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Sociology 100 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Prescriptive norms

A

Rules about behaviours we are expected to perform.

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2
Q

Mores

A

Institutionalized norms embedded in law which helps to maintain social control. (Laws against taboos)

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3
Q

Proscriptive norms

A

Rules about behaviours we are expected to refrain from doing.

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4
Q

Taboos

A

Mores that are considered wrong.

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5
Q

Folkways

A

Informal norms based on accepted traditions.

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6
Q

Culture

A

Sum total of social environment in which we’re raised and continue to be socialized throughout our lives.

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7
Q

Language

A

Shared system of communication that includes spoken, written, as well as nonverbal gestures to convey meaning.

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8
Q

Cultural universals

A

Common practices shared by all societies.

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9
Q

Social facts

A

Observable social phenomena that exists outside an individual and exercise power over them.

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10
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Perspective that a society’s customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of a society’s problems and opportunities.

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11
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Tendency to believe that one’s cultural practices and beliefs is superior than other cultures.

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12
Q

Material vs nonmaterial culture

A

Tangible, physical items vs intangible items that give meaning to one’s culture.

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13
Q

Ideal culture

A

Cultural values a majority of people identify with in a given society.

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14
Q

Real culture

A

Practices engaged in by the majority of people in a society.

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15
Q

Subculture

A

Group that can be differentiated from mainstream culture by its divergent traits involving language, norms, beliefs, and values.

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16
Q

Counterculture

A

Type of subculture that opposes mainstream culture.

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17
Q

Popular culture (mass culture)

A

Well-liked everyday practices and products.

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18
Q

High culture

A

Activities shared by the social elite.

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19
Q

Norms

A

Society’s expectations for how we are supposed to act, think, and look.

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20
Q

Life chances

A

Opportunities an individual has in life, based on various factors including stratification, inequality, race, ethnicity, and gender.

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21
Q

Micro level

A

Level of individual experiences and choices.

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22
Q

Macro level

A

Level of broader social forces, like society as a whole.

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23
Q

Agency

A

People’s capacity to make choices, which then has an impact on other people and society.

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24
Q

Sociology

A

Systematic study of society, using the sociological imagination.

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25
Q

Sociological imagination

A

Ability to perceive the interconnections between individual experiences and larger sociocultural forces.

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26
Q

Positivist approach

A

Approah to theorizing that emphasizes explanations and prediction.

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27
Q

Interpretive approach

A

Approach to theorizing that focuses on the ways people come to understand themselves, others, and the world around them.

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28
Q

Criticial approach

A

Approah to theorizing that explored the role powers play in social processes and importance of knowledge tied to emancipation.

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29
Q

Values

A

Collectively shared criteria by which we determine whether something is right or wrong.

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30
Q

Manifest vs latent functions

A

Intended vs unintended functions of society

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31
Q

Dysfunctional

A

When one of society’s structure no longer fulfills its function effectively.

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32
Q

Anomie

A

Feeling of normlessness.

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33
Q

Bourgeoise vs proletariat

A

Owners of the means of production vs workers

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34
Q

Significant others

A

People who are important to us.

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35
Q

Generalized others

A

Overall sense of people’s expectations, strangers.

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36
Q

Patriarchy

A

Legal and/or social power vested in males.

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37
Q

Androcentric

A

Male-centred, fails to account for women’s experiences.

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38
Q

Discourses

A

Ways of understanding a topic or social phenomenon.

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39
Q

Conglomerate

A

A corporation made up of several different widely diversified companies.

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40
Q

Stereotype

A

An over generalization about a group, often based on faulty assumptions.

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41
Q

Media literacy

A

Ability to recognize, critically assess, and make informed choices about the messages contained in mass media forms.

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42
Q

Sex

A

Biological characteristics that include sex chromosomes, primary sex characteristics, and secondary sex characteristics.

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43
Q

Dualism

A

A contrast between two opposing categories.

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44
Q

Gender

A

Expected and actual thoughts, feelings, and behaviours associated with a particular sex within a certain culture at a given point in history.

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45
Q

Femininity vs masculinity

A

Thoughts, feelings, and behaviours associations with being female vs male.

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46
Q

Intersex

A

Person whose physical sex characteristics fall outside the boundaries of dualism of male/female.

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47
Q

Sexual script

A

Framework that we use to understand our own sexuality and guides our sexual lives.

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48
Q

Heteronormative

A

View that heterosexuality is the expected and preferred sexual orientation.

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49
Q

Heterosexism

A

Discrimination on the basis of a homosexual or bisexual orientation.

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50
Q

Monogamous

A

A marriage that includes two spouses.

