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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of financial markets?

A

Public financial markets
» markets for the creation, sale, and trade of liquid securities having standardized features

Private financial markets
» markets for the creation, sale, and trade of liquid securities having les standardized negotiated features.

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2
Q

What are the different types of risk?

A

Default risk
» risk that a borrower will not pay the interest and/or principal on a loan

Interest rate risk

Market risk

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3
Q

What is nominal interest rate ?

A

Observed or stated interest rate

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4
Q

What is the real interest rate (RR)?

A

Interest one would face in the absence of inflation, risk, illiquidity, and any other factors to determine the interest rate.

R debt (Rd) = RR + IP +DRP +LP + MP

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5
Q

What is risk-free interest rate?

A

Interest rate on debt that is virtually free of all default risk.

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6
Q

What is inflation?

A

Rising prices not offset by increasing quality of the goods or services being purchased.

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7
Q

What is inflation premium (IP)?

A

Average expected inflation rate over the life of a risk-free loan.

Risk-free rate (Rf) = RR +IP

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8
Q

What is default risk premium (DRP)?

A

Additional interest rate premium required to compensate the lender for the probability that a borrower will default on a loan.

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9
Q

What is prime rate?

A

Interest rate charged by banks to their highest-quality (lowest default risk) business customers.

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10
Q

What are bond ratings?

A

> > An assessment that reflects the default risk of a firm’s bonds as judged by a bond-rating agency
Ex. Standard&poor’s or moody’s

***for larger mature corps, differences in DRPs are often captured by bond ratings

***Liquidity and maturity horizon may influence the nominal interest rate on a ventures’ bond

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11
Q

What are the two different types of premiums?

A 
Liquidity premium (LP)
>> Premium charged when a debt instrument cannot be converted to cash quickly as its’ existing value
Maturity Premium (MP)
>>premium that reflects increased uncertainty associated with long-term debt
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12
Q

What is the term structure of interest rates?

A

Relationship between nominal interest rates and time to maturity when default risk is held constant.

Also known as YIELD CURVE
» Graph of the term structure of interest rates

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13
Q

Describe debt.

A

Debt issues may be SECURED or UNSECURED.

Senior debt: debt secured by a venture’s assets

Subordinated debt: Debt with inferior claim (relative to senior debt) to venture’s assets

There is an investment risk of loss:
» chance or probability of financial loss from a venture investment

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14
Q

Describe rate of return

A

Probability -weighted average of all possible rates of return

%Rate of return = (cash flow+(ending value-beginning value))/(beginning balue)*100

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15
Q

Standard deviation.

Coefficient of variation

A

Measure of a the dispersion of possible outcomes and the expected return of an investment

Measure of the dispersion risk per unit of expected rate of return

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16
Q

What are the different type of investors?

A

Private equity investors
»owners of proprietorships, partners in partnerships, and owners in closely held corporations

Closely held corporations
»corporations whose stock is not publicly traded

Publicly traded stock investors
»equity investors of firms whose stocks trade in public markets such as the over-the-counter market or an organized securities exchange

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17
Q

What are two different type of markets?

A

Over-the-counter (OTC)
»network of brokers and dealers that interact electronically without having a formal location

Organized securities exchange
»a formally organized exchanged typically having a physical location with a trading floor where trades take place under rules set by the exchange

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18
Q

What is market capitalization (aka CAP)?

A

A firm’s current stock price multiplied by the number of shares that are outstanding

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19
Q

What is the investment risk premium (IRP)?

A

Additional return that investors can expect to earn when investing in a risky publicly traded common stock

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20
Q

Market risk premium (MRP)

A

Excess average annual return of common stocks over long-term government bonds

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21
Q

Venture Hubris

A

Optimism expressed in business plan projections that ignore the possibility of failure or underperformance

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22
Q

Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)

A

Weighted average of the cost of the individual components of interest bearing debt and common equity capital

***most early stage financing is equity capital

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23
Q

Business planning.

