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SAST 315 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Who left an inscription in Allahabad and was the first great ruler of the imperial Guptas?

A

Samudragupta

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2
Q

What was the old name of Allahabad?

A

Prayag

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3
Q

When did Chandragupta I rule?

A

320-335 AD

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4
Q

When did Samudragupta live?

A

335-375 AD

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5
Q

Samudragupta’s most famous campaign took place where?

A

Southern India (Dakshinapatha)

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6
Q

Why did the king of Sri Lanka send gifts to the Gupta court?

A

The rich gifts sent to Samudragupta were intended to persuade him to look kindly upon a request to build a monastery and a resthouse for Sinhalese pilgrims at Bodh Gaya, the place where the Buddha attained enlightenment.

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7
Q

One model some scholars use to explain Gupta rule is which of the following?

A

Multicentered (rather than a unitary structure) gupta state?

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8
Q

When did Chandragupta II live?

A

375 - 413/15 AD

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9
Q

What was Chandragupta II greatest military success?

A

Victory over Shaka-Kshatrapa dynasty and annexation of their prosperous realm in Gujarat

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10
Q

When did the Vakataka dynasty rise to prominence?

A

3rd Century AD

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11
Q

What role did Prabhavatigupta play in the Vakataka’s realm?

A

Acted as regent for her two sons (2 and 5 yr olds) which lasted 20 yrs

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12
Q

What was the original pattern for Gupta coins?

A

Roman pattern

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13
Q

What types of currencies were used in the Gupta dynasty?

A

Gold, silver and copper coins, shells

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14
Q

When did Faxian visist India?

A

from the 5-7th centuries AD

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15
Q

One of the reasons that the Guptas are so famous is which of the following?

A

Classical Sanskrit literature (Chandragupta II had a circle of poets at court - ‘nine jewels’)

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16
Q

Who was the greatest dramatist and poet during the Gupta dynasty?

A

Kalidasa

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17
Q

When did the Puranas achieve their final shape?

A

Age of the Guptas

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18
Q

How many Great Puranas are there?

A

18

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19
Q

Which Purana teaches about Durga?

A

Markandeya Purana

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20
Q

What is the Indian name for the god of war?

A

Kumaraskanda

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21
Q

One source of revenue for Buddhist temples during the Gupta period was donations by wealthy individuals. What was another source of income for them?

A

Gold coins donated with instructions for the use of the interest accruing on the investment

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22
Q

What was one source of income for Hindu temples during the Gupta period?

A

Donations taking the form of land grants or of the assignment of the revenue of whole villages

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23
Q

Who were the Pushyamitras?

A

Tribal community living on the banks of Narmada

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24
Q

What was one of the results of Skandagupta’s victory over the Huns?

A

Disruption of international trade of northwestern trade - diminishing of financial source of Gupta empire

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25
Q

When were the Huns successful in conquering NW India?

A

510 AD

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26
Q

Toramana the Hun’s son was named which of the following?

A

Mihirakula

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27
Q

Yashodharma won a battle against the Hun king in 528. But what lead to the Hun’s down fall?

A

Huns defeated by the Turks in central Asia (middle of the 6th century)

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28
Q

What was the effect of Hun rule on Buddhist establishments?

A

Destruction of buddhist monasteries

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29
Q

What separates South India from the North?

A

Vindhya mountains

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30
Q

What cultural influence spread from South India to the North?

A

Bhakti movement

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31
Q

What was one way Hinduisation affected the southern tribes?

A

Oppression and exploitation of former tribal groups (pariahs and untouchables within caste society)

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32
Q

What made the southern delta areas so enticing to settlement?

A

Fertile lands which supported settled agriculture and the growing of rice

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33
Q

Which products does the Arthashastra NOT list as found in South India?

A

Products include → shells, diamonds, precious stones, pearls and articles made of gold

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34
Q

Which eco-type is NOT mentioned in the Sangam texts?

A

Five are mentioned → mountains, forests/pastures, dry barren lands, valleys of great rivers, the coast

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35
Q

What was one of the goods that South India coastal areas produced?

A

Salt

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36
Q

The Mauryan empire’s administration acted as a model for southern India’s emerging centers. What else was a major influence on the development of politics?

A

Monastic orders that formed from the migration of buddhist and jaina monks

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37
Q

Following the fall of the Maurya Empire who called himself “Supreme Lord of Kalinga”?

