Final Exam

Question 1

Research indicates that children’s feelings of autonomy from peers are likely to be at their lowest point for which of the following age groups?

a. 5th grade
b. 6th grade
c. autonomy from peers does not change from 5th through 8th grades
d. 8th grade

Answer 1

8th grade

Question 2

Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with positive outcomes in psychosocial development and school achievement for adolescents?

a. neglecting or dismissive
b. permissive or indulgent
c. authoritative
d. authoritarian

Answer 2

authoritative

Question 3

When Marla, age 14, decides that she is a good writer because she gets better grades than her friend Jenna on stories she writes for English, she is demonstrating the use of

a. attribute substitution with peers
b. normative crisis management with peers
c. emotional autonomy from peers
d. social comparison with peers

Answer 3

social comparison with peers

Question 4

For an adolescent engaging in risky behavior (e.g alcohol use), one strategy that counselors can use is to introduce dissonance into the discussion. Before a counselor can do so effectively, she must

a. determine the extent of deviant behavior the adolescent has engaged in
b. establish a reward system for good behavior
c. provide factual lectures on the risks of alcohol use
d. interview the teen about his or her own current beliefs and expectations

Answer 4

interview the teen about his or her own current beliefs and expectations

Question 5

Participation in after-school activities sponsored by school or community organizations

a. unrelated to academic achievement
b. positively related to competence but detrimental to academic achievement
c. positively related to academic achievement
d. detrimental to academic achievement

Answer 5

positively related to academic achievement

Question 6

What kind of peer intervention is least likely to be helpful to troubled teens?

a. encouraging school-wide programs that break down barriers between groups
b. moving troubled teens to a new school so that they are separated from at-risk peers.
c. peer mediation and peer counseling
d. bringing peers into therapy with the client

Answer 6

moving troubled teens to a new school so that they are separated from at-risk peers.

Question 7

Studies of American schools indicate that as children move out of elementary school into middle and junior high schools, instructional practices are characterized more by

a. a greater sense of community and caring
b. emphasis on cooperative learning rather than competition
c. emphasis on discipline and teacher control
d. closer contact with teachers and other staff

Answer 7

emphasis on discipline and teacher control

Question 8

Jacob, age 13, gets a laugh from the whole school orchestra when he imitates the music teacher, who is out of the room. The next day, Jacob’s friend Brad boasts at lunch that “Jacob and I really got a laugh out of the orchestra at practice yesterday. Brad is identifying with Jacob and appropriating Jacob’s accomplishment as his own. This example illustrates on kind of

a. emotional autonomy
b. social comparison
c. normative crisis management
d. attribution substitution

Answer 8

attribution substitution

Question 9

When peers and parents both support academics, adolescents tend to be successful students. When peers and parents are at odds on the importance or value of academics, which of the following is most often true according to research?

a. there is no systematic relationship, sometimes peers are more influential, sometimes parents
b. peers’ attitudes are likely to have the most influence on the adolescent’s academic performance
c. parents’ attitudes have more influence only when parents are warm and permissive
d. parents’ attitudes will always have the most influence on their adolescent child’s academic performance

Answer 9

peers’ attitudes are likely to have the most influence on the adolescent’s academic performance

Question 10

What is the “two pronged approach” to helping adolescents with their behavioral, social, or academic problems?

a. a focus on both parents and the individual
b. a focus on both peers and the school environment
c. a focus on reducing risk factors while also enhancing protective factors
d. the use of both medication and individual therapy

Answer 10

a focus on reducing risk factors while also enhancing protective factors

Question 11

It’s a typical day or Tessa, a counselor who works with teenagers. Marcus explains to her that he came to school high on drugs because he can get away with it. He believes his teachers are clueless when it comes to spotting kids on drugs. Which form of adolescent egocentrism might Elkind use to describe Marcus’ view of the world?

a. personal egocentrism
b. imaginary fable
c. personal audience
d. invincibility fable

Answer 11

invincibility fable

Question 12

Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson’s view of identity?

a. identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems.
b. people must go through a traumatic crisis in order to have a solid identity
c. identity begins to develop in adolescence and must be fully resolved before the next stage of psychosocial development can begin.
d. one’s identity provides the answer to the question “Who am I?”

Answer 12

identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems.

