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Music 501 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Bei Bei He

A

Zheng player

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2
Q

Pipa

A

Pear shaped, short necked, four string lite played with fingers

Reminiscent of oud, likely of Persian or Turkish origi

Virtuosic performance tradition, active playing style, microtonal manipulation of pitch through bending strings

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3
Q

Zheng

A

Board zither chordophone

Strings originally made from silk, body from bamboo

Accompanied singing, performed at imperial banquets, played at rural weddings, accompanied by religious rituals

Played seated

Plucked with thumb, index finder and middle finger of right hand

Left hand used primarily for coloristic techniques

Modern two handed plucking techniques, influence of piano music

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4
Q

Eight model works

A

Gang of Four banned all traditional Beijing opera, except for the “Eight Model Works”, 6 operas and 2 ballets

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5
Q

Gang of Four

A

A political faction composed of four Chinese communist party officials

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6
Q

Cultural revolution

A

1966-76

Overseen by Mao’s wife and the Gang of Four

Aimed to rid Chinese culture of anything “alien to the spirit of socialism”

People who resisted were sent to work camps, tortured, or executed

All books, works of visual art, music, movies, and plays were outlawed, except for a few that had been approved by the Gang of Four

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7
Q

Maoism

A

Mao Tse-Tung Chinese communist revolutionary and the found of the single party-stare peoples republic of China (1949-76)

Great Leap Forward in 1957 to transform chinas economy from an agrarian to an industrial one. Led to widespread famine in which 18-45 million people died

Cultural Revolution in 1966 which aimed to preserve “true” communist ideology by purging capitalist and traditionalist elements from Chinese society

Pervasive cult of personality around the “Great Leader”

Peasants are the primary revolutionary class

Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun

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8
Q

Taoism

A

Dao/Tao translates to “Way”

Foundational work if daoism attributed to Lao-Tzu, dao depicts what is deemed the right or proper way in an ethical or political context

Toward the end of the Han period, daoism as an organized religion arrived in China

To follow Tao is to recognize the inner harmony and balance in all living things. This belief is often represented in the yin (female) yang (male) symbol. Finding harmony and simplicity in all things

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9
Q

Maqamat

A

A technique of improvisation that defines the pitches, patterns, and development of a piece in Arabic classical music

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10
Q

Buddhism

A

Religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who was from what is now Nepal and Norther India

Came to be called the Buddha, which means awakened one, after he experienced a profound realization of the nature of life, death and existence

Non-theistic - the Buddha taught that believing in gods was not useful for those seeking to realize enlightenment

Focus is on practice rather than belief; meditation, mindful action, ritual, attending to the present moment

Association of music with earl the desires led early Buddhists to forbid musical practice, and even observation of musical performances for monks and nuns

Modern Buddhism, paradises are represented as profoundly musical places in which Buddhist law takes the form of gorgeous melodies

Repressed in china (especially Tibet) to further the aims of the communist party

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11
Q

Confucius

A

5th century BCE Chinese thinker whose influence upon East Asian intellectual and social history is immeasurable

Sought to apply ancient traditions to the problems of his day

His teachings focus on maintaining harmony and order in human society, art plays a significant role in his thinking

Key teachings
•Tao - a moral order that pervades the universe
•Jen - benevolence; doing ones best to treat others as one would wish to be treated
•Li - “sacred ritual” or “propriety - acting appropriately for ones role in society
•Te - the power of example; leaders should lead primarily by example not force
•Wen - the cultural arts (music, poetry, drama) help to maintain unity in society

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12
Q

Beijing/Peking opera

A

Dramatic stories performed by costumes performers who combines heightened speech, song, dance, mime, acting, and acrobats

Upper class, urban music

Stories celebrated Confucian ideals like devotion to family, female chastity, subservience to authority

Costumes denote character types and subtypes

Minimal onstage props to keep the audience focused on the actors

Performed by itinerant troupes who require easily portable equipment

Performance venues were often small: hostels, tea houses, outdoor stages. No space or infrastructure for elaborate staging

