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COMS 101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

concrete language

A
  • refer to tangible qualities, ideas, and concepts that we know through our senses
  • ex. desk
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2
Q

abstract language

A
  • refer to intangible qualities or concepts that we know through our intellect
  • ex. freedom
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3
Q

denotative language

A

-refers to literal dictionary definition of a word

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4
Q

connotative language

A
  • refer to the emotions or associations connected with a word
  • depend on experiences
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5
Q

euphemism

A
  • a mild word used in place of another word that is more disagreeable
  • ex. “taking a break”
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6
Q

colloquial expression

A
  • expressions, words, or slang used in ordinary language

- specific to a region

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7
Q

clutter

A

using more words than necessary

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8
Q

cliche

A

overused expression that displays a lack of original thought

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9
Q

similes

A

comparison using like or as

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10
Q

metaphors

A
  • figure of speech containing an implied comparison (using “is”) with something it is not
  • ex. “life is a rollercoaster”
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11
Q

personification

A
  • giving a human characteristic to something not human

- wind was howling

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12
Q

onomatopoeia

A
  • words that sound like sounds

- boom

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13
Q

irony

A
  • saying something and meaning the opposite, sarcasm

- ex. I love finals

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14
Q

allusion

A

expression designed to call something to mind without referencing it

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15
Q

hyperbole

A

exaggerated statements not meant to be taken literally

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16
Q

parallelism

A
  • use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same
  • ex. I like to fish, swim, and hike
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17
Q

repetition

A

repeats exact phrase many times to make clear or more memorable

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18
Q

alliteration

A
  • repeats beginning sound

- ex. she sells sea shells by the sea shore

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19
Q

antithesis

A

-use of opposites to make a point

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20
Q

functions of visual aids

A
  • help listeners process info
  • promote interest
  • convey info concisely
  • add impact
  • enhance credibility
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21
Q

color of visual aids

A
  • yellow, red or orange to draw attention
  • keep background color constant
  • no more than 2-3 colors per graphic
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22
Q

credibility - ethos

A

credibility based on ethics

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23
Q

phronesis

A
  • competence

- practical skill and wisdom

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24
Q

arete

A
  • character

- virtue, goodness

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25
Q

eunoia

A
  • goodwill

- concern for the audience

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26
Q

types of credibility

A
  • initial (your rep, nonverbal)
  • derived (during speech)
  • terminal (after speech, what audience thought before vs what they heard)
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27
Q

how to build your credibility

A
  • explain competence
  • establish common ground
  • use effective delivery
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28
Q

culture

A

the language values, beliefs, traditions, and customs a group of people share and learn

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29
Q

in-groups

A

groups we identify with

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30
Q

out-groups

A

groups that we label as different

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31
Q

low context culture

A
  • more blunt, specific with use of language

- ex. america

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32
Q

high context culture

A
  • detail focused, non-verbal communication, hard to say no

- ex. asian cultures, south america

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33
Q

individualistic culture

A
  • primary focus is on oneself

- ex. america

34
Q

collectivistic culture

A
  • focus is on the want / need of the group

- asian cultures, south america

35
Q

power distance

A

cultural degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power

36
Q

low power distance

A
  • society does not accept large power distance
  • all people are created equal
  • will question authority
37
Q

high power distance

A
  • society accepts large power distance
  • conform to hierarchy
  • rank in power differs between different settings
38
Q

uncertainty avoidance

A

cultural desire to resolve uncertainty and tolerance for difference

39
Q

low uncertainty avoidance

A
  • ok with some difference
  • value change and innovation
  • future oriented
40
Q

high uncertainty avoidance

A
  • everyone is the same, no one wants to stand out

- difference is looked down upon

41
Q

achievement culture

A
  • focus on material success

- masculine / hard

42
Q

nurturing culutre

A
  • focus on relationship development
  • making sure everyone is happy and getting along
  • feminine / soft
  • ex. hispanic, scandinavian
43
Q

persuasion

A

process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions

44
Q

target audience

A
  • parts of aud speaker wants to reach
  • usually neutral / uncommitted listeners open to persuasion
  • do not ignore rest of aud
45
Q

general persuasion strategies

A
  • make top personally relevant
  • show how change will benefit aud
  • dont attempt major change at once
  • focus on credibility
  • awareness of opposing perspectives
46
Q

Aristotle’s persuasion

A
  • logos (logic)
  • pathos (emotion)
  • ethos (ethics)
47
Q

syllogism

A

form of reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from two assumed premises (major, minor, conclusion)

48
Q

enthymeme

A

form of reasoning where a conclusion is assumed based on two assumed premises (major, minor)

49
Q

toulmin’s model

A

(can george walker queef right back?)