Question 13

Which sequence of sexual activity is related to increased likelihood of teen pregnancy?

a. masturbation before vaginal sex
b. vaginal sex before oral-genital contact
c. vaginal sex before masterbation
d. oral-genital contact before vaginal sex

Answer 13

vaginal sex before oral-genital contact

Question 14

Which of these statements reflect findings from research on gender differences in identity formation?

a. females focus on establishing intimacy before they focus on the construction of identity
b. both males and females focus on the construction of an identity and the establishment of intimacy simultaneously.
c. both males and females focus on constructing an identity and the establishment of intimacy
d. males focus on establishing intimacy before they focus on the construction of identity

Answer 14

both males and females focus on the construction of an identity and the establishment of intimacy simultaneously.

Question 15

According to Erikson, what are the processes involved int he development of identity?

a. exploration and moratorium
b. foreclosure and achievement
c. exploration and commitment
d. diffusion and commitment

Answer 15

exploration and commitment

Question 16

Which group lists the Identity Status?

a. Primary sexual characteristics, secondary sexual characteristics
b. homosexuality, heterosexuality, and bisexuality
c. imaginary, personal, invincibility
d. diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, and achievement

Answer 16

diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, and achievement

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT associated with early maturation in girls?

a. target of teasing
b. violence and aggression
c. greater depressive symptoms
d. sexual intercourse earlier

Answer 17

violence and aggression

Question 18

Which is more important for women’s development than men’s?

a. there are no differences
b. autonomy
c. religious beliefs
d. interpersonal domains

Answer 18

interpersonal domains

Question 19

Which identify status is marked by exploration and commitment?

a. conferred identity
b. constructed identity
c. foreclosure
d. achievement

Answer 19

achievement

Question 20

Which eating disorder has the highest mortality rate?

a. binge eating disorder
b. overeating
c. bulimia nervosa
d. anorexia nervosa

Answer 20

anorexia nervosa

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the developing fetus?

a. A teratogen will usually have the same effect regardless of how much exposure the fetus has to that teratogen
b. ancient Greeks believed in teratogens, but modern science has been unable to identify any
c. the kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure
d. any given teratogen usually has the same effect of when in prenatal development exposure occurs

Answer 21

the kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure

Question 22

Stage theories of development typically describe ____ changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships

a. cumulative
b. quantitative
c. incremental
d. qualitative

Answer 22

qualitative

Question 23

Myelinnization is the process which involves

a. development of the nuclei of the brain
b. coating the axon with a fatty sheath that improves conduction of electrical impulses
c. separating the left and right hemispheres of the cortex
d. neurons migrating to the temporal lobes

Answer 23

coating the axon with a fatty sheath that improves conduction of electrical impulses

Question 24

For the most mental illnesses and behavioral disorers, like alcoholisma dn clinical depression, the genetic contribution can best be described as

a. the result of a dominant, defective gene
b. the result of a single gene mutation
c. the result of a pair of recessive, defective genes
d. polygenic

Answer 24

the result of a pair of recessive, defective genes

Question 25

Mrs. Washington is conducting her weekly group counseling session for single young adults. Karen, a lonely young professional woman, talks about feeling abandoned by her boyfriend. The other group members listen patiently and respond empathically. Mrs. Washington reflects Karen’s feeling with concern and sensitivity. What would operant learning theory predict about Karen’s behavior in the next group session?

a. Karen will not self-disclose because her problems have been resolved
b. Karen will speak openly because she has previously received attention and support
c. Karen will be embarrassed about her past self-disclosures and feel anxious about speaking up
d. Karen will not self-disclose because she fears the group will lose patience.

Answer 25

Karen will speak openly because she has previously received attention and support

Question 26

Sally, age 28, recently married John, age 45. They would like to have a child, but they are concerned that they may be at high risk to have a child with a chromosomal abnormality, like Down’s syndrome, because of John’s age. What is their genetic counselor likely to tell them?

a. the risk of any chromosomal disorder in a child is only related to the mother’s age, not the fathers
b. there is no relationship between parent’s age and chromosomal disorders in their offspring
c. they are at a higher risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John’s age, but not for down syndrome
d. they are at a higher risk for chromosomal disorders of all sorts because of John’s age.

Answer 26

They are at higher than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John’s age, but not for Down’s syndrome.

