Final Exam

Question 1

MAPS: Imperial Struggle for Territory

Answer 1

• 1700: France claimed most of North America (incl. Atlantic provinces and Louisiana)
• 1713: Acadia is British (not French anymore)
• 1763: Everything is British after this (Royal Proclamation)
• 1774: Quebec is big (incl. Ohio) after QB Act
• 1783: US exists (Treaty of Paris)

Question 2

MAPS: Change of US-Canada border

Answer 2

• 1812: border extended but Pacific Coast contested

- 1846: border extended to include Pacific Coast

Question 3

MAPS: When did each province join Confederation?

Answer 3

• 1867: Ontario, Quebec, NS, NB
• 1870: Manitoba (before this it’s Rupert’s Land)
• 1871: BC
• 1873: PEI
• 1905: Alberta and SK
• 1912: all existing provinces reached full size
• 1949: Newfoundland
• 1999: Nunavut
• 2003: Name change -> Newfoundland AND LABRADOR

Question 4

The People Who Turned Right

Answer 4

• Originated in Africa, but left in search of food -> went to Asia first
• Eventually crossed the Beringia land bridge from Siberia to North America, then moved South to colonize the Americas
• Likely happened between 15,000-20,000 years ago (footprints on Calvert Island on BC coast from 13,500 years ago)
• Eventually met up with PWTL at L’Anse aux Meadows
• Matters because: colonized Americas, met up with PWTL at LAM (start of globalization), contrasts indigenous argument that they have been here since time immemorial

Question 5

L’Anse aux Meadows

Answer 5

• Archaeological site in Newfoundland, site of 1st European settlement in North America and reunion of PWTR and PWTL
• Matters because: first viking settlement in New World (year 1000) -> “milestone of human migration”; where the PWTL and the PWTR finally met after 100,000 years of separation (“full circle theory”) -> the place where globalization began

Question 6

Vinland

Answer 6

• Norse settlement near Gulf of St. Lawrence, established by Leif Eriksson in 1000 CE
• Vikings did not settle there successfully due to conflict with indigenous people/”Skraelings”
• Matters because: region of first Norse contact in North America; shows early first contact of settlers with aboriginal people

Question 7

Captain James Cook

Answer 7

• British captain, went on 3 voyages throughout 1700s to claim places (ex. Point Venus, Tahiti; Nootka Sound, BC)
• received varying reactions from indigenous people (some hospitable, some hostile, some indifferent, awestruck, etc.)
• Killed by indigenous people in Hawaii, likely due to a misunderstanding that led to hostility (they believed he represented God of war)
• His stories of first contact in BC and elsewhere play a role in a larger global story of first contact; interactions show indigenous people weren’t helpless, had control; show that FC happens differently in different places - global phenomenon

Question 8

Nootka Sound

Answer 8

• Inlet of BC coast, AKA: “Friendly Cove”
• James Cook/British people arrived there in 1778 and First Nations people were initially hostile and told them to leave
• British misunderstood and stayed, and FN people then became hospitable
• Led to lots of trading between British and FN
• Matters because: one story showing diversity of first contact; FN still felt sense of ownership over their territory, felt superior to British people (shows they still held power and could control situation)

Question 9

New France

Answer 9

• 1534-1763: first European colony established in North America; at one point extending from Maritimes to prairies and down into what is now US
• Led to a French empire in North America during the 1600s-1700s until the end of 7 years war
• Louis XIV responsible for its growth and demise (filles du roi and ceding territory to British)
• created alliance between French and FN to reduce violence on fur trade frontier (military and economic allies)
• Matters because: established French-speaking, Roman-Catholic population that still exists today

Question 10

Treaty of Utretch

Answer 10

• treaty that ended the war of Spanish succession; signed in 1713
• As part of treaty Louis XIV gave up Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland to Great Britain in order to try to secure the Spanish throne
• Why does it matter: had implications for colonies of North America -> reduced French territory and extended British territory, weakened New France

Question 11

Seven Years War

Answer 11

• 1756-63: French and British fighting in Europe and the colonies (along with indig. allies)
• raiding, casualties, etc.
• Fighting ended in 1763 when Treaty of Paris was signed -> English victory -> All of New France (other than St. Pierre & Miquelon) became British
• Matters because: signalled end of French empire in North America