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51
Q

Polygamous

A

A marriage that includes three or more spouses simultaneously.

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52
Q

Nuclear family

A

Family structure comprising of parents and their children.

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53
Q

Extended family

A

A family structure that includes parents, their children, and additional relatives.

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54
Q

Matriarchal

A

Power is vested in females.

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55
Q

Matrilineal

A

Lineage is traced through the mother’s side of the family, especially its female members.

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56
Q

Patrilineal

A

Lineage is traced through the father’s side of the family, especially its male members.

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57
Q

Health

A

State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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58
Q

Social inequality

A

An unequal distribution of resources.

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59
Q

Social stratification

A

Socially sanctioned patterns (or classes) of social inequality that exists in society and based on attributes such as race, age, gender, income, or occupation.

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60
Q

Caste system

A

Hierarchical system of stratification based on inherited social standing.

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61
Q

Social class

A

Shared membership in a group based on economic standing.

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62
Q

Class system

A

Hierarchical system of stratification based on achieved and ascribed economic measures such as annual income or possession of resources.

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63
Q

Social mobility

A

Movement that occurs within and between social classes in a stratification system.

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64
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

Social standing based on a combined measure of education, income, and occupation.

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65
Q

Intragenerational mobility

A

Changes in social class that occurs within a person’s lifetime.

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66
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

Changes in social class of children relative to their parents.

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67
Q

Low-income cutoff (LICO)

A

Annual family income value in dollars below which a family is worse off than average due to high proportion of income allocated to food, clothing, and shelter.

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68
Q

Recession

A

Economic decline that persists for long periods of time.

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69
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A

Overall indicator of a country’s economic productivity based on goods and services as measured by household consumption, government spending, and investments.

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70
Q

Social safety net

A

Services and programs designed to lessen financial burdens experienced by low-income groups.

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71
Q

Meritocracy

A

Condition of advancement based on worth.

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72
Q

Alienation

A

Detacuvment that exists between workers and labour as perpetuated under capiralism.

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73
Q

Ethnicity

A

Cultural characteristics such as language, religion, taste in food, shared descent, cultural traditions, and shared geographical locations.

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74
Q

Objective vs subjective ethnicity

A

Ancestors vs personal identification

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75
Q

Race

A

Socially constructed category used to classify humankind according to physical characteristics such as skin colour, hair texture, and facial features.

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76
Q

Racialization

A

Process by which racial categories are constructed as different and unequal in ways that have social, economic, and political consequences.

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77
Q

Visible minorities (racialized groups)

A

Persobs who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.

78
Q

Bicultural

A

Participating in two distinct cultures simultaneously.

79
Q

Dominant groups

A

Groups that has institutionalized power and privelege in society.

80
Q

Minority groups

A

Groups that are socially disadvantaged and face unequal treatment.

81
Q

Residential schools

A

Boarding school funded by the Canadian government used to assimilate Aboriginal children.

82
Q

Pluralism

A

Cultural differences are maintained and celebrated.

83
Q

Segregation

A

Minority groups are seperated from dominant groups.

84
Q

Population transfer

A

Minority groups are forcibly expelled or are limited to a specific location.

85
Q

Prejudice

A

An attitude that is unrelated to reality and is generalized to all members of a certain group.

86
Q

Racism

A

Specific form of prejudice based on aspects of physical appearance such skin colour.

87
Q

Discrimination

A

Treating someone unfairly because of their group membership.

88
Q

Hate crimes

A

Criminal offences motivated by hate towards an identifiable group.

89
Q

Scapegoat

A

Individual or group that is wrongfully blamed for a personal or social problem.

90
Q

Religion

A

United system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things.

91
Q

Collective conscience

A

Unified body of cultural knowledge that is transmitted in group religious rituals.

92
Q

Collective effervescence

A

Euphoria that enables people to transcend the challenges of everyday life that emerges from group religious rituals.

93
Q

Scientism

A

World view that used the insights of natural science to inform people’s way of living, their purpose in life, and choices they make.

94
Q

Science

A

Institution that provides a way to understand the natural makeup of the world by means of rational methods of inquiry.

95
Q

Norm of communism

A

Notion that scientific knowledge is to be freely shared with others.

96
Q

Norm of universalism

A

Notion that scientifique knowledge is free of social biases.

97
Q

Norm of disinterestedness

A

Notion that scientific do their work solely for the purpose of discovering truth.

98
Q

Norm of organized skepticism

A

Notion that scientific claims should be subjected to rigorous scrutiny.

99
Q

Paradigms

A

Conceptual framework or model for organizing information.

