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Health Psychology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY

A

the study of the interactions between behavioral, neuroendocrine, and immunological responses

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2
Q

IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

A

protects us from disease and infections using tissues that make, store, and carry white blood cells

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3
Q

IMMUNE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A

bone marrow, tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

pathogens enter the body (make you sick) and have antigens, which help the body recognize which cells are foreign, then antibodies are released from B cells to attach to antigens and remove the pathogens from the body

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5
Q

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

A

protect against infections, many types including basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

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6
Q

LYMPHOCYTES

A

t-cells kill viruses directly
b-cells release antibodies for specific antigens
natural killer cells control tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage

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7
Q

CANCER

A

rapid reproduction of irregular or damaged cells that form a tumor
typically these cells should die off through apoptosis

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8
Q

METASTASIS

A

when the cancer spreads to parts of the body other than the original site; the cancer is still named after the original location
ex: lung cancer that metastasizes to the brain is still lung cancer

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9
Q

BENIGN VS. MALIGNANT

A

a benign tumor is not cancerous and will not spread, whereas a malignant tumor is cancerous and can spread

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10
Q

4 KINDS OF CANCER

A

carcinoma: most common, of the internal or external body surface linings (lung, breast, colon, stomach)
sarcoma: least common, of the supporting tissues (bones, fat, cartilage)
lymphoma: of the lymph nodes and white blood cells
leukemia: of the red blood cells

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11
Q

CANCER RISK FACTORS

A

excessive sun exposure
exposure to hazardous work materials
heredity/genes
high fat diet
hormones
stress: depression and maladaptive coping styles predict development of cancer and faster progression
personality: type c personality which is easy going and represses emotions

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12
Q

CANCER PREVENTION

A 
limit sun exposure
limit exposure to harmful chemicals or industrial pollution
limit non-lean meats, fats, and calories
consume fruits and veggies
avoid cancer viruses like HPV
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13
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
HIV is a retrovirus

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14
Q

HIV AS A RETROVIRUS

A

a retrovirus is a virus that invades a host cell to replicate its RNA to reproduce
HIV is a retrovirus that attacks CD4 T cells and replicates itself using reverse transcriptase, destroying the host cell

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15
Q

CD4 T CELLS

A

these cells are targeted by HIV and when HIV replicates itself inside, it destroys the T cell
the result is declining numbers of T cells which can eventually lead to AIDS
a healthy person should have 500-1200 T cells

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16
Q

HIV REGIMENTS

A

HIV treatment plans typically consist of 3 different antiretroviral medications for the best outcomes. Antiretroviral medications target the enzyme that allows the virus to replicate itself to stop its spread. The treatment plan a person uses depends on their symptoms, CD4 count, and viral loads

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17
Q

HIV WINDOW PERIOD

A

it takes 28 days for antibodies to become detectable in the body, but it can take up to 3-6 months, sometimes even longer

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18
Q

HIV HEALTH DISPARITIES

A

black MSM are the mostly likely to get HIV, followed by IDUs (injection drug users)

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19
Q

HIV CASCADE OF CARE

A
  1. diagnosed with HIV
  2. link PLWH with care
  3. engage and retain PLWH in care
  4. prescribe ART
  5. achieve viral suppression
20
Q

HATZENBEUHLER

A

studied stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities
ex: stigma caused people to have less access to multiple resources such as income, housing, health care, social support, and education

21
Q

STIGMA

A

the co-occurrence of labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination in a context in which power is exerted

22
Q

FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE THEORY

A

health inequalities persist over time due to some social factors or circumstances that remain despite other changes

23
Q

3 TYPES OF STIGMA

A
  1. Internalized: when we internalize the negative societal perceptions of our identities
  2. Enacted: when we experience actual stigma
  3. Anticipated: when we believe we will experience stigma
24
Q

MEDIATORS OF STIGMA AND HEALTH DISPARITIES

A

mediators tell the “how” of an assocation.
ex: depression mediates stigma and health inequality (positive)
ex: social support mediates stigma and health inequality
(negative)

