Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adult Psychopathology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder?

A

2X as common in women

approximately 4.7% of Canadians

2-9% of depressed patients commit suicide

**Only chronic for a minority of people. Depression normally remits within 6 months for most people.

*Highest % in young people and *lowest in older people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms of Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

One or more bodily symptoms causing persistent (>6months) distress
*Excessive thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviours related to these bodily symptoms. (preoccupation, anxiety , excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms)

  • Chronic, but fluctuating
  • EXCESSIVE medical consultation and intervention, without effect
  • Can and does occur alongside real physical problems
  • Inability to realize that your concern is out of proportion
  • Resistant to psychological referral

Appraise their symptoms as unduly threatening, despite reassurance

High comorbidity with depression and anxiety

Physical symptoms associated with significant psychological stress or impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What disorders are most common in females?

A 
Depression is 2x as common in women
Phobias 2x as frequent
Dissociative amnesia
Anorexia-90% female (under the age of 30)
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Conversion Disorder 2-3x more common
Social Phobia (2x as common)
Generalized Anxiety (2x)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which disorders are most common in males?

A 
Gender dysphoria is 2-5X more common
Dissociative amnesia (*Only for young men in war) 
Paraphilias
Paranoid personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
2X Gambling Disorder (Problem Gambling)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Worried, always nervous about everything
Nonspecific anxiety
self conscious- need excessive reassurance

Psychosomatic complaints: Upset stomach etc.

(Heightened anxiety produces more stress hormones that affect the body)

**Chronic, does not necessarily go away with time or treatment

*Highly genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Symptoms of Trichotillomania

A

Compulsive pulling out of hair, strand by strand

  • Chronic
  • No associated thought, which is where it differs from OCD

**Differs from OCD, because there is no associated obsessive thought

*No cognitive component, so medication is more likely to be used

In OCD behaviours are often done to counteract the obsessive thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment for Generalized Anxiety

A
  • CHRONIC does not go away forever, even with treatment
  • Does not respond to desensitization

1) Meditation:1) Here+ now focus 2) slows down mind ( no peripheral thoughts)
2) Medication : Buspirone (No withdrawl/Dependence)
3) Sometimes antihistamines
4) CBT+ Relaxation training Exercise
5) Easily aroused, sensitive limbic system. “Sensitive brain”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes for Generalized Anxiety

A

1) Genetics
2) Easily aroused, sensitive limbic system. “Sensitive brain”.
3) Closeknit family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PTSD

A

Syndrome experienced by some people following a traumatic event
Includes:
1) Intrusive thoughts
2) Persistent arousal/agitation
3) Avoidance behaviours (Includes dissociative amnesia)

Common among emergency personnel

3-4% prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment for PTSD

A

NOT EFFECTIVE : Critical incident stress debriefing *However can be used to identify people who need the most help

Effective:
EMDR(Eye movement desensitzation reprocessing)
+or Desensitization
- personnel must commit
-helps to address actualy issue
-effective for nightmares especially
*Reinvoking thoughts/sounds to relive the event

Benzos: 1-2 weeks
*can cure completely in short term PTSD
Helps to prevent alcohol dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Medication for OCD

A

Clomipramine- SSRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cingulotomy

A

Surgical treatment for OCD, cuts connections between emotional parts of the brain

20-25% success for OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Best treatment for BDD?

A

CBT- challenge irrational thoughts by introducing rational beliefs surrounding bodyparty
I.e. “Nose is too big” -> “Nose is fine and no bigger than anyone elses”

SSRI- Sometimes helpful

Cosmetic surgery- Not helpful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Symptoms of MDD?

A

DSM criterion shown to be consistent across cultures in first, second and third world countries

1) At least two weeks of depressed mood and/or the loss of interest or pleasure in most activities.

Plus 4 additional symptoms from:
Changes in appetite or weight (Increase or decrease in weight, normally due to increase or decrease in appetite), Sleep disturbances (change in normal sleep pattern), agitation, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, recurrent thoughts of death, or suicidal ideation.

Most common additional symptoms:
Changes in appetite: Appetite may increase or decrease
Changes in weight: Increase or decrease in weight
Sleep disturbances: Normal pattern changes. May sleep more, or may sleep less. May awake frequently, ie every night at 2am
Agitation: Some people may become jittery and anxious, while others become lethargic and cant get out of bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treatments for Social Phobia?