Question 27

The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has which of the following effects on the fetus?

a. arouses the fetus’s own stress response temporarily, but has no lasting effects
b. is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability
c. causes long term psychopathology
d. no effects.

Answer 27

is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability

Question 28

Mrs. Adams is is conducting her weekly group counseling session for single young adults. Karen, a lonely young professional woman, talks about feeling abandoned by her boyfriend. The other group members listen patiently and respond empathically. Mrs. Washington reflects Karen’s feeling with concern and sensitivity. What would social learning theorists predict about the behavior of others in the group in the next session?

a. group members will be encouraged to self-disclose after observing the positive way Karen’s self-disclosure was received.
b. group members will be discouraged from self-disclosing because they do not want to imitate Karen’s example
c. Karen’s behavior will have no effect on other members of the group.
d. group members will scapegoat Karen for her self-absorption

Answer 28

group members will be encouraged to self-disclose after observing the positive way Karen’s self-disclosure was received.

Question 29

Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include

a. addiction to alcohol
b. flipper arms
c. widely spaced eyes and flattened nose
d. blindess and shortened limbs

Answer 29

widely spaced eyes and flattened nose

Question 30

Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic stress on the body?

a. there are no effects on the immune system, only short term effects on the cardiovascular system
b. the ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised.
c. there are no effects on the cardiovascular system, but long term effects on the skeletal muscles.
d. there are no lasting effects on the body- when the stress ends all physical systems return to normal.

Answer 30

the ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised.

Question 31

Describe why Freud’s theory of development is still important to know today?

Answer 31

o He was one of the first to organize developmental phases

o The relational component that we base our coping skills and relationship patterns on childhood experiences.

Question 32

List and describe 5 of the 8 stages of development postulated by Erikson

Answer 32

• Trust vs mistrust - birth to 1 year - child develops a sense that the world is a sage and reliable place because of sensitive caregiving.
• Initiative vs guilt -3 to 5 or 6 years - child tries to behave in ways that involve more grown up responsibility and experiments with grown up roles
• Identity vs role confusion - 12 to 20 years - adolescent must move toward adulthood by making choices about values, vocational goals, etc.
• Intimacy vs. isolation - young adulthood - adult wishes to make a contribution to the next generation, to create something of lasting value, as in rearing of children or expert work.
• Ego integrity vs despair - late adulthood - adult comes to terms with life’s successes, failures, and missed opportunities and realizes the dignity of own life.

Question 33

According to research on self-concept in children, which of the following aspects of self-concept is most closely tied to overall level of self-esteem?

a. physical appearance
b. academic self-concept
c. social self-concept
d. athletic self-concept

Answer 33

physical appearance

Question 34

Individuals with high levels of self-esteem would be more likely that those with low self esteem to

a. be assertive about expressing something they believe in
b. obey authority figures
c. try to be liked by members of a peer group
d. have higher levels of moral reasoning

Answer 34

be assertive about expressing something they believe in

Question 35

It is generally a best practice for counselors to approach working with youngsters who demonstrate anger, noncompliance, and aggression in which of the following ways?

a. provide structure and a clear set of guidelines for appropriate behavior while seeking to enhance social competence
b. first assess level of academic ability because these children might be demonstrating underlying learning difficulties
c. use nondirective and supportive counseling stratefges to enhance the child’s sense of self-esteem
d. use guided imagery so that children can access motivations for anger and aggressive behavior

Answer 35

provide structure and a clear set of guidelines for appropriate behavior while seeking to enhance social competence

Question 36

One factor that promotes self-esteem among minority group members is

a. a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity
b. being a member of a smaller, rather than a larger, social group
c. making social comparisons to members of other cultural groups
d. increased use of reflected appraisals in constructions of self.

Answer 36

a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity

Question 37

A person who perceives neutral events as containing aggressive or threatening meaning is said to possess a

a. hostile attribution bias
b. social information processing tendency
c. coercive family interaction style
d. hypervigilant attentional process

Answer 37

hostile attribution bias

Question 38

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door. A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers. As they get closer, they see the clerk go inside the store. Selena’s friends encourage her to take a bag of candy, but she refuses. According to Gilligan’s theory, how would Selena, if she were an adult, most likely explain why she chose not to steal?

a. Selena would explain that she does not steal because stealing is wrong and because it would cause harm to the shop owner
b. Selena would explain that she does not steal because she believes in universal laws of justice
c. Selena would explain that it is important to conform to authority
d. Selena would explain that her mother taught her that stealing is wrong.