Question 12

Deportation of the Acadians

Answer 12

• 12,000 Acadians were then deported and their homes were burned; all their land and livestock became property of the crown (1755-62)
• Why? Following treaty of Ultretcht, French land was surrended to England, but Acadians were initially allowed to stay there -> Britain tried to assimilate Acadians, but were unsuccessful (refused allegiance to Britain)
• In current-day terms, this would have been equivalent to a genocide/ethnic cleansing
• Descendants of Acadians live in Louisiana today (Cajuns), while others returned to New Brunswick later on
• Matters because: demonstrates early attempts/strategies to deal with diversity

Question 13

Treaty of Paris

Answer 13

• Signed in 1763, marked the end of the 7 Years War between Britain and France
• Confirmed all of New France was now British territory other than St. Pierre & Miquelon -> ended New France
• Matters because: marked the end of the French empire in continental North America and beginning of British dominance

Question 14

Royal Proclamation

Answer 14

• 1763: British document that established guidelines for settlement in their new territories after the 7 Years War/Treaty of Paris
• Described policies for governing their new land (established British laws) and managing relations with Aboriginal people
• Also established territory boundaries, including creating an “Indian Territory” (although these boundaries were largely ignored), and Quebec (designated “french zone”)
• Matters because: set out guidelines for governing colony and relationship with FN people -> created unease amongst French that led to QB act, created unease amongst 13 colonies that lead to Am. Rev.

Question 15

Pontiac’s War

Answer 15

• led by Chief Pontiac in 1763
• Aboriginal people, unsatisfied with Britain’s new policies in their colonies, rebelled against the British, but were unable to drive them away
• Led to eventual peace negotiations
• Matters because: Reflected the divide between Aboriginal people and the British post-Royal Proclamation

Question 16

Quebec Act

Answer 16

• First constitution/piece of legislation adopted by the British Government in 1774; applied to territory in Quebec and Ontario
• tried to manage diversity within British empire
• Explains Canadian duality (acknowledged French-speaking, Roman-Catholic population, resp. for its current existence
• wanted to turn Quebec into a garrison colony by giving French Canadians rights (civil law rather than common, seigneurial regime)
• Matters because: Led to American Revolution (no hope of extending territory, hated living in colony with civil law and Roman Catholicism), is why Quebec exists today

Question 17

Loyalists

Answer 17

• American colonists who remained loyal to Britain during Revolutionary War
• After the war, they moved out of US and into Nova Scotia and Quebec
• black loyalists ran away from owners to achieve freedom during Rev. War, but not all became free, and those that did weren’t equal
• Matter because: Transformed demographic of British North America -> advanced its Anglicization and influenced its conservative politics

Question 18

War of 1812

Answer 18

• 1812: war fought between US, British, and Aboriginal people on what would later become Canadian land
• Due to: British in Northwest (places they weren’t supposed to be anymore), British helped Aboriginal people in Shawnee tribe rebellion, Napoleonic war (Brits accidentally arrested Americans)
• British and Aboriginal people eventually became allies (Isaac Brock, Tecumseh)
• Nobody really won, Treaty of Ghent ended it (all land returned)
• Matters because: Confirmed existence of 2 distinct geopolitical entities in North America -> British North America and US, marked a turning point in the relationship between Aboriginal people and the British government in North America (from allies to a problem)

Question 19

Tecumseh

Answer 19

• Shawnee leader of a Pan-Indian confederation
• Led battle against Americans at Tippecanoe in War of 1812
• Aligned with British (IB) during War of 1812, giving Britain tons more numbers to help them succeed
• Fought in the Battle of Thames alongside the British and against the Americans, where he was killed

Question 20

Pemmican

Answer 20

• food made of bison meat and fat; voyageurs traded for it from FN people; played role in somatic energy regime (biomass/food and muscle)
• had twice the energy of the voyageur diet (carbs, little protein, easy to bring on canoes though) -> solved the energy crisis and fuelled expansion of fur trade (fuel to replenish hard labour)
• other consequences:
• • Bison became valuable commodity (environmental consequence)
• • Fuelled rivalry between fur trade companies -> increase in violence
• • Increased violence between traders and indigenous peoples -> fur traders less dependent on indigenous peoples due to their energy security
• Matters because: fuelled fur trade/colonization

Question 21

Confederation

Answer 21

• process of British North American colonies uniting into the Dominion of Canada
• in the 1860s, leaders (“Fathers of Confederation”) met up and decided to unite the various provinces in British North America
• Wrote up a constitution - the BNA Act: brought together the provinces and described the structure and main laws of the new country, as well as the division of powers between the new provinces and the federal government
• BNA Act had to be passed by parliament of UK
• on July 1, 1867, Dominion of Canada was created, and 4 years later, Canada’s boundaries stretched westward to include BC
• Matters because: first step to creating the Canada we know today

Question 22

Canadian Pacific Railway

Answer 22

• railway extending from one side of Canada to the other; connected a nation, but whose nation?
• created because of BNA and Dominion of Canada -> needed to connect; BC wouldn’t join without it
• built by white and Chinese workers, complete in 1886
  – suppressed Cree and Métis resistance in
  Saskatchewan in 1885 -> marginalized FN people
  – helped establish Vancouver -> encouraged and shaped
  non-Indigenous settlement and economies in the west.
  – played a critical role in the 1885 establishment of a Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration -> effort to create “white man’s country”
• Matters because: physically connected Canada; played a critical role in facilitating the extension of
  Canadian settler colonialism

Question 23

Settler Colonialism

Answer 23

• a specific type of colonialism with three main priorities:
• 1) the dispossession and marginalization of Indigenous peoples;
• 2) the assumption of settler sovereignty over the land, and the encouragement of permanent
  non-Indigenous settlement and economic activity there; and
• 3) the privileging of white settlers in particular.
• Matters because: this type of colonialism shaped the development of Canada and more specifically BC in the 19th century, due in part to the CPR

Question 24

Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration

Answer 24

• 1885; investigated what to do about “Chinese problem” -> should gov. restrict Chinese immigrants?
• included racialized testimony by white people describing Chinese people as liars, monsters, no morals, filthy, etc.
• final result: Chinese immig. good for Canada economically, but should be restricted because of intensity of racism in BC, later led to head tax and complete immig. ban
• Matters because: reflected politician’s and white settler’s priority of keeping Canada “a white man’s country”; reflected core values of racism and colonialism; Who belonged in Canada?

Question 25

Battle of Vimy Ridge

Answer 25

• 1917: one of Canada’s most important battles in WWI -> significant military victory, captured VR from German army
• perceived as almost mythological symbol of Canada’s birth -> according to “Birth of a Nation” thesis, VR was when Canada was born (reflected in statement by Cndn Brig-General Alexander Ross)
• iconic memorial -> plays a role in construction of memory/symbolism of victory vs. realities of war (fairly insignificant in grand scheme of war)
• Matters because: Nation birth, increased Cdn nationalism, memory vs. reality

Question 26

Famous Five

Answer 26

• Group of powerful women (Emily Murphy, Henrietta Edwards, Louise McKinney, Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung) who engineered the Persons Case, fought for women’s right to vote, fought in the Temperance movement
• Used Maternal Feminism to make their cases (women have distinct virtues from men, rooted inherent role as moms, would apply virtue to government -> achieve “perfectly balanced duality”) -> advocated for equality using gender roles
• Matter because: fought for equality of women (not all women though) using maternal feminism; reflected values at the time

Question 27

Person’s Case

Answer 27

• 1928-29: case determining whether women could sit in senate -> “qualified persons” could, but were women persons?
• Emily Murphy brought Famous Five together, asked gov. if women were persons
• Judges originally rejected case (took “originalist” perspective -> meaning remains the same)
• Murphy/FF take it to Privy Council (JCPC), who take “living constitutionalism” perspective -> laws can outgrow context that created them, should change/grow (living tree, Lord Sanchey)
• Matters because: symbol of gender equality, set precedent for use of living constitutionalism in courts, which is still referenced/used today

Question 28

Maternal Feminism

Answer 28

• Type of feminism practiced by first-wave Canadian feminists in early 20th century (ex. Famous Five)
• 3 components to this approach:
  1: women have distinctive traits and virtues different than those of men
  2: traits are rooted in an inherent role as mothers
  3: women will apply their virtue to government (therefore improving Canadian society, especially lives of children
• used to try to achieve “perfectly balanced duality” -> women’s morality balance out men’s economic/scientific mind
• Matters because: early feminists used this to advocate for gender equality, but used gender roles; reflective of core values/POV of era

Question 29

Temperance

Answer 29

• campaign in late 19th to 20th century to purify society by ridding it of alcohol; longest-running social movement in Cdn. history
• believe alc. was responsible for all bad things in society
• brought Famous Five into politics, responsible for Louise McKinney’s election as legislator (due to anti-alcohol work)
• feminists who fought for it seen as “un-modern/un-fun”, movement died
• Matters because: women played huge role in movement, when it died women looked for a new cause to champion -> ex. person’s case

Question 30

Originalism vs. Living Constitutionalism

Answer 30

• 2 opposing legal arguments used in early 20th century and still today
• Orig: meaning of constitution must remain the same until it’s formally amended
• LC: constitutions have to change with society they serve -> living tree approach -> laws can outgrow context that created them, must interpret them in today’s context
• Matters because: LC led to monumental person’s case decision, which is still referenced in court cases today; these perspectives still shape constitutional law today (ie. same-sex marriage laws)

Question 31

The White Paper

Answer 31

• 1969: Legislation that attempted to treat “Indians” the same as other Canadians to make things fair (rooted in equality, not equity); no input from indig. people
• proposed to:
• • Eliminate Indian Status
• • Dissolve Department of Indian Affairs
• • Abolish Indian Act
• • Convert reserve land converted into private land
• • Transfer of responsibility for management of Indigenous affairs from federal -> provincial
• • Terminate existing treaties
• Indig. people disagreed with it, wrote Red Paper, Brown Paper, Hawthorne Report in response; Indig. people trained to be activists to fight for their rights
• Matters because: sparked movement of indig. activism/protests across Canada; changed federal gov’s approach towards indigenous policy

Question 32

The Unjust Society

Answer 32

• 1969: book by indig. activist Harold Cardinal critiquing WP/gov’s treatment of Indians
• Matters because: instrumental in causing gov. to abandon White Paper, rallied other indig. activists/people to fight for their rights

Question 33

Calder Case

Answer 33

• 1969-74: case between Frank Calder (Nisga’a FN) and BC gov
• asked BC to declare that NGA aboriginal title hadn’t been extinguished, gets rejected -> said it had been extinguished
• Goes to Supreme Court, where it didn’t win, but didn’t lose either -> Court said YES, Nisga’a had title to their land when settlers arrived, but said that title had since been extinguished
• Matters because: though no real decision was made, set massive precedent in terms of YES, aboriginal title did exist at one point

Question 34

Patriation of the Constitution

Answer 34

• 1982: Canada transferred its constitution from the British Parliament to the Canadian Government
• Done by PM Trudeau after many talks/negociations in the 80s (Peoples Package Proposal/disapproval, “Patriation Reference Case” -> legal but unconventional, Kitchen Accord/Night of Long Knives -> ref. deal with RL struck down)
• Also updated Const. to include Charter of Rights and Amending formula
• Matters because: solved amending formula debate, established what is still in effect today

Question 35

Section 33

Answer 35

• 1982: “Notwithstanding Clause” in Constitution Act
• Charter is “aspirational document” -> sets out values like equality and liberty without saying what those mean -> Section 33 instituted in response to that uncertainty
• allows governments to violate charter rights; judges can’t strike that law down (“immune from judicial review”) -> safety mechanism
• Trudeau said this had to be renewed every 5 years, otherwise judges could strike it down
• Matters because: limits judicial power under the charter

Question 36

Halpern v. Canada

Answer 36

• 2003: case that deemed common law definition of limiting marriage a man and a women violated Section 15 and is unconstitutional -> marriage became constitutional right
• Section 15 didn’t explicitly prohibit marriage on basis of sexual orientation, so courts used living tree/living constitutionalism mindset to evaluate what Sec.15 meant in today’s context -> ruled that it meant equality under the law
• Matters because: not just a legal change, but a political change -> Liberal gov. made gay marriage core issue of campaign -> paved way for 2005 legalization of same-sex marriage

Question 37

ESSAY: Agree with, disagree with, or modify this statement: “If the history of Canada were a play, it would be a tragedy.”