100
Q

Paradigm shift

A

Movement away from a particular conceptual framework.

101
Q

Education

A

Formal institution that systematically instills much of the knowledge that is needed to function as productive adults in society.

102
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

Process by which agenda of norms, values, and expectations that fall outside the formal curriculum are learned in the school system.

103
Q

Streaming

A

Process where students are placed in specific programd and levels of curriculum based on perceived levels of achievement.

104
Q

Credentialism

A

Reliance on increasingly higher educational qualifications as necessary minimal requirements for employment.

105
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

Originally false beliefs that becomes true simply because it is perceived as such.

106
Q

Self-concept

A

Individual’s sense of who they are based on perceived similarities and differences to others.

107
Q

Socialization

A

Lifelong process through which people learn about themselves and their various roles in society.

108
Q

Social identities

A

Portion of an individual’s sense of self derived from membership in social groups.

109
Q

Biological determinism

A

Belief that human behaviourism is controlled by genetics (nature).

110
Q

Sociobiology

A

Type of biological determinism, belief that social behaviour evolved from need to reproduce and survive.

111
Q

Behaviourism

A

School of thought that denies free will, emphasize observable phenomena, and claims behaviour is learned from the environment (nurture).

112
Q

Bio-ecological theory of human development

A

Theory that views human development as a dynamic process of reciprocal interactions where individuals play an important role im shaping the environment where they develop (Nature and nurture).

113
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Sense of ourselves that we develop based on our perceptions of how others view us.

114
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Groups, social institutions, and/or social settings that have the greatest amount of influence on the developing self.

115
Q

Media

A

Communications that target large audiences in print or in electronic format using audio and/or images.

116
Q

Social structure

A

Framework of cultural elements and social patterns in which interactions take place.

117
Q

Status

A

A recognized social position that exists independently from the individual that occupies it.

118
Q

Ascribed vs achieved status

A

Social position conferred by birth vs obtained through personal actions.

119
Q

Role

A

Behavioural component of a given status.

120
Q

Role conflict vs role strain

A

Role demands exist between two or more commonly held statuses vs within a single status.

121
Q

Social group

A

Two or more people who share relevant cultural elements and interact with regular frequency.

122
Q

Social network

A

Interrelated system of social relationships of varying purpose, relevance, intimacy, and importance.

123
Q

Social institutions

A

Permanent social structures that govern the behaviour of groups and promote social order.

124
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Formal organization model consisting of a chain of authority and a set of procedures and protocols that guide the relationships and processes within it.

125
Q

Ideal type

A

An analytical construct that clearly depicts all of the main features of some social phenomenon, but cannot be found in reality.

126
Q

Social control

A

Actions intended to prevent, correct, punish, fix, or cure people, behaviours, and characteristics that are perceived as unacceptable.

127
Q

Deviant

A

A person, behaviour, or characteristics perceived as unacceptable.

128
Q

High-consensus deviance

A

Behaviours or characteristics widely perceived as unacceptable and in need of social control.

129
Q

Low-consensus deviance

A

Behaviours or characteristics about which there is considerable disagreements over whether they’re unacceptable or not.

130
Q

Retribution

A

Morally justified consequence.

131
Q

Abolitionism

A

Movement calling for the dismantling of the criminal justice system.

132
Q

Restorative justice

A

Approach to justice emphasizing healing and reparation of harm.

133
Q

Institutionalized goals

A

Goals that we are supposed to aspire to in contemporary society.

134
Q

Legitimate means

A

Socially accepted ways of attaining wealth, power, and prestige.

135
Q

Techniques

A

Skills needed to engage in either deviant or conforming behaviour.

136
Q

Motives

A

Reasons for engaging in either deviant or conforming behaviour.

137
Q

Techniques of neutralization

A

Rationalization that allow us to justify our behaviour to others and ourselves.

138
Q

Primary deviance

A

Little acts of deviance that many of us engage in occasionally.

139
Q

Secondary deviance

A

Chronice deviance as a lifestyle.

140
Q

Stigmatization

A

Process by which individuals are excluded because of particular behaviours or characteristics.

141
Q

Self-surveillance

A

Monitoring our own behaviourd in order to prevent being considered deviant.

142
Q

Concept

A

Abstract idea expressed as a word or phrase.

143
Q

Variable

A

Concept for properties of people or things that can differ and change.

144
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Theory-driven approach that typically concluded with generalization based on research findings.

145
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Data-driven approach that begins with observations and ends in theory construction.

146
Q

Exploratory research

A

Explores an area of interest that very little is known about.

147
Q

Descriptive research

A

Describes features and characteristics of a group, event, activity, or situation.