Answer 38

Selena would explain that she does not steal because stealing is wrong and because it would cause harm to the shop owner

Question 39

The ability to restrain or redirect a strong impulse in order to perform a less-preferred response is called

a. effortful control
b. emotional reactivity
c. positive regulation
d. conscience-oriented behavior

Answer 39

effortful control

Question 40

Ms. Jackson, a middle school counselor, is concerned about the special problems girls face at adolescence. Consider the research evidence for gender differences in self-esteem at this period of development. Which of the following interventions would be most productive?

a. provide opportunities, modeling, and support for both girls and boys to select courses and activities that could be considered non-traditional with regard to gender.
b. conduct group counseling sessions for all female students as a preventive intervention for eating disorders and depression
c. respond more favorably to initiatives developed by girls in the school, giving them priority over boys’ initiatives to redress past inequality
d. restructure the curriculum to teach subjects from a feminist perspective in order to empower girls

Answer 40

provide opportunities, modeling, and support for both girls and boys to select courses and activities that could be considered non-traditional with regard to gender.

Question 41

List and describe each of Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development.

Answer 41

Oral - birth to 1 year - mouth is great. Too much or too little oral stimulation can cause an oral fixation, leading to traits like smoking.
anal - 1 to 3 - anal area is the source of greatest pleasure. Harsh toilet training can lead to traits like being greedy or messy.
phallic - 3 to 5 or 6 years - genetalia are the source of greatest pleasure. sexual desires directed toward the opposite sex parent make the same sex parent a rival.
latency - 6 years to puberty - period of personal development. sexual desires are repressed. energy is directed to work and play.
genital - puberty through adulthood - at puberty, adult sexual needs become the most important motivators of behavior. seeks to fulfill needs and expend energy in socially acceptable activities, such as work, and through marriage with a partner that will substitute for the early object of desire, the opposite sex parent.

Question 42

List and describe Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Stages of Development

Answer 42

Sensorimotor - birth to 2 years - organized behavior is reflexive then by the end, is more guided by representational thought.
preoperational - 2 to 6 or 7 - early representational thought tends to be slow and centered. Thinking is usually not yet logical.
concrete operational - 7 to 11 or 12- thinking has gradually become more rapid and efficient, allowing children to now decenter. they can discover logical relationships between peices of information.
formal operational - 12 to adulthood - logical thinking extends to formal or abstract material. young adolescents can think logically about hypothetical situations.

Question 43

Suppose you were given the following sequence of numbers: 149217761929, you might notice that you could recall them by dividing the sequence in three famous dates in American history: 1949, 1776, and 1929. Which concept does this represent?

a. chunking
b. reality monitoring
c. historic strategy
d. all of these

Answer 43

chunking

Question 44

Which one is the best description of Freud’s Oedipus Complex?

a. boys are most strongly attached to their mothers
b. boys are most strongly attached to their fathers
c. girls are most strongly attached to their mothers
d. girls are most strongly attached to their fathers

Answer 44

boys are most strongly attached to their mothers

Question 45

Your five year old client is able to tell you that “an elephant is a large, gray animal,” “the earth is round,” and other factual information. This principle is best described by:

a. declarative knowledge
b. procedural knowledge
c. script
d. none of the above

Answer 45

declarative knowledge

Question 46

Which of the three broad categories that promote children’s cognitive and academic growth?

a. quantity, stimulation/engagement, and valuing
b. quality, social acceptance, teacher skill
c. quantity, entertainment, socioeconomic factors
d. stimulation/engagement, student maturity, school finances

Answer 46

quantity, stimulation/engagement, and valuing

Question 47

Good instructional practice has what key elements:

a. gaining the child’s attention and motivation
b. using what child already knows
c. providing meaningful practice and task specific feedback
d. all of these

Answer 47

all of these

Question 48

Friendships are very important for children and contribute to which of the following:

a. sense of security
b. sense of connectedness
c. development of the self-concept
d. all of these

Answer 48

all of these

Question 49

Which of these theories is continuous as opposed to categorical?