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13
Q

Tan Dun

A

“New Wave” movement: interesting Chinese, western, and other musical elements

Studied western classical music in New York

Composed soundtrack for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon

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14
Q

Whirling Dervish

A

Sacred dance ceremony in which the dervish rotates into trance state

Music consists of long, complex compositions called ayin, both preceded and followed by songs using lyrics from the founder and poet Jelaleddin Rumi

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15
Q

Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan

A

Most famous qawwal

Part of 6 centuries old family tradition

Collaborations with western musicians brought Qawwali music to a western audience

Controversial for bringing sacred music to a secular audience, and mixing sacred sounds with secular sounds

Recorded over 125 albums

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16
Q

Classical music (Indian)

A

Called Karnatak music in south India

Rigorous education/training system

Largely devotional

Most repertoire addresses to Hindi deities

Also songs about love and social issues

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17
Q

Filmi

A

Indian popular music as written and performed for Indian cinema

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18
Q

Bollywood

A

Name for Mumbai based film industry

Hindi cinema

1000 films a year

Mostly musicals; success of film depends on how good the music is

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19
Q

Qawwali

A

Style of Islamic sacred singing developed by Sufis in India 14th century

Today popular in north India and Pakistan

Performed by musical groups of about 9 men called a “party”

Based on Indian ragas

Use of improvisation of melodies with text or tarana

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20
Q

Bellydance

A

Westerners misinterpret movements as erotic/sexualized spectacle rather than skilled folk-art

Main point of movement is hips

Social dance - done by ordinary people in regular clothes at celebrations and social gatherings

Performance art - highly trained dancers, special costumes and use of space

Compositions with improvisational elements for drummers and dancer

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21
Q

Sufism

A

Islamic mystical sect

Believe in connecting to Allah through heightened ecstatic stares, which include music and dance

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22
Q

Kriti

A

A multi-section form of musical composition typical to Karnatak music

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23
Q

Iq’a and wazn

A

Rhythmic cycles

Long, cyclical patterns used to structure time

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24
Q

Alapana

A

An opening improvisation in free rhythm

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25
Q

Quartertone

A

Also called microtone

Note “between” the notes of the traditional western scale

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26
Q

Ravi Shankar

A

Virtuosic sitarist and composer

Most famous Indian musician outside of India

Introduced Indian music to western audience

Studied for 7 years with legendary guru Allaudin Khan

Classical musician open to experimentation - fusion artist

Maintained that his music was a spiritual practice; disliked that hippies saw it as part of the drug experience

Taught George Harrison from the Beatles how to play the sitar

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27
Q

Maqam

A

Melody

Arabic system of pitches and tunings

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28
Q

Tabla

A

Drum pair: low and high pitched drums, played with the hands

Accompanying dole to sitar and vocal music

Elaborate theory of rhythm

Virtuosity improvisations in dialogue with melodic instruments

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29
Q

Jhala

A

Fast improv of tala

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30
Q

Jor

A

Improv in slow steady pulse

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31
Q

Alap

A

Exploration of raga in free rhythm

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31
Q

Sitar

A

Primary melodic instrument in norther Indian music

Fretted neck, strings can be bent by pushing down on them

18-21 strings: 7 played strings, the rest are sympathetic strings (give distinct drone sound)

Played with a pick on the right hand

Elaborate theory of melodic development

Virtuosic improv

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32
Q

John Cage

A

American composer and inventor

Inspired by McPhee to go to Indonesia to hear Balinese music

Invented the prepared piano, intended to emulate the sounds of the gamelan

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32
Q

Colin McPhee

A

Canadian ethnomusicologist and composer

First western composer to travel to Bali to study and document the music - lives there for 4 years

Transcribed gamelan music as best he could into western notation

Composed Balinese inspired music on western instruments

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34
Q

Tala/talam

A

Rhythm in Indian music

Tala = North
Talam = South
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34
Q

Claude Debussy

A

International French composer, heard Javanese gamelan first hand at the Paris world fair

Gamelan had profound impact on his musical thinking, developed a unique and immediately recognizable style