A

Kharavela

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38
Q

What allowed the king of Kalinga to eliminate taxes?

A

Spoils of successful campaigns

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39
Q

How many war elephants did Kalinga maintain according to Pliny the Elder?

A

700 elephants

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40
Q

According to the Aitareya Brahmana text what is the origin of the Shatavahana?

A

500 BC - a non-aryan tribe

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41
Q

Where was the capital of the Shatavahana under Satakarni I?

A

Pratisthana (Paithan)

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42
Q

How many cavalry did the Shatavahanas keep according he Pliny the Elder?

A

30,000 Cavalry

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43
Q

Administratively what was a general feature of state formation in the early medieval period in India?

A

Incorporation of local lords into state hierarchy

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44
Q

Who is recorded to have made donations to Nagarjunikonda?

A

Queens

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45
Q

One of the South Indian Buddhist monasteries inscriptions lists relams it had relations with. Which kingdom is Not listed?

A

Listed → Kashmir and Gandhara, the Yavanas (Greeks) in NW india, Kirata in Himalayas (nepal), Vanavasi in W india, Toshali and Vanga (orissa and Benegal) in the east, Damila (Tamil Nadu), Island of Tamrapani (sri lanka) and even China

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46
Q

According to modern research when was the Sangam literature composed?

A

1st-3rd century AD

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47
Q

Which kingdom used the kulasangha form of rule?

A

Chera kingdom

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48
Q

When did the Kalabhra Interregnum end?

A

Ended when the Pallava dynasty emerged as the first regional power of south india in the 6th century

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49
Q

Under which Kalabhra king did Buddhism and poets prosper?

A

Acchutavikkanta

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50
Q

What was an important aspect of South Indian history?

A

Flourishing trade with Rome

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51
Q

How did Hegel depict trade with India?

A

Significant for universal history on how trade routes led to treasures from India to make their way to the west and how it influenced the fate of so many nations

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52
Q

When trade with the Mediterranean declined what did South Indian kingdoms do?

A

Turned to southeast asia

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53
Q

Under which Roman Emperor did trade with India greatly expand?

A

Emperor Augustus

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54
Q

What was the most important port on the Malabar coast of India?

A

Muziris

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55
Q

Where were the shards of Red Polish Ware dug up at Poduka originally form?

A

Arezzo, Italy

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56
Q

What was the driving force on India’s international trade?

A

Quest for Roman goal - eagerness to get precious metals

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57
Q

When did Harsha reign?

A

606-647 AD

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58
Q

What was the northern boundary of Harsha’s kingdom?

A

Northern Orissa

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59
Q

What was Bana’s book’s title?

A

Harshacharita

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60
Q

How long did Xuanzang visit India to study Buddhism?

A

13 years (630-643)

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61
Q

Who defeated Harsha’s army in about 630 CE?

A

Pulakeshin II of the Chalukya dynasty

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62
Q

Where was the Pallavas’ capital?

A

Kanchipuram

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63
Q

Whose brother was set up as viceroy at Vengi?

A

Pulakeshin

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64
Q

Who selected Kanauj as his capital one century after Harsha?

A

Yashovarman

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65
Q

Which dynasty controlled parts of Bihar and Bengal in the late eighth century?

A

Pala dynasty

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66
Q

Who ruled the Deccan following the Rashtrakutas?

A

Chalukyas

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67
Q

Who ruled Kashmir in the eighth century?

A

Lalitaditya

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68
Q

The Gurjara Pratihars and the Palas often fought each other. Which dynasty defeated both of them?

A

Dhruva

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69
Q

Which king bestowed the lands of the Cholas on his family members?

A

Krishna III

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70
Q

The Pratiharas maintained four large armies. How many men were in each?

A

700,000-900,000 men in each

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71
Q

How did the Cholas gain control of the Krishna-Godaveri delta region?

A

Marital alliance

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72
Q

What did the fire sacrifice on Mount Abu accomplish for the Rajputs?

A

All clans were purified and admitted to the status of Kshatriyas

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73
Q

Who founded Delhi?

A

Tomaras

74
Q

Who had built the Khajuraho temples?

A

Chandellas

75
Q

Who founded the Pala dynasty?

A

Gopala

76
Q

How did Ramapala put an end to Kaivarta power?

