Final Exam (65% Or Higher, Amen)

Question 1

5 general functions of the blood
- transportion of dissolved substances
-Regulating PH and ions
-restricting fluid loss at injury sites
-defending against toxins and pathogens
-stabilizing body temp.

Question 2

Pathway of electrical conduction through the heart

• SA node
• AV node
  -AV bundle
• Bundle branches
  -Purkinje fibers

Question 3

P wave= depolarization of the atria
QRS complex= depolarization & contraction of the ventricle
T wave= repolarization of ventricles

Question 4

4 components of the lymphatic system

• lymph
• lymphatic vessels
• lymphoid issues & organs
• lymphocytes & phagocytes

Question 5

T cells= Destroys infected cells, foreign cells, or cancer cells

Cytotoxic= attack foreign cells & body cells infected by viruses

Memory= remain in the body to give “immunity”

Helper= stimulate the activation & function of T & B cells

Suppressor= Inhibit activation & function of T & B cells

B cells= responsible for humoral immunity b/c antibodies circulate body fluid (B cells activate T cells)

NK cells= patrolling of tissues (attack foreign cells, viruses, and cancer cells

Question 6

Tonsils, MALT, and lymph node

• Lymphoid tissues= connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

-Lymphoid nodules= contain lymphocytes densely packed in areolar tissues

• Tonsils= Help filter out germs that enter through the nose or mouth to protect the body
• MALT= protects the epithelia of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary system

Question 7

Innate & Adaptive

innate immunity= does NOT distinguish one threat from another
- Present at birth

Adaptive= Protects against one type of bacterium or virus but not another
-Develops immunity to a specific pathogen after exposure

Question 8

4 types (Adaptive immunity)

• Specificity= T or B cells responds only to a specific antigen & ignores the rest
• Versatility=body produces many types of lymphocytes
  Clones its self to fight against antigens
• Memory= lymphocytes will fight an infection
• Tolerance= Cell bodies have antigens

Question 9

4 types (T cells)

• Cytotoxic= attacks cells infected by viruses/ cell-mediated immunity
• Memory= clone themselves to attack antigens
• Helper= Stimulate T cell & B cells
• Suppressor= Inhibits T cell & B cells

Question 10

Primary response= takes time to develop, antigens activate B cells, antibody levels slowly rise

Secondary= Activates memory B cells, Lower antigens concentrations, secretes antibodies in massive quantities

Question 11

Function of respiratory system

• Deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood
• Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp changes, and defend against pathogens
• Moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs along the respiratory passageways

Question 12

Functional divisions of the respiratory system
- upper respiratory system= nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

• Lower respiratory=larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli
• Conducting portion= warms, moistens air, and defends
• Respiratory= alveoli air pockets where gas exchange takes place

Question 13

Trachea»bronchi»bronchioles»alveoli

• Deep in the lunges each bronchus divided into secondary & tertiary bronchi, which continues to branch to smaller airways called the bronchioles

Question 14

Airflow from the trachea to the alveoli

Trachea»Primary bronchi»secondary bronchi»tertiary bronchi»bronchioles»alveoli

Question 15

Quiet breathing
- Inhalation is active
- Exhalation is passive

Forced breathing
- Inhalation is active
- Exhalation is active; decreases volume of thoracic cavity

Question 16

Inhalation increases thoracic volume= decreases in pressure inside the lungs

Exhalation decreases thoracic volume= increase in pressure inside the lungs

Question 17

Digestive tract

• Oral cavity
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Small/large intestines

Question 18

Accessory organs

-Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Question 19

6 functions of digestive system

• Ingestion= material enter the digestive tract
• Mechanical= physical breakdown of ingested material
• Digestion= breakdown of food into smaller fragments for absorption
• Secretion= releases water, acids, enzymes, buffers, & salt
• Absorption= movement of vitamins, electrolytes, and water across digestive epithelium
• Excretion= removal of waster products from the body

Question 20

3 regions of small intestine

• Duodenum= receives chyme from stomach
• Jejunum= site of the most chemical digestion & nutrient absorption
• Ileum= sphincter controlling the flow of material into the cecum of large intestines

Question 21

Large intestine

• Reabsorption of water & salts from the material that has not been digested as food
• Vitamin K & B vitamins are produced by the colonic bacteria, than after absorbed into the blood

Question 22

Energetics= flow of energy and its change from one form to another

Metabolism= All chemical has 7 physical changes that occur in the body tissues

Cellular metabolism= energy to maintain homeostasis & perform essential functions

Question 23

3 functions of urinary system

• Excretion= removal of organic waste
• Elimination= discharge of waste products
• Homeostatic= regulation of volume & solute concentration of the blood

Question 24

Kidneys= produce urine

Urinary tract= eliminates urine

Ureters= transport urine

Urinary bladder= storage

Urethra= eliminates out of the body

Urination & micturition= process of eliminating urine

Question 25

Filtration= blood pressure forces water & solutes across walls of glomerular capillaries (occurs in renal corpuscle)

Reabsorption= movement of water & solutes from filtrate to peritubular capillaries

Secretion= transport of solutes from peritubular fluid to tubular fluid
- removes substances that were in the blood

Question 26

What information about a patients health can be learned from a urinalysis?

• detects disorders such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes

Question 27

+ test of blood, ketones, glucose & protein

• Elevated ketones in the urine May indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) a possible complication of diabetes that can lead to coma or death

Question 28

Why dozens of sperm??

One needed for fertilization but dozens needed to secrete enzymes to penetrate the follicle cell layers around the ovum

Enzymes from one sperm cell is not enough to break the corona radiata

Question 29

4 stages of 1st trimester

• Cleavage= zygote becomes pre-embryo; develops into multicellular blastocyst

-Implantation= attachment of blastocyst to endometrium of uterus
- occurs 7 days after fertilization
- occurs in fundus or uterus

• Placentation= occurs as blood vessels form around periphery of blastocyst & placenta develops
• Embryogenesis= Formation of viable embryo, major organs systems through organogenesis