mutilation and suicidal gestures
Comorbidity rates are high with other mental disorders, particularly mood

36
Q

Antisocial

A

o Failure to comply with social norms
o Violation of the rights of others
o Irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful
o Lack of a conscience, empathy, and remorse
o “Sociopathy,” “psychopathy” typically refer to this disorder or very similar traits
o May be very charming, interpersonally manipulative

37
Q

Histrionic

A

o Overly dramatic and sensational
o May be sexually provocative
o Often impulsive and need to be the center of attention
o Thinking and emotions are perceived as shallow
o More commonly diagnosed in females

38
Q

Narcissistic

A

o Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance
o Preoccupation with receiving attention
o Lack sensitivity and compassion for other people
o Highly sensitive to criticism; envious, and arrogant

39
Q

Avoidant

A

o Extreme sensitivity to the opinions of others
o Highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships
o Interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection
o Low self esteem

40
Q

Dependent

A

o Reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions
o Unreasonable fear of abandonment
o Clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships

41
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive

A

o Excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way
o Highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow
o Unwilling to delegate tasks because others will do them wrong
o Difficulty with spontaneity
o Often have interpersonal problems
o Obsessions and compulsions are rare

42
Q

Prevalence of personality disorders

A

• Prevalence of personality disorders
o Affects about 1% of the general population
• Thought to begin in childhood
• Tend to run a chronic course if untreated
• Gender distribution and gender bias in diagnosis

43
Q

Schizophrenia

A

• A pervasive type of psychosis characterized by disturbed thought, emotion, behavior
Broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions including:
• Delusions and hallucinations
• Disorganized speech and behavior
• Inappropriate emotional & behavioral responding

44
Q

Avolition

A

decrease in the motivation

45
Q

Alogia

A

inability to speak because of mental defect

46
Q

Affective flattening

A

A loss or lack of emotional expressiveness

47
Q

ADHD

A 
o	Central features – inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity
o	Associated with numerous impairments
•	Behavioral
•	Cognitive
•	Social and academic problems
48
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorders

A

• Defining characteristic: Failure to develop age-appropriate social relationships
o Problems occur in language, socialization, and cognition
o Pervasive – problems span many life areas
o Two main areas of impairment:
o Communication and social interaction
o 25% don’t acquire effective speech
o Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

49
Q

Specific Learning Disorder

A

o Academic problems in reading, mathematics, and/or writing
o Performance substantially below expected levels based on age and/or demonstrated capacity (e.g., IQ)
o Problems persist for 6+ months
o Not better accounted for by other factors (e.g., life events, etc.

50
Q

Treatment options for ADHD

A

• Goal: reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity, improve attention
• Stimulant medications
o Currently prescribed for 4 million U.S. children
o Examples: Ritalin, Dexedrine, Adderall, Strattera
o Pharmacogenetics – some trial & error
o Problem: May increase risk for later substance abuse
• Effects
o Temporarily improve compliance, decrease negative behaviors
o No direct effect on learning

51
Q

Importance of early identification of developmental disorders

A

Early intervention is critical – may “normalize” the functioning of the developing brain

52
Q

Treatment for Autism

A 
o	Psychosocial  treatments
o	Behavioral approaches
•	Skill building
•	Reduce problem behaviors
•	Communication and language training
•	Increase socialization
o	Early intervention is critical – may “normalize” the functioning of the developing brain
53
Q

Social communication deficits

A

– Socioemotional initiation, reciprocity, maintenance behaviors
– Nonverbal communicative behaviors
– Understanding of social interactions and contextual cues (TOM)

54
Q

Restricted and repetitive behavioral patterns

A

– Motor stereotypies, echolalia
– Rigid adherence to rituals and routines
– Intense, focused, perseverative interests
– Hypo- or hypersensitivity to sensory input

Abnormal psych (2 decks)

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