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35
Q

Raga/Ragam

A

Melody in Indian music

Raga = North
Ragam = South
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36
Q

Kecak

A

“Monkey Chant”

A “voice orchestra”

Dance-drama invented in 1920s to entertain tourists

Based on an episode from Ramayana and derived from Balinese trance rituals called Sanghyang

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37
Q

Tanpura

A

Long-necked plucked drone lure

Plays drone in the key of the raga

Used in both and South Indian music

Traditionally has 4 strings that crest the interval of a fifth

Played seated, in the back of an ensemble

Often replaced by shruti box, and electronic drone generator

38
Q

Balinese gamelan

A

Known as Gamelan Gong Kebyar

Developed in 1920s

Primarily tuned metallophones, orchestras have about 25 players

Identifying features - sharp constraints and fast changes in:
Dynamics
Tempo
Orchestration
Rhythm

Virtuosic playing, lots of rehearsals, memorizations of complex, pre-composed pieces

Sometimes accompanied solo dance

39
Q

Hinduism

A

Oldest major world religion

3rd largest religion

Diverse array of belief systems, practices, and scriptures

Belief in reincarnation and karma

Belief in many gods, but see them as expressions of one god (Brahman)

Music is essential to worship, arouses the senses and creates spiritual vibrations that enhance devotion

Repetition and chanting help connect devotees to humankind and to their spirituality

41
Q

Wayang kulit

A

“Shadow puppet” theatre
Indonesia’s highest art - brings together music and drama

Dhakang = puppeteer

Gamelan accompaniment playing in slendro mode

Loud style of playing

Topics: Hindu epics and love stories

Performances can be 8+ hours

Recognized by UNECSO as a “masterpiece of oral and intangible history”

41
Q

Karnatak/Carnatic

A

South Indian music, local and regional

43
Q

Loud playing style (gamelan)

A

Soran

Associated with outdoor festivals
Instrumental, lots of drums
No vocals, suling, rebab or celempung

44
Q

Hindustani

A

North Indian music

45
Q

Soft playing style (gamelan)

A

Indoor ceremonies
Fewer drums
Vocals, suling, rebab, or celempung
Can sing a variety of lyrics to a given melody; a variety of melodies for a given set of lyrics

46
Q

Musical layers (gamelan)

A

Punctuation: slow moving part, played by large gongs

Nuclear melody: played by high pitched tuned metallophones

Melodic elaboration: mid range metallophones and chordophones

Counter melody: played by human voice, string instruments or flutes

Rhythm: played by drums

47
Q

Lancaran

A

Cycle of 16 bears following a specific order

47
Q

Pathet

A

Mode

Based upon three interlocking factors

  1. Melodic pattern, formula, or contour
  2. The pitch level of that pattern
  3. The position of the pattern within the formal structure of a piece
48
Q

Colotomic

A

Specific instruments playing certain time intervals and rhythmic patterns

49
Q

Gongan

A

A musical phrase/beat cycle, subdivided into smaller rhythm is units (8. 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 beat cycles)

50
Q

Microtones

A

More than 8 notes in an octave, notes “between” the notes (in comparison to western ideas of 8 notes in an octave)

Common in Javanese music

51
Q

Latin pop

A

Musicians from Cuba, Puerto rico, and panama dude rumba and mambo with black American popular music

Create a style called bugalu or Latin/Salsa music; music for dancing

Music driven by percussion and repeating patterns in piano and bass called “vamps”

Combined Mexican mariachi music with Spanish music conventions and American pop harmonies

52
Q

Gamelan

A

Often translated as orchestra and applies to the style as well

Can refer to a wide variety of ensembles, typically featuring metallophones, xylophones, drums and gongs

Found in almost every community, with significant pride taken in skill of local musicians

Instruments of a gamelan have been carefully built and tuned to be played together, and their tuning may differ from that of other gamelan by quite a bit

Because Islam officially disapproves of music, Javanese gamelan practices are less likely to be associated with religion

53
Q

Bossa Nova

A

Translates to “new flair”