25
Q

POLICY IS MAKING PEOPLE SICK

A

Dr. Eaton from Canada who runs Change the Odds says that our zipcode can predict our health outcomes and our age of death because chronic stress is experienced in impoverished neighborhoods

26
Q

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

A

factors aside from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways
ex: neighborhood walkability, SES, race/ethnicity, health care access, transportation, literacy, language access barriers, complex health needs and multiple chronic illnesses

27
Q

PATIENT CONSUMERISM

A

this is the idea that we must be good consumers of health care–we deserve to get the care that we want because we are paying for it, so we should have the ability to shop around for different physicians until we find the right fit. this important because we need to be able to work with our physicians on our course of treatment and fully understand our diagnoses

28
Q

TYPES OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS

A

Nurse Practitioners: see their own patients for routine care, can prescribe
Advanced Practice Nurses: more specialized care and certified in specific areas
Physicians Assistant: closest to a doctor because they go to medical school for 2 years

29
Q

HEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTS AS PROVIDERS

A

assist diagnosis and assessment of patients’ functioning
help prepare clients before and after surgery
provide therapy alternatives to medication
teach self-care
diagnose and treat mental problems

30
Q

EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO CHRONIC DISORDERS

A

denial: a defense mechanism to avoid dealing with the illness–impedes treatment and compromises health
anxiety: overwhelmed by changes
depression: causes poor adherence, affects the immune system, and results in more pain and negative life events

31
Q

PATIENTS’ BELIEFS ABOUT CHRONIC DISORDERS

A

no control: God’s will, due to stress, bacteria, injury
all in my control: more adaptive so long as they don’t harp on personal blame
which method is most adaptive depends on the individuals’ illness

32
Q

INFANT MORTALITY

A

lack of maternal health care access
congenital abnormalities
SIDS (low SES families, mothers who smoke prenatally, and when infants sleep on their stomach or side)

33
Q

CHILD MORTALITY

A

accidents

cancer

34
Q

ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULT MORTALITY

A 
unintentional injury
homicide
suicide
cancer
coronary heart disease
35
Q

MIDDLE AGE MORTALITY

A

heart attack or stroke
we prefer a sudden death because it is less expensive to pay for and allows for a more graceful departure
premature deaths are those before age 79
SES is a strong determinant of premature death

36
Q

PATIENT SELF-DETERMINATION ACT

A

ensures that patients know they have the right to make decisions regarding their medical care

37
Q

RIGHT TO DIE/EUTHANASIA

A

argues that the chronically ill should be allowed to decide to die with dignity through physician assisted suicide
legal in Oregon, Washington DC, Vermont, California, Montana, Colorado, and Washington

38
Q

BURDENS AFTER A DEATH

A

women: burdened by financial strain
men: burdened by strains of household care

39
Q

STAGES OF DYING

A

denial: denying the reality of what is happening
anger: blame the well, don’t want to have to go
bargaining: make bids for their life
depression: anticipation of your own death
acceptance: at peace

40
Q

HOSPICE CARE

A

combines palliative care with spiritual and emotional needs

no curative attempts or procedures

41
Q

HOME CARE

A

can be less expensive

42
Q

PALLIATIVE CARE

A

helps the patient be comfortable and manage their symptoms

43
Q

CURATIVE CARE

A

attempts to cure the illness

44
Q

BEHAVIORAL IMMUNIZATION

A

used to prevent poor health habits through programs focused on smoking, drug abuse, diet, and eating disorders
parents are taught how to reduce accidents, encourage good safety habits and health habits

45
Q

COST EFFECTIVENESS

A

a comparison of expenditures and outcomes associated with doing one or more courses of action

46
Q

DETERMINING EFFECTIVENESS

A

documenting effectiveness
presenting data to the general public
identifying critical components of interventions

Health Psychology (1 decks)

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