a. information processing theory
b. theory of cognitive development
c. theory of psychosocial development
d. theory of psychosexual stages

Answer 49

information processing theory

Question 50

In Super’s development approach to career satisfaction, he argues that an individual’s vocational self-concept evolves over time. What is the career development stage that usually characterizes adolescents and young adults?

a. the growth stage
b. the establishment stage
c. the exploratory stage
d. the maintenance stage

Answer 50

the exploratory stage

Question 51

For helping professionals who assume an attachment perspective in their therapeutic approach to clients, what is expected to be the primary mechanism to change?

a. establishing a therapeutic bond that functions as a secure base
b. challenging the client’s assumptions about attachment
c. teaching clients to think differently about their early attachment experience
d. confronting emotional memories.

Answer 51

teaching clients to think differently about their early attachment experience

Question 52

Counselors who use attachment based family therapy (ABFT) with troubled adolescents and their families

a. have alliance building individual sessions with parents and with adolescent to provide safe haven and empathy
b. have individual alliance building sessions with the adolescent to combat parental authority
c. require that all sessions include both parens and the adolescent
d. have individual alliance building sessions with the parents but not with the adolescent to encourage respect for parental authority

Answer 52

have alliance building individual sessions with parents and with adolescent to provide safe haven and empathy

Question 53

Current research indicates that in the last 50 year, gender differences in career development have disappeared entirely

a. career development have disappeared entirely
b. intensified, with women today more often choosing to be full time homemakers
c. changes in some ways, particularly in that men now typically share equally in housework and child care when both a husband and wife have careers
d. changed in some ways, but remained the same in others, particularly in that women still give greater priority to their role as caregiver, and men still give greater priority to their role as breadwinner.

Answer 53

changed in some ways, but remained the same in others, particularly in that women still give greater priority to their role as caregiver, and men still give greater priority to their role as breadwinner.

Question 54

Andrea is an adult with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style. Consistent with her attachment style, what is most likely to be true of Andrea’s romantic relationship?

a. she is likely to report a lack of trust in her relationship
b. she is likely to report greater trust in her partner than women with other kinds of attachment styles
c. she is likely to feel less dependent on her relationship than women with other kinds of attachment styles.
d. her relationships are likely to be less stable than those of women with other kinds of attachment styles.

Answer 54

she is likely to report a lack of trust in her relationship

Question 55

Research on job satisfaction indicates which of the following?

a. job satisfaction actually has nothing to do with how well personality characteristics match the demands of the job
b. job satisfaction is more closely related to monetary compensation than to any other variable
c. how well personality characteristics match the demands of a job is an important ingredient in job satisfaction
d. job satisfaction is most closely related to sociability, with sociable individuals more likely to be satisfied with any job

Answer 55

how well personality characteristics match the demands of a job is an important ingredient in job satisfaction

Question 56

According to Holland’s description of modal personal orientations, Danielle has an “enterprising” style. She is sociable, domineering, energetic, ambitious, talkative, optimistic, and assertive. According to Holland’s theory of career development, Danielle’s career counselor should

a. work with Danielle to change her style, especially her domineering and assertive styles
b. encourage Danielle to explore other personal orientations before she settles on a career
c. encourage Danielle to recognize that she will probably have very few career opportunities
d. work with Danielle to encourage self-awareness so that she can match her career choice to her existing style.

Answer 56

work with Danielle to encourage self-awareness so that she can match her career choice to her existing style.

Question 57

Hazan and Zeifman (1999) asked 6-17 year-olds questions about attachment needs. They found that peers met some attachment needs during childhood or early adolescence, but that peers did not fulfill other attachment needs unless they became romantic partners. Which of the following attachment needs were shifted to peers even for the youngest children in the study?

a. separation distress
b. secure base
c. safe haven
d. proximity maintenance

Answer 57

proximity maintenance

Question 58

In studies of problem discussion and conflict management between partners, individuals with which type of attachment style are most likely to report feeling hostile and angry after a discussion session?

a. anxious-ambivalent
b. there are no differences
c. secure
d. avoidant

Answer 58

anxious-ambivalent

Question 59

Erikson believed that a sense of industry, believing in and taking pleasure in one’s ability to be productive, first emerges

a. in the preschool years
b. in the elementary school years
c. in infancy
d. in adulthood

Answer 59

in the elementary school years

Question 60

Perry’s theory holds that the college experience fosters cognitive development because..

a. students learn from professors who embody intellectual authority
b. students lean to value their own opinions
c. students build on the skills learned in high school
d. students are confronted with a diversity of beliefs and values which they must accommodate.

