Final Exam Flashcards
concrete language
- refer to tangible qualities, ideas, and concepts that we know through our senses
- ex. desk
abstract language
- refer to intangible qualities or concepts that we know through our intellect
- ex. freedom
denotative language
-refers to literal dictionary definition of a word
connotative language
- refer to the emotions or associations connected with a word
- depend on experiences
euphemism
- a mild word used in place of another word that is more disagreeable
- ex. “taking a break”
colloquial expression
- expressions, words, or slang used in ordinary language
- specific to a region
clutter
using more words than necessary
cliche
overused expression that displays a lack of original thought
similes
comparison using like or as
metaphors
- figure of speech containing an implied comparison (using “is”) with something it is not
- ex. “life is a rollercoaster”
personification
- giving a human characteristic to something not human
- wind was howling
onomatopoeia
- words that sound like sounds
- boom
irony
- saying something and meaning the opposite, sarcasm
- ex. I love finals
allusion
expression designed to call something to mind without referencing it
hyperbole
exaggerated statements not meant to be taken literally
parallelism
- use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same
- ex. I like to fish, swim, and hike
repetition
repeats exact phrase many times to make clear or more memorable
alliteration
- repeats beginning sound
- ex. she sells sea shells by the sea shore
antithesis
-use of opposites to make a point
functions of visual aids
- help listeners process info
- promote interest
- convey info concisely
- add impact
- enhance credibility
color of visual aids
- yellow, red or orange to draw attention
- keep background color constant
- no more than 2-3 colors per graphic
credibility - ethos
credibility based on ethics
phronesis
- competence
- practical skill and wisdom
arete
- character
- virtue, goodness
eunoia
- goodwill
- concern for the audience
types of credibility
- initial (your rep, nonverbal)
- derived (during speech)
- terminal (after speech, what audience thought before vs what they heard)
how to build your credibility
- explain competence
- establish common ground
- use effective delivery
culture
the language values, beliefs, traditions, and customs a group of people share and learn
in-groups
groups we identify with
out-groups
groups that we label as different
low context culture
- more blunt, specific with use of language
- ex. america
high context culture
- detail focused, non-verbal communication, hard to say no
- ex. asian cultures, south america
individualistic culture
- primary focus is on oneself
- ex. america
collectivistic culture
- focus is on the want / need of the group
- asian cultures, south america
power distance
cultural degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power
low power distance
- society does not accept large power distance
- all people are created equal
- will question authority
high power distance
- society accepts large power distance
- conform to hierarchy
- rank in power differs between different settings
uncertainty avoidance
cultural desire to resolve uncertainty and tolerance for difference
low uncertainty avoidance
- ok with some difference
- value change and innovation
- future oriented
high uncertainty avoidance
- everyone is the same, no one wants to stand out
- difference is looked down upon
achievement culture
- focus on material success
- masculine / hard
nurturing culutre
- focus on relationship development
- making sure everyone is happy and getting along
- feminine / soft
- ex. hispanic, scandinavian
persuasion
process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions
target audience
- parts of aud speaker wants to reach
- usually neutral / uncommitted listeners open to persuasion
- do not ignore rest of aud
general persuasion strategies
- make top personally relevant
- show how change will benefit aud
- dont attempt major change at once
- focus on credibility
- awareness of opposing perspectives
Aristotle’s persuasion
- logos (logic)
- pathos (emotion)
- ethos (ethics)
syllogism
form of reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from two assumed premises (major, minor, conclusion)
enthymeme
form of reasoning where a conclusion is assumed based on two assumed premises (major, minor)
toulmin’s model
(can george walker queef right back?)
- claim
- grounds
- warrant
- qualifier
- rebuttal
- backing
claim - toulmin’s model
thesis or position to be argues
grounds - toulmin’s model
evidence for claim
warrant - toulmin’s model
rules or principles that show how grounds support claim
qualifier - toulmin’s model
indication of how strong claim is
rebuttal - toulmin’s model
counter arguments
backing - toulmin’s model
conditions for the warrant
elaboration likelihood model
- dual process theory describing change of attitudes form
- central and peripheral processing
Questions of fact, value, policy
- fact: whether something is true or false
- value: whether something is good or bad
- policy: whether something should or should not be done
logos
- logic
- speaker’s use of sound and reasoning
pathos
- emotion
- speaker’s use of emotional appeal
ethos
- ethics
- speaker’s perceived credibility
how to refute
- identify misconception
- identify what is wrong with misconception
- provide counter argument
- summarize
types of logical reasoning
- inductive
- deductive
- analogical
- causal
inductive reasoning
- draws inferences from observations in order to make generalizations
- ex. Sherlock homes (specific to general)
deductive reasoning
- based on premises and if the premises are true then the reasoning will be valid
- ex. all apples are fruits, all fruits grow on trees, therefore all apples grow on trees (general to specific)
analogy
- using two similar cases and if what is true fro one then it must be true for the other bc they are similar
- similar comparison= analogy
- different comparison= figurative analogy
causal reasoning
reasoning seeks to establish relationship between cause and effect
ad homeinem fallacy
- attacking the person other than the argument
- ex. how can you argue your case for vegetarianism when you are enjoying your steak?
bandwagon (ad populum) fallacy
- assumption that because something is popular, it is good, correct or desirable
- ex. all of the neighbors put up Christmas lights, let’s decorate ours!
straw man fallacy
- producing an argument about a weaker or alternative representation of the truth and attacking it
- ex. we know that evolution is false because we did not evolve from monkeys
either-or (false dilemma) fallacy
- a fallacy that forces the listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
- ex. either we establish a 24 hour patrol or we build a wall
hasty generalization fallacy
- jumping to a conclusion based on insufficient evidence or a small sample size
- ex. my father joked everyday since he was 14 and he lived until he was 90, so smoking can’t be bad for you
slippery slope fallacy
- assumes that one step will necessarily lead to the following step
- ex. if we don’t inspect every child’s head today, the school will be crawling with lice tomorrow
red herring fallacy
- introducing an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject
- ex. ever politician ever
begging the question fallacy
- giving reasons that are just restating your claim
- ex. the teacher is unfair because he does not treat all the students equally
false cause fallacy
- assumption that because one event follows another the first caused the second
- ex. I eat cereal everyday but on the one day I ate a muffin instead, I got in a car accident so muffins must cause car accidents
non sequitur fallacy
- when the evidence supported does not logically support the claim
- ex. I deserve an A in chem because I studied hard
invalid analogy fallacy
- analogy where the 2 cases getting compared are not essentially alike
- ex. employees are like nails: just as nails must be hit in the head in order to make them work, so must employees
appeal to tradition fallacy
- assumption that because something is old it is better
- ex. our government is the best because it hasn’t changed in over 200 years
appeal to novelty fallacy
- assumption that because something is new it is better
- ex. iPhones
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- self actualization
- esteem
- love/ belonging
- safety
- physiological
persuasive speech outline with maslow’s laws
- attention (attention step)
- need (main point 1)
- satisfaction (main point 2)
- visualization (main point 3)
- acton (last thought)