Musical style out of Rio in late 1950s

Softer more subtle, slowed down samba rhythms

Harmonically sophisticates with complex song forms

Less percussive, focus on guitar, piano and voice

Jazz instrumentation - piano, guitar, drumset, bass

54
Q

Tropicalia

A

Began in 1960s

Form of Música Popular Brasileira (Brazilian pop music)

Cultural and physical resistance movement

Influence of American rock music, the beatlesX avant garde art, mixed with local music styles

“Studio” music - elaborate recordings

55
Q

Carnaval

A

Long history in rio (1642 CE)

Preparation begins in September for 4 days before Ash Wednesday

Hedonistic attitude; emphasis on pleasure

Not just for entertainment: inequalities disappear between socio-economic classes and every part of the country is included

Post-emancipation labour migration from Bahia to Rio in late 19th century, brought samba with them

56
Q

Forro

A

Type of dance/music from Sertão region of Brazil

Includes three main styles
Baião - the original forró
Xote - slower paced rhythm
Arrasta-pé - fast paced dance rhythm

Instrumentation
Accordion
Triangle
Zabumba (bass drum)

Danced in pairs, usually very close together, with the mans left hand holding the woman’s right hand as in the waltz, his right arm around her back and her left arm around his neck

Other styles may require partners to stay partially away or in a considerable distance, only holding their hands up the shoulders

56
Q

Choro

A

Instrumental style from 1920a Rio de Janeiro

Influence of early jazz and samba

Upbeat, rhythmic dance music

Instrumentation
Acoustic guitar
Acoustic 7-string guitar (with low B)
Cavaquinhon(4 string guitar)
Bandolim (mandolin)
Pandeiro (sophisticated tambourine)
Sometimes flute, clarinet, sax, trombone, bass
57
Q

Samba

A

Most popular dance/music category in Brazil, developed in the mid 20th century

Roots in the percussion music of west Africa

Syncopated poly-rhythms that accompany hip-gyrating dances

Primarily a “drum choir” with bells, whistles, and chanted vocals

Strong duple meter

Crucial part of Carnaval celebrations

The most recognizable “nation” music of Brazil

Fulfills similar rolls as the Steel Bands in Trinidad

57
Q

Syncretism

A

The purposeful blending of elements of two cultures to create something new

57
Q

Buena Vista Social Club

A

Originally help dances and musical activities, becoming a popular location for musicians to meet and play during the 1940s

Inspired American guitarist Ry Cooder to record an album with veteran Cuban son musicians

BVSC name because an umbrella term and brand label that encapsulates Cuba’s “musical golden age” between 1930s and 1950s

57
Q

Ry Cooper

A

Recorded and album inspired by BVSC with veteran Cuban son musician

Huge hit record and documentary film around the world in 1999

Sparked a revival in interest around Cuban music and Latin music in general, and generated a boom in Cuba’s tourist industry

57
Q

Celia Cruz

A

The queen of salsa

Born in Cuba, escaped to US after the communist revolution, settled in New York

One of the lost successful Cuban musicians of the 20th century

Very popular and successful duo with johnny Pacheco

58
Q

Salsa

A

Umbrella term for various fusion styles of Cuban and Puerto Rican dance music (son-montuno, cha-cha-chá, mambo) created in New York beginning in the 1960s

Influenced by jazz, particularly in instrumentation (horns) and extensive improvised solo

Uses clave and montuno forms from Latin music, with the loud big band sound from jazz

Fusion music that came to symbolize American Latin culture and identity as distinct from the home cultures on the islands

58
Q

A Tribe Called Red

A

Blends a wide variety of musical styles ranging from hip hop, dance hall, electronic, and their own mashup of club and pow wow music

Came out of Electric Pow Wow, a monthly club eight dedicated to showcasing aboriginal DJ talent and Native urban culture, aimed at creating a space for aboriginal people

Outspoken about politics, have achieved international fame

58
Q

Septeto Nacional

A

Led by Ignacio Piñeiro

Instrumentation:
Tres
Guitar
Bass
Bongos
Claves
Maracas
Trumpet

Form: Son - Montuno

59
Q

Sexteto Habenero

A

One of the most important Cuban groups of all time

Founded in 1920

Sexteto ensemble (bass replaces marimbula)