Answer 60

students are confronted with a diversity of beliefs and values which they must accommodate.

Question 61

Which of the following individuals would most likely be in the reorganizational stage according to Schaie’s view of adult adjustment?

a. a 25-year-old single mother
b. a 62-year-old truck driver
c. a 20-year-old carpenter’s apprentice
d. a 45- year- old businessman.

Answer 61

a 62-year-old truck driver

Question 62

Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to the physical skills of young adult athletes?

a. both males and females reach peak performance about the same time
b. females reach peak performance earlier than their male counterparts
c. the timing of peak performance is dependent upon practice and not on biology.
d. Males reach peak performance earlier than their female counterparts

Answer 62

the timing of peak performance is dependent upon practice and not on biology.

Question 63

What areas of development does attending college in late adolescence to earl adulthood impact?

a. social development
b. physical development
c. emotional development
d. cognitive development

Answer 63

Social development and cognitive development

Question 64

This statement “All questions have right or wrong answers” represent which of the following positions from Perry’s Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development:

a. Multiplicity (pre-legitimate)
b. strict dualism
c. Multiplicity (subordinate) or early multiplicity
d. late multiplicity

Answer 64

strict dualism

Question 65

Which list of demographics have a greater rate for consumption of alcohol and substances?

a. males, hispanics, heterosexuals
b. females, caucasians, heterosexuals
c. males, caucasians, sexual minorities
d. both genders are equal, caucasians, sexual minorities

Answer 65

males, caucasians, sexual minorities

Question 66

Physical development progresses at what approximate rate between males and females?

a. females 1 year later than males
b. males 1 month earlier than females
c. males 1 year later than females
d. females 1 month later than males

Answer 66

males 1 year later than females

Question 67

Which of Schaie’s stages involves adults becoming aware their lives are coming to a close and developing an account of ther lives to pass on?

a. executive stage
b. legacy-leaving stage
c. responsible stage
d. reorganizational stage

Answer 67

legacy-leaving stage

Question 68

What are the two main advocates for globalization?

a. developing countries and western culture
b. telecommunications and developing countries
c. telecommunications and transportation
d. western culture and transportation

Answer 68

telecommunications and transportation

Question 69

What is the essence of postformal thought?

a. dualism
b. postmodernism
c. relativistic
d. multiplicity

Answer 69

relativistic

Question 70

In which dimension of the model of reflective judgement do individuals perceive knowledge as uncertain?

a. the kind of evidence used to justify judgement (later stages)
b. certainty of knowledge (early stages)
c. processes used to acquire knowledge (middle stages)
d. all of these

Answer 70

processes used to acquire knowledge (middle stages)

Question 71

Using Erikson’s development theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas?

Answer 71

successful resolution of a psychological crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern

Question 72

Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity?

Answer 72

Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light

Question 73

When she was pregnant with Joey, Joey’s mother had a poor diet because food was in short supply in her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born, and his middle-class mother was able to provide him with adequate, nutritious food throughout his childhood. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely for Joey

Answer 73

Joey may show few, if any, Long term negative effects from his prenatal deprivation

Question 74

For most mental illnesses and behavioral disorders, like alcoholism and clinical depression, the genetic contribution can best be described as

Answer 74

polygenic

Question 75

The process of myelination is not completed until

Answer 75

well into adulthood

Question 76

Seven month old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large city. Affordable, high quality care centers are very hard to find in her neighborhood. Which level of the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner’s model, is limiting her access to high quality day care in her community?

Answer 76

exosystem

Question 77

Most prenatal brain growth depends upon the proliferation of

Answer 77

synapses

Question 78

Billy’s babysitter takes him to the park every day where he can play with other preschoolers. When Billy falls or gets hurt, his babysitter soothes him until he feels better. One day Dwayne, another preschool child, falls from the swings. Billy looks concerns and rushes over to help. Then Billy tells his babysitter that Dwayne got hurt. According to research, Billy’s prosocial behavior is strongly related to Billy’s experience of

Answer 78

empathy and sympathy

Question 79

Charles was a temperamentally irritable baby who was difficult for his parents to handle. Now at 6 he is showing behavior problems in school. He has not mastered his alphabet letters and gives up easily. Charles’ parents also have difficulty making rules stick which him at home. They remember how easy their other two children were to raise and now have less patience with their youngest son. Based on research, which of the following characteristics is least likely to be related to Charles’ conduct problems?