A

***Business plan must allow the time and money necessary to secure proper legal advice from attorneys who specialize in tracking, interpreting, and apply the every-changing securities law

***during the development and startup stages, entrepreneur is likely to focus on identifying, developing, and bringing to market a product, service, or process

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24
Q

Business angels

A

Investors who typically invest in the equity of an LLV or a nonpublic (subchapter S or C) corporation

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25
Q

Venture capitalists

A

Investors who prefer equity investments in nonpublic corporations with the contractual agreements (spelled out in “term sheets”)

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26
Q

Heart of securities law

A
  1. Prospective investors should have all relevant information necessary to make informed investment decisions
  2. Investors in securities available to the general public should not be permitted to benefit from nonpublic or inside information
  3. Deceived investors should receive relief in the event of securities fraud
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27
Q

Securities act of 1933

A

> > main body of the federal law governing the creation and sale of securities

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28
Q

Securities exchange act of 1934

A

> > federal law that deals with the mechanisms and standards for public security trading

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29
Q

Securities crowd funding

A

JOBS act title III’s small offering registration exemption form SEC registration requirements involving crowdfunding for the sale of securities

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30
Q

Blue-sky laws

A

State laws designed to protect individuals from investing in fraudulent security offerings

offer — every attempt or offer to dispose of or solicitation

Sale — offer to buy

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31
Q

Expected value

A

Weighted average of a set of scenarios or possible outcomes

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32
Q

Internally generated funds

A

Net income or profits (after taxes) earned over an accounting period

— to calculate:
»sustainable sales growth rate:
Rate at which a firm can grow sales based on the retention of profits in the business

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33
Q

Financial capital needed (FCN)

A

Funds needed to acquire assets necessary to support a firm’s sales growth

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34
Q

Spontaneously generated funds

A

Increases in accounts payables and accruals (wages and taxes) that accompany sale increases

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35
Q

Additional funds needed (AFN)

A

Gap remaining between the financial capital needed and that funded by spontaneously generated funds and retained earnings

AFN = required increase in assets - spontaneously generated funds - increase in R/E

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36
Q

Percent of sales forecasting method

A

Forecasting method that makes projections based on the assumption that most expenses and balance sheet items can be expressed as a percentage of sales

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37
Q

Constant ration forecasting method

A

Variant of the percent-of-sales forecasting method that projects selected cost and balance sheet items at the same growth rate as sales

The financial forecasting method:

  1. Forecasted sales
  2. Project the income statement
  3. Project the balance sheet
  4. Project the statement of cash flow
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38
Q

Venture capitalists (VC’s)

A
  • Having personal stakes and have raised funds
  • Individuals who join in formal, organized firms to raise and distribute venture capital to new and fast-growing ventures
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39
Q

American research and development (ARD) —1946

A

1st investment : high voltage engineering corporation, a venture organized by MIT physicists and engineers

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40
Q

Small business administration (SBA) in 1953

A
  • tax advantages

- borrow 4 x the SBIC equity base

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41
Q

Professional venture investing cycle

A
  1. Determine (next) fund objectives and policies
    3 common
    characteristics:
    - industry
    - stage and size of investment
    - geographic area
  2. Organize new fund (usually a partnership)
  3. Solicit investments in new fund
  4. Obtain commitment for series of capital calls
  5. Conduct due diligence and actively invest
  6. Arrange harvest or liquidation
  7. Distribute cash and securities proceeds (as available)
  8. Determine (next) fund objectives and policies
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42
Q

Business incubators

A
  • organization that helps startup companies develop by providing management, operating, and financial services
  • usually formed as a nonprofit
  • length of time a co. Can stay in the program depends:
    —complexity of the business model, predetermined revenue, or other benchmark targets
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43
Q

Seed Accelerator

Startup accelerator

A
  • organization that usually provides both an equity investment and a mentoring and educational, fixed-term , cohort program to help startup co. succeed

Business incubators and seed accelerators offer mentoring, networking, and business educational skills to startup firms accepted into their programs. These benefits, along with obtaining loan funds by business incubators and the injection of seed equity by business accelerators, providing important assistance and support for entrepreneurs who are successful applicants.