148
Q

Explanatory research

A

Clarifies aspects of a particular social phenomenon

149
Q

Evaluation research

A

Assessed the need for or effectiveness of a social program.

150
Q

Empowerment research

A

Examine social settings and conditions to identify key issues and involves stakeholders for the purpose of imprpvement.

151
Q

Participatory action research

A

Field method involving participants in research that is designed to result in practical outcomes.

152
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable research statement that includes at least two variables.

153
Q

Research design

A

Detailed outline of all the proposed components of a study.

154
Q

Data analysis

A

Compilation of observations into a format that helps us learn more about the research problem.

155
Q

Qualitative methods

A

Method to better understand social phenomena using inductive reasoning and non-numerical data.

156
Q

Quantitative methods

A

Method to test hypotheses based on deductive reasoning and numerical data.

157
Q

Experiment

A

Deductive research method for testing a hypothesis through the use of a carefully controlled environment and random assignment to conditions.

158
Q

Indepdent variable

A

Variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

159
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that is measured in an experiment.

160
Q

Control group

A

Participants in an experiment who aren’t exposed to the independent variable. Experiment (test) group is the opposite.

161
Q

Survey

A

Method of gathering opinions using a questionnaire.

162
Q

Representative sample

A

Group that closely approximates thr population of interest.

163
Q

Interview

A

Verbal question and answer technique used to obtain information on a topic of interest.

164
Q

Secondary analysis of existing data

A

Research method used to examine information on a topic of interest that was collected or created by someone other than the researcher for an unrelated purpose.

165
Q

Ethnography

A

Fieldwork designed to describe everyday behaviour in natural settings.

166
Q

Systematic observation

A

Naturalistic but nonparticipatory method for collecting data on a social group or process.

167
Q

Participant observation

A

Naturalistic method for collecting systematic data while taking part in a social group or process.

168
Q

I/Me concept

A

Concept of “I” represents personal preferences, individual desires (subjective). Concept of “Me” repredents critical ways of thinking, stops you from doing things based on social norms and expectations (objective).

169
Q

Social learning theory

A

What we’ve seen repeatedly affects how we behave and see the world. Developed by Albert Bandura.

170
Q

Desensitization theory

A

When exposed to violence in any form, we get used to it and become less disturbed psychologically. Developed by George Gerbner.

171
Q

Framing vs sizing

A

How event is depicted and what’s going on around it vs coverage of an event.

172
Q

Critical race theory

A

States that racism is not aberrant but part of a social fabric tied to economic, social, and political effects. Developed by Derrick Bell.

173
Q

Belief systems

A

Set of interconnected beliefs that are shared among groups of people.

174
Q

Social solidarity

A

Uniting different kinds of society and holding it together.

175
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

Oral traditions relied upon by premodern society and tied them together through similarities.

176
Q

Organic solidarity

A

Modern societies say people stick together since they learnt to cooperate, not similarities.

177
Q

Opium of the masses

A

Oppressed and soulless conditions to make people “feel good” about themselves, but only befitting religon (illusion).

178
Q

Revisionists

A

Doctrine that if major religions are interpreted correctly, message is one of equality.

179
Q

Reformists

A

Draws attention to sexist language and rituals that are a part of some religions; emphasize removing those aspects and integrating more female imagery and symbols.

180
Q

Revolutionaries

A

Removing some traditional boundaries in certain religions and integrating dome images and rituals outside those boundaries to serve positive ends for women.

181
Q

Rejectionists

A

Inherent sexism in major religions and call for abandoning those religiond while adopting female-centred spirituality.

182
Q

Concerted cultivation vs natural growth

A

Pursue secondary education because of personal values of parents vs personal interest or experience outside of parents

183
Q

Social infrastructure

A

Programs aimed at public support, aimed at everyone and not just poverty.

184
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

Assertion that language helps to shape reality for those experiencing it.

185
Q

Instrumental vs expressive tasks

A

Physical work (male tasks) vs emotional work (female tasks).

186
Q

Gender displays

A

Performance, being, and behaving like men/women.

187
Q

Codes of gender

A

Gender norms, unwritten norms about gender.

188
Q

Punishment

A

Most common form of social control, result to a deviant act.

189
Q

Deterrence

A

Punish not just to penalize people who commit a deviant act, but use it as a lesson for others to be deterred from doing the same thing.

190
Q

Credibility work

A

Women have to do certain things to make sure they’re believed by medical professionals.

191
Q

Medicalization

A

Medical practices taking over aspects of women’s health, such as menstrual suppression and childbirth.

Sociology 100 (1 decks)

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