Answer 79

birth order

Question 80

Morgan defines her best friend Isabel as someone who ‘lives next to her’, ‘gives her gifts’, ‘shares toys with her’, and ‘likes her.’ She also notes that they are both girls and the same age. However, she is upset that Isabel did not share today and told her to “Go away!”. Her development of friendship would be characterized as which of Selman’s Stages of Friendship?

Answer 80

stage 0: Undifferentiated/Egocentric

Question 81

What are the five subgroups that are distinguished from a child’s sociometry score?

Answer 81

Controversial, rejected, neglected, popular, and average

Question 82

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door. A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers. As they get closer, they see the clerk go inside the store. Selena’s friends encourage her to take a bag of candy, but she refuses. How would an individual in Kohlberg’s preconventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena’s behavior?

Answer 82

Selena didn’t take the candy because she might get caught

Question 83

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door. A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers. As they get closer, they see the clerk go inside the store. Selena’s friends encourage her to take a bag of candy, but she refuses. How would an individual in Kohlberg’s conventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena’s behavior?

Answer 83

Selena didn’t take the candy because it belonged to someone else

Question 84

Which of the following statements is true with respect to moral development?

Answer 84

Many adults reach the point where they reason about moral issues using universal ethical standards.

Question 85

A counselor is concerned about a clients’ self-esteem. Which of the following provides a research-based rationale for this concern?

Answer 85

Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attributions about one’s self, which are related to depression.

Question 86

What is the gradual decline of testosterone in middle age for men called?

Answer 86

andropause

Question 87

Individuals with low levels of self-esteem would be more likely than those with high self-esteem to.

Answer 87

Go along with peers even when they do not agree.

Question 88

Peter, who is an aggressive 11 year old is referred to the counselor because of a recent episode of fighting on the bus. When asked to explain what happened, peter said that he had to sit next to a girl who was laughing with her friend across the aisle about the “stupid kid in school”. Enraged by this, Peter pushed her head into the window. Where is the error in Peter’s social information processing about this situation?

Answer 88

Peter interprets cues incorrectly, and assumes the girls comments are referring to him.

Question 89

Mr. Sanderson is a 1st grade teacher. He believes in fostering children’s tolerance for others, encouraging fairness, and promoting cooperative behavior. One of his classroom jobs involves leading the lunch line to the school cafeteria, a coveted role among the students. Vanessa has been line leader of the week. It is now the last day of the week and Mr. Sanderson asks Vanessa to allow Jimmy, a brand new student, a chance to lead the line. Mr. Sanderson is upset with Vanessa when she refuses because he feels she is not being kind. What is the best explanation for Vanessa’s behavior?

Answer 89

At this age, Vanessa can engage in needs-based reasoning but may still have difficulty weighing the needs of others against to her own

Question 90

People are generally motivated to evaluate themselves favorably in relation to others. This tendency is called a

Answer 90

social comparison

Question 91

Roberto, at 15, is finding that he loves to take chances. He enjoys the sensation of being on the edge of danger, whether he is trying a new drug, or riding in a car at top speed with his friends. He frequently looks to his friends before he tries something new, reasoning that if his friends aren’t worried about the consequences, then he need not worry either. His reasoning reflects

Answer 91

collective egocentrism

Question 92

Roberto, at 15, is finding that he loves to take chances. He enjoys the sensation of being on the edge of danger, whether he is trying a new drug, or riding in a car at top speed with his friends. Roberto was well-behaved, outgoing, and happy as a younger child. If you were his counselor, what would you tell his parents about his current experimentation and deviant behavior?

Answer 92

Closer parental monitoring can help reduce the deviant behavior and protect Roberto from harm.

Question 93

Jasmine, age 16, has just begun an after-school and weekend job at which she expects to work about 20-25 hours a week. She plans to use her earnings to buy clothes, gas for her car, and to fund outings with friends. Based on research, which of the following is the most likely outcome of Jasmine’s part-time employment?