Answer 37

• Thesis: “If the history of Canada were a play, the last 200 years would be a tragedy for indigenous people due colonialist’s profound misunderstanding and neglect of the importance of indigenous people. This is exemplified in the treatment of indigenous people after the War of 1812, in the events surrounding the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and in the White Paper proposal of 1969.”
• Post-1812: not allies -> problem (unimportant if not useful, misunderstood)
• CPR Construction: used settler colonialism (opinions of FN not valuable)
• White Paper: no input, bad suggestions (misunderstood FN people)

Question 38

ESSAY: How did the relationships between Indigenous people and settlers/settler states change in Canada over the period that we’ve looked at in this class?

Answer 38

• Thesis: “Throughout the course of Canadian history, settlers initially perceived indigenous people as allies, then as a problem that needed to be dealt with. This is exemplified in the War of 1812, the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the White Paper of 1969”.
• 1812: allies -> problems (no longer important, problem)
• CPR: settler colonialism (obstacle to ideal society)
• White Paper: attempts at equality (misunderstood FN)

Question 39

ESSAY: How did British and Canadian authorities deal with the issue of diversity in British North America/Canada over the period that we’ve looked at in this class?

Answer 39

• Thesis: “Throughout the period examined in this class, British and Canadian authorities largely did not tolerate diversity, and dealt with it by forced assimilation, by ignoring the voices of those who make Canada diverse, and by creating misinformed policy to attempt to make everyone equal. This is exemplified in the attempted assimilation of both Acadians and Indigenous peoples, the settler-colonialist ideas that fuelled the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the proposal of the 1969 White Paper.”
• Assimilation of Acadiens/FN: Deportation, assimilation/residential schools (intolerant of diveristy, wanted sameness)
• CPR: settler colonialism (didn’t care about voices of those who made Canada diverse, just white settlers’)
• White Paper: equality (sameness rather than celebrating diversity)

Question 40

ESSAY: How did the role and meaning of race and gender change in Canada in the period that we’ve looked at in this class?

Answer 40

• Thesis: “Throughout the period of Canadian history studied in this class, race and gender has changed from being a major source of institutionalized discrimination to being much more equal, largely due to the plight of activists. This is exemplified in the early mistreatment of both women and indigenous peoples, followed by activism from members of both minority groups to fight for equality.”
• Early mistreatment of women and FN: not persons -> assimilation (gov. discrim)
• Fem. Activists: FF Dower Act, Person’s Case (reason for change)
• FN Activists: white paper response, land claims (reason for change)

Question 41

ESSAY: How did government change in Canada over the period that we’ve looked at in this class?

Answer 41

• Thesis: “Over the period we have looked at in this class, government as gradually distanced itself from Britain. It started being completely British, then had its own government with a Constitution managed by Britain, then a patriated constitution”
• Started British: treaty of paris = brit for 100+ years
• autonomous-ish 1867: confed = Dominion, cost. mon (reduced brit infl)
• more autonomous 1982: patriated cost, transferred from Brit Parl to Cdn Parl (no infl. on const)

Question 42

ESSAY: How important and influential was Canada’s connection to the British Empire after Confederation?

Answer 42

• Thesis: “Canada’s connection to Britain much less important after Confederation. Canada became more autonomous through its involvement in WWI, the creation of its new flag, and the patriation of its constitution.”
• WWI: Vimy, birth of nation (Cdn accomplishment, not Brit)
• New Flag: Canadian symbol (unique from Brit)
• Patriation of Const: transfer from Brit to Cdn parl (no infl. over const -> indep)