Final Exam

Question 1

Authoritative

Answer 1

Takes a more democratic approach, guides the child in a rational, issue-oriented manner. Affirms the child’s perspective but sets standards of behavior. Encourages verbal give-and-take. Shares with child the reasons behind expectations and rules.

Question 2

Permissive

Answer 2

Consults with the child about all decisions. Makes few demands regarding chores and responsibilities

Question 3

Authoritarian

Answer 3

Attempts to shape, manage, and evaluate the children’s behavior and attitudes based on the parent’s own set of standards, which are usually rigid and absolute. Values obedience. Does not encourage verbal give-and-take

Question 4

Uninvolved parenting

Answer 4

Largely just disengaged parents, low responsiveness, not warm, low demandingness/control. Minimize the cost of parenting

Question 5

Authoritarian Parenting Outcome

Answer 5

low social and cognitive competence, low self-esteem and lower initiative to accomplish

Question 6

Permissive Parenting Outcome

Answer 6

immature and struggle with impulse control, difficulty with taking responsibility, little independence

Question 7

Authoritative Parenting Outcome

Answer 7

high social and cognitive competence, more self-reliant, self-controlled, better academic outcomes and social outcomes

Question 8

Uninvolved Parenting Outcome

Answer 8

They must learn to provide for themselves
They fear becoming dependent on other people
They’re often emotionally withdrawn
They tend to exhibit more delinquency during adolescence
They feel fear, anxiety, or stress due to the lack of family support
They have an increased risk of substance abuse

Question 9

Morality

Answer 9

a set of principles or ideals that people use to distinguish right from wrong – “psychological adaptation”

Question 10

Inductive discipline

Answer 10

Where an adult helps a child notice other’s feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on other’s – especially noting their distress + making clear that the child caused it

Question 11

Moral identity

Answer 11

is the endorsement of our moral values. i.e.: fairness, kindness, generosity
This results in greater academic achievement

Question 12

Committed compliance

Answer 12

behavior that results from a child’s internalizing the instruction of the adult. Results in + emotion

Question 13

Situational compliance

Answer 13

obedience that results from a child’s awareness of an adult’s will in a particular situation and doesn’t reflect enduring behavioral damage

Question 14

Secure attachment

Answer 14

caregiver leaves > baby cries > baby seeks caregiver when they return

Question 15

Compliance

Answer 15

toddler’s show clear awareness of caregivers wishes/expectations and can obey simple requests and commands

Question 16

Delay of gratification

Answer 16

waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act

Question 17

Moral-self regulation

Answer 17

the ability to monitor one’s own conduct, constantly adjusting it as circumstances present opportunities to violate inner standards

Question 18

Separation Individuation

Answer 18

the process in which a child realizes they are separate from others. They also gain their own, individual characteristics. It relates to self-development in infancy b/c babies learn about themselves as they learn about the feelings of others.

Question 19

SYMBIOTIC PHASE

0-3 mo.

Answer 19

Child has a hard time distinguishing between “me” & “not me”
Shared psychic with mom

Question 20

DIFFERENTIATION PHASE

4-10 mo.

Answer 20

Knows differences between “me” & “not me”

I.e.: pulls your hair, glasses, and nose

Question 21

EARLY PRACTICING PHASE

10-12 mo.

Answer 21

Easily initiates separation from mom but comes back to her as a security base
Children in this stage use “transitional objects” i.e. blankets, toys, stuffed animals

Question 22

PRACTICING PHASE

12-18 mo.

Answer 22

Focuses on expanding abilities “I can impact my environment”
Develop a sense of pride
Toward the end of this phase, child realizes they are vulnerable and need their mom

Question 23

RAPPROCHEMENT PHASE

18-24 mo.

Answer 23

Increase in separateness
Separation anxiety
Mirror task/self-recognition
*Trying to become their own person but still really dependent on their parents
parents’ job: tolerate ambivalence, respond flexibly to their demands

Question 24

CONSOLIDATION OF INDIVIDUATION

Answer 24

1.-
2-
Individuation occurs in cycles of disagreement & reconciliation

Question 25

Self-concept

Answer 25

the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.

Question 26

Self-esteem

Answer 26

the judgements we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements

Question 27

Roots

Answer 27

security/attachment

Question 28

Wings

Answer 28

independence/autonomy

Question 29

Self

Answer 29

the pure ego is what provides the thread of continuity between our past, present, and future selves. “I” & “me”.

Question 30

Theory of mind

Answer 30

coherent understanding of their own and others rich mental lives

Question 31

Entity

Answer 31

view of ability – praise

Question 32

Incremental view

Answer 32

trying hard is a moral responsibility; corrective of actions (Chinese mothers) Research shows that children have higher rates of IMPROVEMENT with the incremental parenting style

Question 33

Microsystem

Answer 33

the innermost level of the environment. It consists of activities and
interaction patterns in the child’s immediate surroundings.

Question 34

bi-directional

Answer 34

adults affect children’s behavior, but
children’s biologically and socially influenced characteristics—their physical attributes,
personalities, and capacities—also affect adults’ behavior. i.e. a friendly, attentive child
is likely to evoke positive, patient reactions from parents

Question 35

Mesosystem

Answer 35

Connections between microsystems: home > school > neighborhood >
and daycare

Question 36

Exosystem

Answer 36

Social settings that do not contain children but that nevertheless affect
children’s experiences in immediate settings.
i.e. paid paternity/maternity leave, parents’ flexible work schedules, etc

Question 37

Macrosystem

Answer 37

The outermost level of Brofenbrenner’s model. Consists of cultural
values, laws, customs, and resources.
i.e. countries requiring generous work place benefits