Answer 93

Her greater work time will negatively affect her school achievement.

Question 94

On the basis of research on parenting, what advice should counselors give parents about how much to be involved in their adolescents’ school life?

Answer 94

Adolescents’ academic achievement is likely to benefit when parents remain actively involved in school-related activities like monitoring homework and serving as partners in school decision making.

Question 95

Which of the following describes a type of influence that parents can have on whether or not their adolescent becomes a member of a particular crowd?

Answer 95

Parents can affect their children’s initial characteristics, which then affect crowd selection.

Question 96

High levels of parental monitoring and control are associated with which of the following outcomes regardless of ethnicity or social class?

Answer 96

Less deviant behavior and drug use among adolescents

Question 97

Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system. Which of the following explains the beginning of this process?

Answer 97

The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 98

A coping style which has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is

Answer 98

rumination

Question 99

Which of the following is not an illustration of formal operational thought?

Answer 99

Alyssa classifies information about the main branches of the US government by drawing a diagram of various departments within each branch

Question 100

The parents of Abe, age 14, are concerned that he is watching violent movies and playing violent video games with his friends. You can advise them that

Answer 100

exposure to media portrayals of violence are related to teenage aggressive behavior.

Question 101

Which of the following statements about early maturation is true?

Answer 101

Early maturation in girls is associated with greater stress, moodiness, and depressive symptoms.

Question 102

Which of these is not a core domain measured by Marcia’s Ego Identity Interview?

Answer 102

Role of spouse

Question 103

What is one reason adolescents are so ignorant in sexuality?

Answer 103

Adult reluctance to talk about sexuality

Question 104

The adolescent growth spurt increases both internal and external physical differences between sexes.

Answer 104

true

Question 105

Which of the following statements is NOT true with regard to the onset of menarche?

Answer 105

Girls who are very athletic are likely to have earlier onset of menarche

Question 106

To understand parent-teen conflicts, it can be helpful for the counselor to understand the parents’ and teen’s views of parental control. For example, teens often consider some aspects of parental control legitimate but not others. Which of the following kinds of rules governing behavior are teens most likely to feel that parents should not control?

Answer 106

personal rules

Question 107

According to research on adult partner selection, secure individuals tend to select ________ individuals as partners.

Answer 107

secure

Question 108

Andrea is an adult with an anxious ambivalent attachment style. She is least likely to select a romantic partner who has _________ attachment style.

Answer 108

an anxious ambivalent

Question 109

et and her twin brother Harris are 22 years old, and they are both looking for jobs following college graduation. If Janet and Harris are typical of women and men in general, which of the following criteria will play a stronger role in Janet’s job choice than in Harris’s job choice?

Answer 109

Opportunities for relationships with other people and altruism.

Question 110

Current research indicates that in the last 50 years, gender differences in career development have disappeared entirely.

Answer 110

Changed in some ways, but remained the same in others, particularly in that women still give greater priority to their role as caregiver, and men still give greater priority to their role as breadwinner.

Question 111

When the life goals of college and noncollege young adults are compared, which of the following is true?

Answer 111

Noncollege and college youth both rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work as important goals.

Question 112

Andrea is an adult with anxious-ambivalent attachment style. Consistent with her attachment style, what is most likely to be true of Andrea’s romantic relationship.

Answer 112

She is likely to report a lack of trust in her relationship.

Question 113

How do sociologists classify actions like entry into marriage and becoming a parent?

Answer 113

As marker events

Question 114

List three pitfalls that clients may experience in their decision making. (SHORT ANSWER)

Answer 114

The “person who” fallacy
The actuarial prediction
Vividness effect

Question 115

Which of the following is an assumption that theorists who argue for postformal thinking believe?

Answer 115

One cannot be a postformal thinker without going through Piaget’s 4 stages.

Question 116

What areas of development does attending college in late adolescence to early adulthood impact?

Answer 116

Cognitive development, Social development

Question 117

Pruning is the process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to

Answer 117

increase the efficacy of neuronal transmissions

Question 118

Hillary is a 19-year-old college freshman. If she is typical of most college students today, which of the following is her most important reason for attending college?

Answer 118

to get a better job