60
Q

Yambú

A

Slow - “old people’s rumba”

A couples dance supposed to mimic the graceful movements of older people

60
Q

Monophony

A

Unison rhythms and melodies

Common in indigenous music

61
Q

Vocables

A

Sounds that are not words

Common in indigenous music

63
Q

Pow Wow

A

First Nation song and dance celebration, often with competitions that feature ceremonial clothing

64
Q

Tanya Tagaq

A

Cambridge Bay, Nunavut

Inuit throat singer., has sung with Bjork, Kronos Quarter, and many other contemporary artists

Blends traditional throat singing with electronica and rock music

Won the Polaris Prize in 2014

66
Q

Rumba

A

Originally meant feast, but came to signify the musical genre/rhythmic pattern

Traditionally just voice and percussion

Opens with solo singer accompanied by the ensemble (“diana”), followed by sections alternating between soloist and choir

67
Q

Clave

A

A rhythmic pattern used to organize time in Afro-Cuban music

Derived from bell patterns in African music

Spanish word, means “code” or “key”, as in the key to a mystery or puzzle

Also the name of an instrument that often plays the pattern, which is two wooden sticks struck together

68
Q

Guaguanco

A

Medium-fast

Most popular genre

Dance - “vacunao”

Form: canto/montuno

A performative flirtation where a man tries to tough a woman with a handkerchief (or his body), while she tries to flirtatiously fend him off

69
Q

Columbia

A

Fast

6/8

Traditionally solo male dance genre

70
Q

Cuban Son

A

The most influential of Afro-Cuban popular music styles; began in mid-1800s (maybe 1750)

Syncretic: combination of African (percussion, marimbula), Taino (maracas), and Spanish (tres, guitars) instruments

Verse/retrain form with montuno section

Sexteto (later Septeto)

70
Q

Decolonization

A

The undoing of colonialism, either through reclaiming land, or removing marginalizing symbols from language and laws

70
Q

Indigenous modernity

A

The concept that First Nations people are not “frozen in time”, and that First Nations knowledge and cosmology is not “ancient” and “primitive”, but it evolving and meaningful

Way to talk about how contemporary First Nation people interact with the dominant settler culture

Music and art that mixes traditional sounds/images with contemporary forms/technology

70
Q

Representation

A

The way a certain group is depicted in the media and within cultural expression generally

Critique of who gets to reproduce these depictions and who is “allowed” to speak

71
Q

Marginalization

A

Social disadvantage and exclusion from the mainstream of society

71
Q

Santeria

A

Afro-American religion of Caribbean origin that developed in the Spanish empire among west African descendants

Influenced by and syncretized with Roman Catholicism

72
Q

Self-determination

A

Having the right and opportunity to freely choose sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference

74
Q

Sargam

A

Indian system of syllables for singing a raga

Sa - Re - Ga - Ma - Pa - Dha - Ni - Sa

76
Q

Tintal

A

Most famous talas of Hindustani music

Most common tal in North India

77
Q

Azan

A

Call to prayer

Azan given 5 times daily by muezzin

Musically based on classical melodic system (maqam)

Gradual elongation of phrases

Nasal timber called ghunna

Sustain of vowelless consonants

Loud

79
Q

War Party

A

Award winning cree hip hop group from Hobbema, Alberta

80
Q

Fred McDowell

A

Blues singer

“Goin Down To The River”

81
Q

Luis gonzaga

A

Forró musician

82
Q

Tito Puente

A

Established salsa music

83
Q

AR Rahman

A

Bollywood composer

84
Q

Lata Mangeshkar

A

One of the most famous playback singers

Over 30,000 recordings

85
Q

Asha Bhosle

A

Other most famous playback singer

Over 20,000 recordings

86
Q

Gamelan beleganjur

A

Most popular styles of gamelan music in Bali

Music 501 (1 decks)

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