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44
Q

Business crowd sourcing

A
  • process of obtaining business ideas, development support, and operating services from a large network of non-employees
  • lower development and opportunity costs at a faster speed
45
Q

Crowd funding

A
  • process of financing ideas, ventures, and projects by gathering funds from a large network of people

Reward-based crowdfunding

  • involves soliciting non-equity funds to finance specific business products and services or to request donations form a specific purpose
  • keep what is raised or all-or-nothing

Equity crowdfunding
- involves soliciting funds from a large number of small investors in exchange for an equity position in the venture requesting the funding.

46
Q

The five C’s of credit analysis

A

Capacity - an indicator of future payment performance

Capital - personally invested

Collateral - “guarantees”

Conditions - purpose of loan

Character - general impression

47
Q

Primary criterion

A

—- Firm’s ability to pay off loan + interest

48
Q

Commercial loan restrictions

A

Maintenance of accurate records and financial statements

Limits on total debt

Restrictions on dividends or other payments to owners and/or investors

Restriction on additional capital expenditures

Restrictions on sale of fixed assets

Performance standards of financial ratios

Current tax and insurance payments

49
Q

Small business administration programs

A
  • provide contract assistance and counseling
  • 7(a) loans
  • 504 loans
  • micro loans
  • venture capital
50
Q

Factoring

A
  • selling receivables to a third party at a discount from their fv
  • could be with recourse or without recourse
51
Q

Receivables lending

A

Use of receivables as collateral for a loan

52
Q

Venture leasing

A

Leasing contracts where one component of the return to the lessor is a type of ownership in the venture, usually through warrants

53
Q

Direct public offerings

A

Security offering made directly to a large number of investors

54
Q

Harvesting

A

Process of exiting the privately held business ventures to unlock the owner’s investment value.

  1. Through a systematic distribution of assets directly to the owners
  2. Through an outright sale of the going concern to others.
55
Q

Unicorns

A

High-expected growth companies with valuations in excess of $1 billion

56
Q

Systematic liquidation

A

> > a venture liquidated by distributing the venture’s assets to the owners

Advantages:
-the entrepreneur and other owners maintain control throughout the harvest period

  • the harvesting of the investment value can be spread out over a number of years
  • the time, effort, and cost of finding a buyer for the venture can be avoided

Disadvantages:
-The treatment and taxation of liquidation proceeds as ordinary income (rather than capital gains)

  • the commitment of the entrepreneur’s wealth, abilities, and focus to a dying venture, rather than other venture pursuits that might be more lucrative.
  • the acceleration of the rates of decline in the going concerns’ value as other industry participants respond to the reduction in the investment
57
Q

Outright sale

A

> > venture sold to others, including family members, managers, employees, or external buyers

58
Q

Family members

A

Can transfer through

  • heir
  • selling
59
Q

Managers

A

> > have limited personal resources for an outright buy

  • leveraged buyout (LBO)
  • Management buyout (MBO)

***LBO/MBO exit strategy requires a tight plan for streaming operations and cutting costs

60
Q

Leveraged buyout (LBO)

A

> > Purchase price of a firm is financed largely with debt financial capital
~ existing investors equity is retired from an aggressive debt issue

61
Q

Management buyout

A

> > special type of LBO where the firm’s top management continues to run the firm and has a substantial equity position in the reorganized firm

62
Q

Employees

A
  • employee stock ownership plans (ESOPS)

- available in leveraged (harvest all at once) and un-leveraged securities

63
Q

Outside buyers

A

Valuation analysis for an acquisition

  • control premium: “value of controlling the venture”
    ~related to the value

-illiquidity discount : “compensate for the resale of disadvantages”