A

Exposure:

Relaxation training:

Social skills training: Some people are socially phobic because they don’t know how to make small talk.

Yoga:

Drugs: Primarily benzodiazepines**, such as valium
SSRIs can also be effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

One-year prevalence of mental disorders

A

OCD-1-1.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is addiction?

A

Difficulty controlling involvement in a pleasurable activity despite the activity causing significant problems for the person

*In OCD no pleasure is involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is addiction assessed?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What disorders are rare (With a prevelency of 1% or less?)

A 
Schizophrenia 
Dissociative identity disorder, 
 anorexia-0.4
 dissociative fugue 
Gender Dysphoria (Less than 0.01%)
Delusional disorder (0.2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What disorders are common ( prevelency of 5% or more)

A 
1 Any Phobias(7-9%)
Social Phobia(7% in NA)
Hoarding (2-6%)(could also be considered medium)
Somatic Symptom Disorder (5-7%)
Illness Anxiety Disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What disorders are middle prevalency (Between 1% and 5%)?

A 
1 OCD(1-1.15%)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (2%-3%)
Bulimia(1-2 percent) 
Schizoid personality disorder (3-5)%
Bipolar Disorder (1.5%)
PTSD (3-4%)
Panic Attacks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What 2 addictions are more common among females?

A

Eating addiction: 70% are females

Shopping addiction: 85% are females (maybe due to evolutionary drive for women to gather)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What 4 addictions are most common among males?

A

Drug addictions(includes nicotine and alcohol): 25%; 60 % males

Gambling addictions: 2.4 65% males

Sex addictions: 2% overall: 70% males

Videogame addictions: 2% overall: 70% males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How prevalent is addiction?

A

*Most common mental disorder worldwide
Highest rates are in 18-30 year olds
episodically chronic for drug addiction and gambling; unknown for other addictions

High rates of co-occurance with other addictions (Due to reward pathways being predisposed towards over-involvement)

high rates of co-occurance with depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prevalence of problem gambling?

A

Twice as high in males

*Least common in Europe-1%
moderate in North America + Australia
*Most Common in Asia-5%

26
Q

What causes addiction?

A

30-70% genetic

This manifests neurobiologically as dysregulation of the reward pathways and centers in the brain

Behaviourally: Impulsivity, ADHD and a propensity for risk taking

Environmental factors: 50% environmental

27
Q

What are the 4 types of schizophrenia?

A

Brief Psychotic Disorder- break with reality, talking like crazy etc. *Lasts a month or less

Schizophreniform: *Between one and six months. *Almost always consists of positive symptoms, hallucinations etc.
*1/3 of these recover, the rest progress to schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia: *If it lasts longer than 6 months

Schizoaffective: Combination of schizophrenia symptoms + mood disorder either depression or bipolar/mania

28
Q

What disorders have an equal sex ratio?

A

The Schizophrenias

Delusional Disorder

OCD

Bipolar

Illness Anxiety Disorder

29
Q

Treatment for addiction

*On Final

A

is effective in the shorterm, but not as much in the longterm

30
Q

Treatment for addiction

*On Final

A

is effective in the shorterm, but not as much in the longterm

Most addicts have periods of abuse followed by remittence, only a small minority will be unremittently chronic

31
Q

What are the relapse rates for alcohol?

A

After 2 years of abstinence: 41% will relapse

After 4 years of abstinence: 25% will relapse

After 6 years of abstinence: 7% will relapse

32
Q

Medication for alcohol addiction

A

Antabuse

33
Q

Medication for heroin addiction

A

naltrexone(Reduces pleasure +Craving)

34
Q

Drug substitutions for each of alcohol, tobacco, amphetamines and heroin:

A

Alcohol: Benzodiazepines
Tobacco: Nicotine patches, gums, inhalers etc.
Heroin: Methadone
Amphetamines: Methylphenidate, Vyvanse

35
Q

Medication for tobacco addiction

A

Bupoprion

36
Q

Medication for gambling addiction

A

naltrexone

37
Q

What 6 factors are related to positive treatment outcome in addiction?

A 
client motivation and premorbid functioning
-empathetic and engaging therapist
recieving and staying in treatment 
providind comprehensive services
behaviourally oriented approaches
ongoing support services/groups
38
Q

Drug substitutions for each of alcohol, tobacco, amphetamines and heroin:

A

Alcohol: Benzodiazepines

Tobacco: Nicotine patches, gums, inhalers etc.