A

Cementing an alliance with various neighbouring rulers

77
Q

Who replaced the Palas?

A

Sena dynasty (Vijayasena)

78
Q

Who took the western part of Lakshmanasens’s kingdom?

A

Muhammad Bakhtyar Khalji

79
Q

Which educational institution was founded by Dharmapala?

A

Buddhist university of Vikramashila

80
Q

What is one indication of Palal Buddhist culture influencing Southeast Asia?

A

Painting of Thangkas in Tibet

81
Q

Who was the first Chalukya king?

A

Pulakeshin I

82
Q

What did the first Chalukya king do to declare his independence from the Kadambas?

A

Great horse sacrifice

83
Q

What year did Vikramiditya II of the Chalukya capture the Pallava capital?

A

740 AD

84
Q

Who founded the Pallava dynasty?

A

King Simahavishnu

85
Q

What was the original religion that Mahendravarman followed?

A

Jainism

86
Q

Who constructed the port Mahabalipuram?

A

Narasimhavarman (aka Mahamalla - Great Wrestler)

87
Q

Who was the greatest Pallava builder?

A

Narasimhavarman II

88
Q

How many Buddhist monasteries were there in Kanchipuram during Pallava rule?

A

100 monasteries

89
Q

How many Hindu temples were there in Kanchipuram during the Pallava rule?

A

80 temples

90
Q

What opportunity provided the Chola come back in the 9th -10th century?

A

Serving as tributary princes

91
Q

Which kingdoms did Rajaraja Chola defeat to expand his territorial boundaries?

A

Pandyas and Cheras

92
Q

Who built and Buddhist monastery at Nagapatam in 1005 CE?

A

Shaildendra king of Shrivijaya

93
Q

What drove the expansion of the Cholas into Southeast Asia and raised concerns with Siam and Cambodia?

A

Drive to be seen as universal rulers by conquering the world, interested in plunder or establishing a monopoly of trade

94
Q

When did the international trade merchants raise to a significant power factor in India?

A

In the days of the Pallavas

95
Q

Which region of international trade was controlled by the Ayyavole?

A

dominated trade of the Deccan - connections extended to western asia

96
Q

What was the regional base of the Manigramam trade guild?

A

based in Tamil Nadu - connections concentrated in southeast asia

97
Q

What evidence is there that the “negation of the world” philosophy was not as prevalent in the late Middle Ages as it was in the early period of India?

A

Inscription (1055 AD) recorded by guild of the Ayyovole Merchants

98
Q

What effect did the constant rise and fall of dynasties in the Middle Ages have on the culture of India?

A

different areas got a chance to flourish and develop their regional culture

99
Q

What difference in structure of the government is found in comparing Harsha’s Empire with the Gupta Empire?

A

differ in internal structure - Harsha’s realm was decentralized - also diff type on control in central core area

100
Q

What was a distinctive structural feature on the Medieval realms?

A

Rise of the Samantas

101
Q

Why was the Medieval political structure inherently weak?

A

Samantisation slowly eroded the power base of the ruler even in the core area of his realm - samantachakra was,of course, inherently unstable

102
Q

What was the first stage of “development from below” in South India?

A

A tribal chieftain would turn into a local hindu princeling

103
Q

What role did the tributary princes play in administration of the nuclear areas of a realm in Medieval India?

A

attended court of the vicious king but did not play a significant role

104
Q

What event would mark the beginning of the third phase in the “development from below” in South India?

A

Conquest and annexation of at least one other early kingdom and of some principalities

105
Q

What was one type of development Orissa had before the decline of Kharavela’s realm?

A

Development which was either imposed from above or imported from some other region (eg. Dakshina Koshala)

106
Q

When did the second phase of development in Orissa began?

A

After the decline of the Gupta empire, when the Shailodbhava dynasty emerged

107
Q

What areas were brought together by the Somavamshis?

A

Dakshina Koshala and Khinjali Mandala

108
Q

Which group of government officials is not mentioned in the Mahanadi delta inscription?

A

Governors or district officers

109
Q

Who can the mandala lords of the Bhaumakara dynasty’s realm be compared to?

A

Allodial lords of medieval europe

110
Q

How was the king’s prestige measured in Medieval India?

A

The number of tributary princes attending their court

111
Q

What was Amoghavarsha’s clever way to control the tributary princes?

A

Sent 1000s of dancers and courtesans as spies to the courts of his samantas

112
Q

In the Gupta dynasty why did the king give land grants to Brahmins in distant lands?

A

Grants been made in distant uncultivated lands where the Brahmins were to act as missionaries for Hindu culture

113
Q

What was the name of the large temple build in Paramaras around 1059-80?

A

Udayeshvara temple

114
Q

The close connections between the king and the large temple allowed him to do what to unruly samantas?

A

threaten disobedient samantas with the wrath of the royal god if they didn’t obey the king’s orders

115
Q

What is one religious factor that characterizes medieval India?

A

Transformation of ‘Brahminism’ into a new kind of popular hinduism

116
Q

What was one non-religious factor that characterizes medieval India?

A

Emergence of regional kingdoms, evolution of regional languages, growth of regional centres

117
Q

In medieval India why was infrastructure and agrarian extension under financed?

A

More resources were diverted to the Brahmins and temples

118
Q

What two contradictory tendencies when synthesized led to Hinduism of today?

A

‘Brahmin counter-reformation’ and the movements of Bhakti cults

119
Q

Which of the Hindu schools of philosophy is considered the “essence of Indian philosophy”?

A

Vedanta (the end, ie. anta, of the Vedas)

120
Q

When did Shankara live?

A

788-820 AD

121
Q

According to Shankara why do people believe the world is real?

A

The belief is due to ignorance (avidya) that prevents the soul (atman) from realizing its identity with the divine spirit (brahman)

122
Q

How did Shankara accommodate popular Hinduism?

A

Allowing for a ‘lower truth’ which embodies the manifold appearance of the world and implies the existance of a divine creator (ishvara)

123
Q

Bhakti emphasizes which of the following?

A

The love of god and childlike devotion for him

124
Q

Where did the Bhakti movement begin?

A

6th century in Tamil Nadu

125
Q

What was one group of Vaishnavite bhakti saints called?

A

Nayanars and Alwars

126
Q

What constitutes the “Tamil Veda”?

A

Collections of writing from great saints

127
Q

What groups of people made up the early Shaivite bhakti movement?

A

traders and peasants - people of low caste - nayanar saints?

128
Q

What religious phenomenon helped increase bhakti’s appeal?

A

The idea of holy places - ‘public’ temples

129
Q

What were two aspects of incorporating local gods into the greater Hindu pantheon?

A

process of anthropomorphisation (associate with hindu icons at holy temples), form legends, cults were ‘sanskritized’ and related to the ‘great tradition’

130
Q

What cult is centered at Chidambaram?

A

Cult of Shiva - ‘King of Dancers’

131
Q

Vyagrahapada came to Chidambaram for what reason?

A

to worship the Mulasthana lingam

132
Q

How was the “fish-eyed” goddess incorporated into the Great Tradition of Hindusim?

A

identifying her with Shiva’s wife (parvati) and making their marriage the central feature of the cult of Minakshi

133
Q

According to the Great Tradition who is Jagannath?

A

Lord of the world - identified with Vishnu

134
Q

Why do people go on pilgrimage to Gaya?

A

Sacrifice for the ancestors

135
Q

Who was the most important representative of the Vaishnavite school of philosophy?

A

Ramanuja

136
Q

The Vaishnavite philosophy of 1,100 CE is classified as which of the following?

A

Became the doctorine of the Shri Vaishnavas - qualified monism (vishishthadvaita)

137
Q

What is the content of the Gitagovinda?

A

emotional and erotic terms of love of Radha and Krishna - mysticism of the Krishna cult

138
Q

When did Chaitanya live?

A

1485-1533

139
Q

What was one factor that helped northern India emerge from being eclipsed by the south?

A

Mathura was chosen by his disciples as the centre of the Krishna cult - region began to regain religious importance

140
Q

The most prominent school of Shaivism in the north was which of the following?

A

Kashmir Shaivism

141
Q

Who was the greatest exponent of Shaivism who lived in the 11th century?

A

Abhinavagupta

142
Q

What was one of the advantages that Shaiva Siddhanta?

A

With this new system the Shaivites could match the overpowering influence of Ramanuja’s Vaishnavite philosophy which had put them on the defensive for quite some time. This system served the same purpose of reconciling earlier orthodoxy with the ideas of the Bhakti movement.

143
Q

What is one of the significant characteristics of the Lingayats?

A

all devotees carry a small lindam like an amulet as a sign of their exclusive adherence to their Shaivite faith - believed adherence would save them from rebirth - conservative moral standards (strict vegetarians, ahimsa, shun sexual excess)

144
Q

What was one contributing factor in the development of regional literature?

A

Regionalism of indian culture, kingdom change of political structure and religious movements which lead to creation of new philosophical doctrines

145
Q

What helped promote pilgrimage sites in the period 1000-1300 CE?

A

translation of sanskrit legends (chronicles of temples and dynasties) into regional languages to allow recitation everywhere

146
Q

Which of the three theories of spreading Indian culture to SE Asia has been rejected by scholars?

A

Kshatriya theory

147
Q

Why was J.C. van Leur important?

A

criticism on ‘indianization’ concept
wrote a book on indonesian trade and society and published posthumously
how indian culture was widely accepted by others

148
Q

Who sent the first Buddhist monks to Burma?

A

Ashoka

149
Q

Which South Indian Buddhist master spent five months in Suvarnadvipa on his way to China?

A

Vajrabodhi

150
Q

Which area of India deserves the greatest credit for spreading Indian influences in SE Asia?

A

Tamil Nadu

151
Q

When did direct Indian influence recede in SE Asia?

A

13th Century

152
Q

Which dynasty is considered a Golden Age in India?

A

Guptas

153
Q

Who was the last great Gupta ruler in the 5th century?

A

Skandagupta

154
Q

Which areas of study advanced under the Gupta rule?

A

Math, astronomy, medical, architecture, art

155
Q

Who was the greatest poet and dramatists during the Gupta period?

A

Kalidasa

156
Q

Who were the great Mahayana philosophers and co-founders during the Gupta period?

A

Vatsysyana, Asanga, Vasubandu

157
Q

What was different about the Gupta military in comparison to previous native Indian militaries?

A

Advanced siege warfare, catapults and battering rams, etc. And naval forces.

158
Q

The God Shiva is often depicted as a lingam what is the goddess depicted as?

A

Yoni

159
Q

The period of Shakyamuni’s life that Mahayana took as a model was which of the following?

A

Parinirvana (awakening - compassionate engagement)

160
Q

The future earthly Buddha will be named which of the following?

A

Maitreya

161
Q

When did the Vajrayana originate?

A

6th Century

162
Q

Kriya, Carya, Yoga and Anuyoga tantras are based on what fundamental Buddhist concept?

A

Darshana

163
Q

Which is a feature of Tantric Hinduism?

A

transmutation - Shakra system

164
Q

One of the unique techniques used in Hindu tantra is which of the following?

A

Sex yoga, mantras, rituals, asanas, pranayama, yantra, mandalas

165
Q

In what century did Harsh come to power?

A

6th Century

166
Q

How old was Harsha when he was crowned king?

A

16 years old

167
Q

Which play did Harsha write?

A

Ratnavali, Nagananda and Priyadarshika

168
Q

When did the Pala empire begin?

A

750 CE

169
Q

Which Pala king ruled in 1170 CE?

A

Govindapala

170
Q

The earliest (proto-)Bengala literary work is which of the following?

A

Buddhist Charyapada

171
Q

When was the Chera Dynasty founded?

A

3rd Century BCE

172
Q

Who established the Medieval Cholas?

A

King Vijayalaya

173
Q

In what year was Rajadhiraja Chola II ruling?

A

1163-1178

174
Q

In what centuries did the Chalukya rule?

A

6th-12th Centuries

175
Q

Which religious group did the Chalukya support?

A

Jainism and Shaivism

176
Q

Who was the founder of the Badami Chulukya royal dynasty?

A

Pulakeshi I

177
Q

In the Vedic Mahajanapada period, what was the name of Andhra?

A

Assaka/Asmaka - Telugu Cholas

178
Q

According to the powerpoint, who was the last of the “Later Pallava” rulers?

A

Aparajitha Varman

179
Q

Who brought Buddhism to Sri Lanka?

A

Ashoka’s son Mahinda

180
Q

In which centuries did the Licchavis rule Kathmandu valley?

A

3rd Century CE

SAST 315 (1 decks)

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