  • claim
  • grounds
  • warrant
  • qualifier
  • rebuttal
  • backing
50
Q

claim - toulmin’s model

A

thesis or position to be argues

51
Q

grounds - toulmin’s model

A

evidence for claim

52
Q

warrant - toulmin’s model

A

rules or principles that show how grounds support claim

53
Q

qualifier - toulmin’s model

A

indication of how strong claim is

54
Q

rebuttal - toulmin’s model

A

counter arguments

55
Q

backing - toulmin’s model

A

conditions for the warrant

56
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A
  • dual process theory describing change of attitudes form

- central and peripheral processing

57
Q

Questions of fact, value, policy

A
  • fact: whether something is true or false
  • value: whether something is good or bad
  • policy: whether something should or should not be done
58
Q

logos

A
  • logic

- speaker’s use of sound and reasoning

59
Q

pathos

A
  • emotion

- speaker’s use of emotional appeal

60
Q

ethos

A
  • ethics

- speaker’s perceived credibility

61
Q

how to refute

A
  • identify misconception
  • identify what is wrong with misconception
  • provide counter argument
  • summarize
62
Q

types of logical reasoning

A
  • inductive
  • deductive
  • analogical
  • causal
63
Q

inductive reasoning

A
  • draws inferences from observations in order to make generalizations
  • ex. Sherlock homes (specific to general)
64
Q

deductive reasoning

A
  • based on premises and if the premises are true then the reasoning will be valid
  • ex. all apples are fruits, all fruits grow on trees, therefore all apples grow on trees (general to specific)
65
Q

analogy

A
  • using two similar cases and if what is true fro one then it must be true for the other bc they are similar
  • similar comparison= analogy
  • different comparison= figurative analogy
66
Q

causal reasoning

A

reasoning seeks to establish relationship between cause and effect

67
Q

ad homeinem fallacy

A
  • attacking the person other than the argument

- ex. how can you argue your case for vegetarianism when you are enjoying your steak?

68
Q

bandwagon (ad populum) fallacy

A
  • assumption that because something is popular, it is good, correct or desirable
  • ex. all of the neighbors put up Christmas lights, let’s decorate ours!
69
Q

straw man fallacy

A
  • producing an argument about a weaker or alternative representation of the truth and attacking it
  • ex. we know that evolution is false because we did not evolve from monkeys
70
Q

either-or (false dilemma) fallacy

A
  • a fallacy that forces the listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
  • ex. either we establish a 24 hour patrol or we build a wall
71
Q

hasty generalization fallacy

A
  • jumping to a conclusion based on insufficient evidence or a small sample size
  • ex. my father joked everyday since he was 14 and he lived until he was 90, so smoking can’t be bad for you
72
Q

slippery slope fallacy

A
  • assumes that one step will necessarily lead to the following step
  • ex. if we don’t inspect every child’s head today, the school will be crawling with lice tomorrow
73
Q

red herring fallacy

A
  • introducing an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject
  • ex. ever politician ever
74
Q

begging the question fallacy

A
  • giving reasons that are just restating your claim

- ex. the teacher is unfair because he does not treat all the students equally

75
Q

false cause fallacy

A
  • assumption that because one event follows another the first caused the second
  • ex. I eat cereal everyday but on the one day I ate a muffin instead, I got in a car accident so muffins must cause car accidents
76
Q

non sequitur fallacy

A
  • when the evidence supported does not logically support the claim
  • ex. I deserve an A in chem because I studied hard
77
Q

invalid analogy fallacy

A
  • analogy where the 2 cases getting compared are not essentially alike
  • ex. employees are like nails: just as nails must be hit in the head in order to make them work, so must employees
78
Q

appeal to tradition fallacy

A
  • assumption that because something is old it is better

- ex. our government is the best because it hasn’t changed in over 200 years

79
Q

appeal to novelty fallacy

A
  • assumption that because something is new it is better

- ex. iPhones

80
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  • self actualization
  • esteem
  • love/ belonging
  • safety
  • physiological
81
Q

persuasive speech outline with maslow’s laws

A
  • attention (attention step)
  • need (main point 1)
  • satisfaction (main point 2)
  • visualization (main point 3)
  • acton (last thought)

COMS 101 (1 decks)

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