Final exam

Question 1

Chi-square Test for Independence

Answer 1

Statistical test often used to determine the significance of the relationship between the variables in contingency research.

Question 2

Contingency Research

Answer 2

A relational research design in which the frequencies of all combinations of two variables are assessed to determine the relationship between them.

Question 3

Correlational Research

Answer 3

Allows the experimenter to determine simultaneously the degree and direction of a relationship with a single statistic. How much relationship exists between variables does not cause-effect

Question 4

Interaction

Answer 4

An experimental result that occurs when the levels of one independent variable are differentially affected by the levels of other independent variables.

Question 5

Positive Correlation

Answer 5

An observed relationship between two variables in which one change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the same direction in the second variable. Ex: Smoking and lung cancer Salary increase so did her spending

Question 6

Negative Correlation

Answer 6

Relationship between two variables in which a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the opposite direction in the second variable Ex: Whether gets colder, AC cost goes decreases The more you work, the less free time you have

Question 7

Ethology

Answer 7

Study of naturally occurring behaviors

Question 8

Counterbalancing

Answer 8

A technique used to vary systematically the order of conditions in an experiment to distribute the effect of time. Ex: ADDA (to control effect)

Question 9

Small-n Design

Answer 9

Research design using small number of subjects to have a well-controlled setting

Question 10

Control Group

Answer 10

Participants given no experimental treatment (independent variable) exposed to everything (give placebo pill)

Question 11

ROC Function

Answer 11

A true positive rate (sensitivity) is plotted in function of the false positive rate (100 specificities) for different cut-off points of a parameter. Each point on the ROC curve represents a sensitivity/specificity pair corresponding to a particular decision threshold.

Question 12

Sensitivity

Answer 12

Proportion of individuals who truly do have a disease and are given a positive test result (truth)

Question 13

Specificity

Answer 13

Proportion of individuals who truly do not have the disease and are given the correct negative test results (false)

Question 14

Beta

Answer 14

Related to the criterion adopted by the observer. It’s the slope of the ROC function at the point of interest.

Question 15

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Response Imaging)

Answer 15

A technique for measuring and mapping brain activity that in a non-invasive and safe, its used to better understand how the healthy brain works.

Question 16

Carry-Over Effect

Answer 16

The condition carries over to other conditions. You eliminate/reduce by counterbalancing

Question 17

Within-Subject Design

Answer 17

Participants participate in all conditions of the experiment

Question 18

Between-Subject Design

Answer 18

Put different participants in each condition. That is, as a participant, you participate in a one-and-only-one condition of the experiment.

Question 19

Latin Square

Answer 19

A form of partial counterbalancing, so that each group of trials occurs in each position an equal number of times, Can be used to control the random variation of two factors.

Question 20

One-Sample t-test

Answer 20

Used when we want to know whether our samples come from a particular population, but we don’t have a full population information available to us Ex: If a particular sample of college students is similar to or different from college students in general. It’s used only for test of the sample mean

Question 21

Independent t-test/ Two sample t-test

Answer 21

Inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means in two unrelated groups Ex: Two groups- Males vs. Females IV- Effects of caffeine DV- Reaction time

Question 22

False Positive

Answer 22

You get a positive test result, but you don’t have the disease

Question 23

False Negative

Answer 23

You have a negative test result, but unknowingly you do have the disease.

Question 24

Factorial Design

Answer 24

Consists of two or more factors, each will discrete possible values of levels and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors Ex: Gender could be a factor with two levels Diet- levels of protein intake You use ANOVA

Question 25

Regression to the Mean

Answer 25

The tendency for extreme measures on some variable to the closer to the group mean and when remeasured, owing to unreliability of measurement

Question 26

Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning

Answer 26

A subject learns to make a response that leads to a reward or prevents a punishment; in contrast to classical conditioning, no eliciting stimulus is presented Ex: A child who gets good scores, may attribute the good scores to wearing lucky socks. Afterwards, the child thinks that it won’t get a good score unless it’s wearing the socks.

Question 27

Operant vs. Classical Condition

Answer 27

Operant= behaviors are voluntary Classical= responses are unvoluntary

Question 28

Operant Conditioning Chart

Answer 28

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

Technique used for conditioning the desired response by rewarding successive approximation to that response

Question 30

Fixed and Variable

Answer 30

Question 31

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 31

A stimulus that indicates whether or not a response will be reinforced

Question 32

Law of Effect

Answer 32

Reinforcement of response leads to the response being more likely to occur in the future

Question 33

Classical Conditioning

Question 34

Classical Conditioning

Answer 34

• Puppy responses to the food in an exciting way
• Food elicits the behavior of excitement
• The door makes a loud noise when its opened it was a natural stimulus (NS)
• Every time you feed the puppy you go to the door to get the food which makes a loud popping sound
• The popping sound is now being paired with food, now every time you open the door, the puppy is going to think it’s going to be fed.
• Every time the puppy hears a loud popping sound it’s going to associate it with food (Generalization)
• If you stop giving the puppy food it won’t associate the food with the door (Extinction)

Question 35

Extinction

Answer 35

When the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus (when the reinforcement of an instrument response is no longer given after the response)

Question 36

Signal Detection Theory

Answer 36

Decision making with uncertainty, trying to figure out when is a signal strong enough that we’re able to notice it from the start.

Question 37

d’

Answer 37

The sensitivity of the observer, defined as the distance between signal and noise distribution.

Question 38

C-Strategy

Answer 38

Consertative= you’re always saying no

Liberal-= always saying yes

Question 39

Noise Distribution

Answer 39

If d’ shifted to the right it would be very big and would be an easy task

If d’ shifted to the left it would be a small difficult task

Question 40

Latency (Latent Learning)

Answer 40

Amount of time needed to complete a task

Question 41

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 41

Recording of the electrical activity of the brain that is done by electrodes placed on the scalp

Question 42

Microelectrodes

Answer 42

Recording of neural signals or electrical stimulation of neurons tissue

Question 43

ERP (Event-Related Potential)

Answer 43

A type of brain wave that is measured shortly after a specific evoking stimulus. A non-invasive method of measuring brain activity during cognitive processing. The transient electric potential shifts are time-locked to the stimulus set.

Ex: The presentation of a word, sound or an image