Heroin: Methadone

Amphetamines: Methylphenidate, Vyvanse (harder to get high)

39
Q

What 6 factors are related to positive treatment outcome in addiction?

A

1) client motivation and premorbid functioning
- empathetic and engaging therapist
- receiving and staying in treatment
- providing comprehensive services
- behaviourally oriented approaches
- ongoing support services/groups * Addiction is a lifelong condition

40
Q

Chronic disorders

A 
Addictions
Generalized anxiety disorder
Anorexia
Schizophrenia
Dissociative amnesia
BDD
Hoarding
Illness Anxiety Disorder
41
Q

Difference between delusional disorder and schizophrenia?

A

With elusional disorder delusions, the patient will have “logical explanations”, and their delusions will not seem as “impossibly bizarre”, more comprehensive and seemingly plausible.
Schizophrenia delusions are much more bizarre, out of touch, and the patient will not have reasonable explanations

42
Q

Schizophrenic symptoms with the best prognosis

A

Positive Symptoms = better prognosis
Negative symptoms are harder to treat = worse prognosis

Acute/early onset = good prognosis
Slow/late onset = bad prognosis

Female- good prognosis
Male-bad prognosis

Mood disturbance such as depression- better prognosis

No family history- good
Family history- bad prognosis

43
Q

What are the causes of schizophrenia?

A

*Genetic heritability- one of the highest for this

44
Q

Diagnosis of schizophrenia

A

2 or more of: hallucinations, delisions, disorganized or catatonic behaviour, disorganized speech, negative symptoms (avolition, poverty of speech , affective flattening)

45
Q

Disorders with a good likelihood of successful treatment? (Good prognosis)

A

Depression
PTSD
bulimia

46
Q

Intermittently chronic disorders?

A

Bulimia

Addiction

47
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

Needs constant attention and can never get enough

*May be female version of antisocial personality

48
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Most reliable personality disorder
Must have been diagnosed with conduct disorder as a child
pervasive pattern of disregard for and the violation of the rights of others
childhood signs: lying, cheating, stealing, truancy
adult signs: excessive sexuality, drug use, aggressiveness ,inability to tolerate boredom, criminality, reckless disregard for others safety, impulsivity and inability to plan ahead

49
Q

Borderline Personality disorder

A

Pervasive pattern of ubstable interpersonal relationships and mood
1-6% prevalence
Marked impulsivity
75% female

50
Q

Assessment of schizophrenia

A

2 or more of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized or catatonic behaviour , disorganized speech, negative symptoms (ie affective symptoms, poverty of speech, avolition)

51
Q

What structures of the brain are involved in the reward pathway implicated in addiction?

A

Ventral tegmentum
Nucleus accumbens
Prefrontal cortex

52
Q

Environmental risk factors for schizophrenia

A

Social isolation
Living in an urban environment
Being an immigrant

53
Q

Neurobiological causes of schizophrenia

A

Overactivity of dopamine in limbic system, underactivity of dopamine in PFC
Enlarged ventricles and decreased brain weight (especially in chronic)

54
Q

Environmental causes of schizophrenia

A

Up to 50% of schizophrenia is environmental

Prenatal stressors (flu, stress, malnutrition)

Living in an urban ennvironment

Cultural variations (High in ireland, yugoslavia, sweden, but low in hutterites and aborigines, which cant be accounted for genetically)

Social isolation

Poor family communcation and deviant role relationships = predictor of relapse

Substance use: especially cocaine, amphetamine and marijuanna

55
Q

Describe the causes and treatments for 5 disorders

A 
1
2
3
4
5
56
Q

Difficult to treat disorders

A

Personality disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Illness Anxiety Disorder

57
Q

Treatment for hobias

A

1) Desensitzation (Flooding)

2) Systematic desensitzation

58
Q

Treatment for phobias

A

1) Desensitzation (Flooding)
2) Systematic desensitzation
3) Benzos

59
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

DEFINITION: enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts and are inflexible and maladaptive.

60
Q

What causes agorophobia?

A

Fear of fear- fear of arousal

61
Q

Treatments for schizophrenia

A 
Soteria Houses
phenothiazines
risperidone
depot forms
cbt
coping strategies
family education programs
social skills training
humming
avatar training

Adult Psychopathology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions