Final exam Flashcards
Chi-square Test for Independence
Statistical test often used to determine the significance of the relationship between the variables in contingency research.
Contingency Research
A relational research design in which the frequencies of all combinations of two variables are assessed to determine the relationship between them.
Correlational Research
Allows the experimenter to determine simultaneously the degree and direction of a relationship with a single statistic. How much relationship exists between variables does not cause-effect
Interaction
An experimental result that occurs when the levels of one independent variable are differentially affected by the levels of other independent variables.
Positive Correlation
An observed relationship between two variables in which one change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the same direction in the second variable. Ex: Smoking and lung cancer Salary increase so did her spending
Negative Correlation
Relationship between two variables in which a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the opposite direction in the second variable Ex: Whether gets colder, AC cost goes decreases The more you work, the less free time you have
Ethology
Study of naturally occurring behaviors
Counterbalancing
A technique used to vary systematically the order of conditions in an experiment to distribute the effect of time. Ex: ADDA (to control effect)
Small-n Design
Research design using small number of subjects to have a well-controlled setting
Control Group
Participants given no experimental treatment (independent variable) exposed to everything (give placebo pill)
ROC Function
A true positive rate (sensitivity) is plotted in function of the false positive rate (100 specificities) for different cut-off points of a parameter. Each point on the ROC curve represents a sensitivity/specificity pair corresponding to a particular decision threshold.
Sensitivity
Proportion of individuals who truly do have a disease and are given a positive test result (truth)
Specificity
Proportion of individuals who truly do not have the disease and are given the correct negative test results (false)
Beta
Related to the criterion adopted by the observer. It’s the slope of the ROC function at the point of interest.
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Response Imaging)
A technique for measuring and mapping brain activity that in a non-invasive and safe, its used to better understand how the healthy brain works.
Carry-Over Effect
The condition carries over to other conditions. You eliminate/reduce by counterbalancing
Within-Subject Design
Participants participate in all conditions of the experiment
Between-Subject Design
Put different participants in each condition. That is, as a participant, you participate in a one-and-only-one condition of the experiment.
Latin Square
A form of partial counterbalancing, so that each group of trials occurs in each position an equal number of times, Can be used to control the random variation of two factors.
One-Sample t-test
Used when we want to know whether our samples come from a particular population, but we don’t have a full population information available to us Ex: If a particular sample of college students is similar to or different from college students in general. It’s used only for test of the sample mean
Independent t-test/ Two sample t-test
Inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means in two unrelated groups Ex: Two groups- Males vs. Females IV- Effects of caffeine DV- Reaction time
False Positive
You get a positive test result, but you don’t have the disease
False Negative
You have a negative test result, but unknowingly you do have the disease.
Factorial Design
Consists of two or more factors, each will discrete possible values of levels and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors Ex: Gender could be a factor with two levels Diet- levels of protein intake You use ANOVA