64
Q

Initial public offering (IPO)

A
  • a venture’s first offering of SEC registered securities to the public

Primary shares offering: the sale of new shares (securities)

Secondary shares offering: the sale of used shares (securities)

65
Q

Investment banking

A

> > an intermediary assisting in the creation, sale, and distribution of financial assets.
experts; initiate markets

Underwriting spread (typically 7 to 10 percent)
-difference between what the investment bank gets from selling securities to public investors and what it pays to the issuing firms
66
Q

Red herring disclaimer

A

Obligatory disclaimer disavowing any intent to act as an offer to sell, or solicit an offer to buy securities

67
Q

Investment banking due diligence

A

The process of ascertaining, to the extent possible, an issuing firm’s financial condition and investment intent

68
Q

Firm commitment

A

Type of agreement with investment bank involving the investment banks’ underwritten purchase and resale of securities

69
Q

Best efforts

A

Type of agreement with investment bank involving only marketing and distribution efforts

70
Q

Seasoned offering

A

A firm that has already had publicly traded shares

71
Q

Unseasoned offering

A

When the issuer has not previously issued that type of security

72
Q

Financial distress

A

When cash flow is insufficient to meet current debt obligations

73
Q

Loan default

A

Occurs when there is a failure to meet interest or principal payments when due on a loan

74
Q

Acceleration provision

A

Provides that all future interest and principal obligations on a loan become immediately due when default occurs

75
Q

Cross-default provision

A

Provides that defaulting loan places all loans in default

76
Q

Foreclosure

A

Legal process used by creditors to try to collect amounts owed on loans in default

77
Q

Insolvent

A

> > when a venture has a negative book equity or net worth position and /or when its cash flow is insufficient to meet current debt obligations

A) balance sheet insolvency
B) cash flow insolvency

78
Q

Balance sheet insolvency

A
  • exists when a venture has negative book equity or net worth because total debt exceeds total assets
  • common during early stages
79
Q

Cash flow insolvency

A

Exists when a venture’s cash flow is insufficient to meet its current contractual debt obligations

80
Q

Restructuring

A

> > turnaround a financially distressed venture

  • operations restructuring
  • asset restructuring
  • financial restructuring
81
Q

Operations restructuring

A

Involves growing revenues relative to costs and/or cutting costs relative to the venture’s revenues

82
Q

Asset restructuring

A

Involves improving the working capital to sales relationships and/or selling off fixed assets

83
Q

Financial restructuring

A

Involves changing the contractual terms of the existing debt obligations and/or the composition of the existing the venture

  • debt payment extension
  • debt composition change
84
Q

Debt payments extension

A

Involves postponing due dates for interest and principal payments on credit purchases

85
Q

Debt composition change

A

Occurs when creditors reduce their contractual claims against the venture

86
Q

Federal bankruptcy reform act of 1978

A

Ch. 11 - business reorganizations

Ch.7 - procedures for liquidating a ventures assets

87
Q

Bankrupt

A

When a petition for bankruptcy is filed with a federal bankruptcy court.

  • voluntary bankruptcy petition
  • involuntary bankruptcy petition
88
Q

Bankruptcy reorganizations

A
  1. a successful reorganization and continuing of operations
  2. Merging the venture with another firm
  3. liquidating the venture under Ch. 7 of the bankruptcy law
89
Q

Reasons for legal reorganizations

A
  • Common Pool problem

- holdout problem

90
Q

Common pool problem

A

When individual creditors have incentive to foreclose on the venture even though it is worth more as a going concern

Automatic Stay provision:
A restriction on the ability of an individual creditors to foreclose to try to recover their individual claims

91
Q

Holdout problem

A

When one or more of the creditors refuses to agree tot eh reorganization term because of the potential for a larger individual recovery.

