Final Exam Flashcards by Brittany Ducca

Some indoor chemical hazards are

radon and asbestos

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The Pacific “Ring of Fire” is a volcanic area where

there are many earthquakes and active plate boundaries

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In thermohaline circulation of global current systems, surface water is

less salty, less dense, and warmer

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Properties of toxicants likely to build up in animals through bioaccumulation are

non-biodegradable, lipid-soluble

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Volcanoes are formed

in subduction zones or in rift valleys

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Most marine protected areas

are along the coastlines of developed nations

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studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following except

lung cancer

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When magma or lava cools, the result is

igneous rock

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bycatch

refers to the accidental capture of animals

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synergistic effects of toxicants

often have effects that are multiplicative

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Plate tectonic movement movement results from

convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle

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salt marshes; mangroves

temperate intertidal, found on tropical shorelines

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the goal of the stockholm convention is to

end the use and release of 12 POPs shown to be the most dangerous

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A new process for removing heavy metals and acid sulfate pollution from mine leachate water is

sulfate-reducing bacteria

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Xeriscaping can save water by

planting native or drought resistant plants with little or no water requirements

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DDT, DDE, PCB’s, and PBDEs are all

non-biodegradable and subject to bioaccumulation and/or bioamplification

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Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called

acid drainage

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The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern pacific is referred to as

El Nino

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The Toxic Substances Control Act regulates

industrial chemicals

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Sustainable minerals use and longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following EXCEPT

increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals

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In a municipal water treatment plant, the primary treatment step consists of

letting sewage sit in large tanks so suspended solids settle out

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Transport of airborne toxicants, a specific problem in agricultural environments, is called

drift

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The U.S Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires

mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of mined areas before getting permits

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Which of the following best describes the initial ecological consequences of falling water tables. The loss of

permanent wetlands

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Recent evidence suggests that controlling emissions of this gas would reduce both ozone depletion and global warming

carbon dioxide

Which of the following are market mechanisms for addressing climate change?

cap-and-trade, carbon offsets

Nuclear power plants

experienced the most growth during 1970s and 1980s

Water soluble sulfur and nitrogen oxides produced by burning fossil fuels can be removed from an industrial source by

wet scrubbers

The 2009 Copenhagen Conference

failed to produce a treaty because the US failed to support it and China refused international monitoring for promised steep cuts

When Uranium-235 atoms undergo fission, ___ is produced

smaller atoms, free neutrons, energy

Which one of the following are not yet regulated by the EPA?

carbon dioxide

Recent research indicated that the variation in solar output

is less than any of the anthropogenic factors influencing climate change

Oil shale and oil sands

contain solid organic kerogens that can be mined and processed into pretroleum

Today, ______ has the worst acid deposition problem, primarily because

China/ coal-fired electrical and industrial plants

The most recent analyses of polar ice cores have given us the ability to profile global climate change back as far as

80,000 years

_____is not a part of the technology of "clean coal"

Removing carbon content from coal before combustion

The primary causes of acid deposition are

sulfur and nitrogen oxides

____% of U.S citizens live in coastal countries, thus vulnerable to rises in sea level

Many developed nations have their economics closely tied to imported fossil fuels. One important consideration is that

the economy can be disrupted by the decision made in fuel exporting nations

The reason that temperature increases with altitude through most of the stratosphere is

heat is released by absorption of UV radiation by oxygen and ozone

Hydroelectric power generation

is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases

Organizations like OPEC have formed

in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil

small city air deteriorated in the past 10 years....

improve transportation options, including carpool lanes, buses, and light rail

Growing rice results in the release of

methane

Energy conservation in the United States

can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption

Which of the following is a consequence of acidic deposition?

leaching out of important minerals from soils and loss of bodiversity

In legislation, the precautionary principle applied to climate change states that

lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used to postpone measures to prevent major environmental degradation

The oil spill resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster

is the worst oil spill in US history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems

All of the following are true of using solar photocells, EXCEPT

strong encouraged in the US b tax incentives and large development investments

The current state of e-wastes is that

although recycling is improved, the rate of e-wastes going into landfills and incinerators is rising

The ecological footprint of a large city is_____ than the surrounding natural area

much higher

More and more wind farms are being located _____ because winds are stronger there

offshore

Funding for Superfund toxic waste sites

has become the responsibility of taxpayers since 2004

The urban heat island effect is caused by

heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces

Globally, more than 80% of all primary energy for today's economics comes from

fossil fuels

The EPA is charged with cleaning up brownfields, which are

lands whose reuse or development is complicated by the presence of hazardous materials

LEED-certified buildings could be described by all of the following, except

construction costs much less than for conventional buildings

Ground-source heat pumps

heat and cool houses and buildings more efficiently than conventional methods

Deep-well injection

injects mostly liquid hazardous wastes into porous rock deep beneath human water supplies

People who live entirely within an urban environment

may become disconnected from nature and from the true costs of their needs and activities

Both pyrolysis and gasification are ways of producing ____ from ___

methane and diesel fuels; biomass

As of early 2010 under the jurisdicaiton of the EPA, approxiamtely _____% of hazardous sites identified under CERLA as a national priority have been cleaned up

A resource sink

an area that produces almost none of the things that it needs

Bagasse and sugar cane-based ethanol are major items in the energy resources

Brazil

In the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, the metals in the winners medals were

recovered from recycled e-wastes

the role of zoning is to

classify areas for different types of urban development and land use

Biofuels and nuclear power may prove useful as

energies to bridge the time between fossil fuel depletion and new renewables

E-wastes are a source of

heavy metals

An Urban Growth Boundary is intended to

provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural

Which of the following is true of corn-produced ethanol?

results in higher food prices for corn and corn products

______ represents the largest source of unregulated hazardous waste

households

A city planner needs to consider

optimal land use strategies for different areas of the city

What drives the move to the suburbs from the cities?

desire to lie in less stressful, more peaceful park-like conditions

The greatest general problem with suburbs is

that they spread environmental impact over a larger area

Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that

an expanded bus system, affordable to all, can solve a large city's traffic congestion

Oregon's strong policy on enforcing UGB's to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004-2007, voters

passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's

In developing nations, such as India and Nigeria

rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers

Around the world, most major cities are situated

along rivers, oceans, roads, or train routes

Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels and television all have allowed people to

live in less centralized communities

Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include

increased use of fossil fuels

One of the things that contributes to sprawl is

the trend towards increasing land per capita

Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which point is valid?

It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs

The world's most abundant fossil fuel

coal

Solar radiation makes several other energy sources possible, including

wind energy