Cram-down procedure:
- Bankruptcy court accepts a reorganization plan for all creditors, including dissenting creditor classes

Debt-in-possession financing
-short-term financing, made all existing unsecured debt, to help meet liquidity needs during the reorganization process

92
Q

Liquidations

A
  1. restrict management from fraudulently transferring the ventures assets.
  2. provides a court-decided “fair and equitable” basis for allocating the asset proceeds to all claimants
  3. Allows the entrepreneur and other shareholders to “walk away” from the venture with no further obligations
93
Q

Liquidity order of claims

A
  1. administrative costs associated with the venture’s liquidation
  2. wages and other unpaid employee benefits (limited to amounts earned within the past three months with a maximum of $2,000 per employee)
  3. specific consumer claims ($900 maximum per claim)
  4. Tax claims (property and income taxes)
  5. Secured creditors (entitled to the proceeds from sale of plan and equipment pledged as security for mortgage loans or bonds )
  6. unfunded pension plan liabilities ( a portion may have prior claim over general creditors while the remainder has a claim equal to the general creditors)
  7. General (unsecured) creditor claims (includes holders of trade credit, unsecured loans including debenture loans, and unpaid portions of secured loans)
  8. preferred stock holder claims
  9. common stock holder claims (differential priorities might exist if different classes of common stock had been previously issued)
94
Q

Two types of cost

A
  • implicit
  • explicit

Difference between accounting perspective and finance perspectives

  1. Cash flow is a new venture’s lifeblood.
  2. Finance perspective demands that, where possible, the cost of financial capital be explicitly incorporated in evaluations, projections, and strategy.
95
Q

State securities regulations

A
  • in addition to federal restrictions, issuers must also consider restrictions imposed by the various states
  • state securities regulations are “blue sky” laws
  • designed to protect individuals from investing in fraudulent security offerings
96
Q

Role of federal securities law

A
  • Federal laws frequently are predicated on some offending behavior’s affecting more than one state
  • This focus is due to “state-rights” traditions and the notion that an infraction confined to one state is a state, not a federal, matter.
97
Q

Securities fraud

A
  • It is unlawful for a person in the offer or sale of securities:
  • to employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud
  • to obtain money or property by means of any untrue statement of a material fact or any omission to state a material fact
  • to engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business which operates as fraud or deceit upon the purchaser
98
Q

Projected financial statements

A

Financial forecasting process to project financial statements

  1. forecast sales
  2. project income statement
  3. project balance sheet
  4. project statement of cash flows
99
Q

Carried interest

A

portion of profits paid tot eh professional venture capitalist as an incentive compensation

100
Q

two and twenty shops

A

investment management firms having a contract that gives them a 2% of assets annual management fee and 20 percent carried interest

101
Q

Capital call

A

when the venture fund calls upon the investors to deliver their investment funds
- it is common to require subsequent investments consistent with the levels of investors’ initial contributions

102
Q

Deal flow

A

flow of business plans and term sheets involved in the venture capital investing process

103
Q

due diligence (in venture investing context)

A

process of ascertaining the viability of a business plan

104
Q

VC screening criteria

A
  1. venture capital firm requirements
  2. characteristics of the proposal
  3. Characteristics of the entrepreneur/team
  4. nature of the proposed industry
  5. strategy of the proposed business
105
Q

Term sheet

A

Summary of the investment terms and conditions accompanying an investment

  • valuation
  • ongoing funding needs
  • size and staging of financing
  • preemptive rights on new issues
  • commitments for future financing rounds and performance conditions
  • form of security or investment
  • redemption rights and responsibilities
106
Q

Protective clauses in case of default

A
  1. acceleration provision: provides all future interest and principal obligations on loan become due immediately upon default
  2. cross-default provision: provides that defaulting on one loan places all others in default
107
Q

Private workouts

A

voluntary agreement between a venture’s owners and its creditors that provides for a financial restructuring of the venture’s outstanding debt

108
Q

Private liquidations

A

assignment: transfer of title to the ventures assets to a third-party assignee or trustee

Small Business Finance Final (1 decks)

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