FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Structuralism
- focus on global context within which states interact (structure)
- stress the importance of historical analysis
- assume forms of domination exist keeping third world states from developing
- assume that economic and material factors are critical in explaining system
ES and realism
both emphasize structure
but ES focuses on economic structure and the connection between the IS and domestic
ES and liberalism
both attuned to events, processes, institutions
positive sum is possible
dependency theory
flow of resources come from periphery countries to wealthier states, enriches the wealthy at the expense of the periphery
*economies of third world countries are conditioned by and subordinate to the economic development, expansion, and contraction of the economies of the core
EXPLOITATION
rose as reaction to the modernization theory
Capitalist world system
economic structuralist approach to IR that emphasizes the impact of the worldwide spread of capitalism. division into core, periphery and semi periphery
neo structuralism
interested in understanding how global processes interact with other processes of state and social transformation
Grasmci
post-colonialism
economic, social, cultural, political aspects of de-colonialization
international political economy
state focused, multi-disciplinary
study of states and ,arlets
the exchange, production and distribution of wealth in relation to states and their markets
relation between the two is “bargaining”
power over vs structural power
power over= relational power
-ability to get someone to do something, use sticks to punish other states for not conforming to rules
structural power= can change the rules of the game, change in our own favour
4 power structures
- security
- production
- finance
- knowledge
security structure
when state enters into security arrangement- make commitments with other states. security is a cost
production structure
determines what is produced, by whomst, for whomst
fordism
system of mass production to achieve high productivity
post-war mode of economic growth
small unskilled tasks- keep costs for labour down
role of state is to facilitate
post-fordism
flexible, specialized manufacturing units
how, production, manufacturing etc. in all different places
production no longer requires stockpiling of raw materials
finance structure
how money flows, who has access
how resources are distributed between nations, money as means
loans between states- comes with money lending and borrowing conditions
knowledge structure
who can access knowledge
marxism
- exploitation of the few by the many
- capitalism exerts law like qualities
- society must be understood in totality
saw apparent disenfranchisement/impoverishment of working class
class
group of people who have some relation to means of production
- proletariat (working class)
- bourgeoisie (capitalist)
law of disproportionality
overproduction/underconsumption
-because capitalist don’t pay workers enough, proletariat can’t buy what they produce
law of concentration of wealth
capitalists will concentrate wealth in fewer hands
create wealthy monopolies
historical materialism
Idea that history occurs through dialectic/clash of opposing forces
starting point is economic base, everything influenced by this
every historical period marked by particular relations between humans and their material surroundings
economic taproot of imperialism (hobson)
use of national force to secure new markets by annexing other territory is not sound
- imperialism cannot exist without some economic pressure at home
- the desire to extend the national market into foreign lands comes from dysfunction of home political economic
- could be avoided by re-distributing of resources
the structure of dependence (dos santos)
dependence of latin american countries on other countries cannot be overcome without the qualitative change in their internal structures and external relations
dependence
situation in which the economy of certain countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy to which the former is subjected
new dependency
focuses on both the internal and external relations of less-developed countries of the periphery
2 main strands leading to the Gramscian idea of hegemony
- Bolshevik revolution
2. from the writings of Machiavelli
Gramsci distinguished between 2 kinds of societies
- one that has undergone a thorough social revolution and worked out fully its consequences in new modes of production and social relations (England, France)
- societies which had imported or had thrust upon them aspects of a new order created abroad, without the old order having been displaced
passive revolution
the introduction of changes which did not involve any arousal of popular forces
historic bloc
blocco storico
A neo-Marxian term from Antonio Gramsci that explains the ways in which social practices (structure) both are created by and create the values and theories (superstructure) we use to rationalize and explain our practices
superstructure and structure together form a historic bloc
world economy
large geographic zone within which there is a division of labour and hence significant internal exchange of basis of essential goods as well as flows of capital and labour
not bound by unitary political structure
kondratieff cycle
expansion of the world economy with quasi-monopolistic leading industries and contraction in the world economy when there is a lowering of the intensity of quasi-monopoly
up and down curve
quasi-monopoly
monopoly which has more than one service
counter hegemony
attempt to dismantle hegemonic power
opposition to the current status quo and its legitimacy in politics
English school
- world operates in an international anarchic society
- order is possible- BOP + rules/institutions
- recognize the importance of Kantian moral understandings but balanced with idea of power
- focus on societal aspects of IR= international society
- level of analysis is global or systems level
- states are principal actors
international society
a group of states that establish and consent to common rules and institutions that govern their relationship
Grotius theory
states constrained by morally agreed upon rules, social contract at international level
english school on sovereignty
look at how states behave and change as sovereign
failed states, what distinguishes states that are sov and not sov
IS
power politics among states
process of anarchy and structure is priority
world/global society
focus on humans in society, natural law
Kantian view
natural law
natural law
unchanging principles of law that exist in human nature and are accessible to all
exist regardless of effort
transcend state system
english school on order
believes order comes from acceptance of rules and institutional agreements, not balance of powers
order exists at international level and comes from norms/agreements
pluralism
thin morality
interested in diversity of human-kind
image of IR that assumes that non-state actors are important entities in IR
also known as liberalism
used by english school to describe a condition in which states have little in common other than the calculations of interest that drive the behaviour of states
solidarism
used by english school to describe cosmopolitan thick morality among states in international society that goes well beyond calculations of mutual advantage in a pluralist world
why is english school on the right side of cleavages
- operates in a constructivist meta-theory
- normative
- relevant
3 competing traditions of thought:
- Hobbesbian or realist tradition
- Kantian or universalist tradition
- Grotian or internationalist tradition
Hobbesian tradition
IR as a state or war of all against all
- arena of struggle in which each state is pitted against each other
- zero-sum
- interest of each state exclude the interests of any other
- prescription: free to pursue its goals
Kantian or universalist tradition
relationship among states and is really the relationship among all men in the community of mankind
cooperative or non-zero sum
Grotian or internationalist tradition
describes IP in terms of a society of states or international society
-prescription for international conduct is that all states in their dealings w one another are bound by the rules and institutions of the society they form
Freedom of the Seas (Grotius)
every nation is free to travel between nations
this is natural law
constructivism
social theories that attempt to explain the formation and transformation of identities and interests, those of states
- fundamental structures of society are social
- these social structures shape actors identities and interests, not just behaviour
- ideas are intersubjective
- material resources only acquire meaning for human action through the structure of shared knowledge
- reject science thesis
social facts
made by human action
brute facts
don’t depend on behaviour, phenomenon of the social condition existing independently of us
social relationships are constructed by 3 things according to constructivists
- material resources
- practices
- shared knowledge
why did constructivism establish in the 90s
- rationalists tried to persuade constructivists to establish substantive theories
- nobody predicted the end of the cold war
- emergence of new scholars
- rational theorists started accepting constructivist POV
idealism
ideas have important causal effects, more important than power/material
holism
the world is irreducibly social, what we believe and think is a factor in the beliefs of society as a whole
-society is always in interaction
search for timeless laws was impossible for 4 reasons (Popper)
- humans accumulate knowledge of our activities
- humans reflect on their practices
- humans acquire new knowledge
- humans change their practices as a result
2 types of logic
- logic of consequences is consequence-based action
- consider costs and benefits - logic of appropriateness is rule-based action
- considers how actors follow rules
2 claims of critical IR theory (wendt)
- the fundamental structures of IP are social rather than strictly material
- these structures shape actors’ identities and interests
state of war
state of malice. violence, mutual destruction
state of nature
state of peace, goodwill, mutual assistance and preservation
to avoid state of war
reason men put themselves in society, quitting state of nature
Lockean culture governing the IS
- shared expectation that states will not try to take away eachother’s liberty
- states have constructed rules that bind them
- states comply w norms
- states internalize Lockean culture as obligation to group culture
post-modernism
rejection of scientitific or modernist, takes apart meanings embedded in what we say or do
- rejection of the sovereign, autonomous individual
- rejection of enlightenment ideas
- link between power and knowledge
- no truth for all of history
- traditional sovereign state is not the sole way to organize political and social activity
pre-modernism
governed by authority
church, tradition, religion
not accepting of change
traditional
modernism
reason, natural science autonomous individual is the bearer of meaning and truth linked to enlightenment highest value is progress sets up the human being as the knower
9 ideas of the enlightenment (modernism)
- there is a stable coherent knowable self
- the self knows itself (through reason, rationality)
- the mode of knowing the world is through science
- knowledge is produced by science’s truth
- the knowledge truth from science will lead toward progress and eventually perfection
- the tricky question of judgement
- in a world goverened by reason, the true is always the same as the good/right
- science stands as the paradigm for all socially useful forms of knowledge
- the role of language as a mode of expression is rational as well
9 things post-modernism stands for
- presence creates absence and silence
- things arent what they seem to be, destruct the normal
- reality is socially constructed
- to be FOR something, you have to be AGAINST something else
- knowledge and power are intertwined
- knowledge is conversational
- must be tentative
- we live in a paradox
- knowledge is no more than a moment in a conversation (all knowledge is consexual)
critical theory
- about emancipatory politics
- social and political transformation - relation between knowledge and interest
- purposes of knowledge/theory - scrutinized the work of realists and liberals
positivism
view of scientific inquiry that assumes:
- unity of the natural and social sciences
- we can draw a distinction between facts and values
- regularities exist in the social as well as the natural world
- empirical validation or falsification is the hallmark of real inquiry
- facts seperate from values
- explain phenomena with scientific method
epistemic realism
views the world as containing objects that are independent from the meanings or ideas attached to them
8 central themes of all critical security theory
- all knowledge is a social process
- traditional theory promotes the flaws of naturalism and reductionism
- critical theory offers a basis for political and social progess
- the test theory is empancipation
- human society is its own invention
- regressive theories have dominated politics among nations
- the state and other institutions must be denaturalized
- progressive world order values should inform the means and ends of an IP committed to enhancing world security
feminism
gendered understanding or approach to theory
-focus on how world is made up of men and women, not states and markets
2 points of the long term association between politics and patriarchy
- men have traditionally occupied dominant positions
2. the characteristics valued in dominant structures are characteristics that are associated with masculinity
liberal feminism
about same-ness
argues that equality for women can only be achieved through legal means and social reforms
doesn’t challenge men or their traditional role
radical feminism
focus exclusively on patriarchy
wants whole-scale radical change on the sex-gender system
men are the oppressors
marxist feminism
inequality of genders as a result of women serving capitalist interest
capitalist is at fault for women’s oppression
eco-feminism
connects the oppression of women w the degredation of the environment
considers the interconnectedness between sexism and domination of nature
andro-centrism
cultural perspectives where the male is taken to be the norm
3 paradoxes of feminism
- acknowledge sexual differences but advocate for equality
- feminist argue for individual freedoms while also advocating for collective action
- unity but diversity among women
masculinist protection on security state (young)
the protection role assumed by males subordinates those in the protected position
the authoritarian security paradigm takes a form analagous to the masculine protectors towards his wife
normative theory
value oriented or philosophical theory that focuses on what ought to be
distinction between facts and values
communitarianism
emphasis of the connection between the individual and the community
value on community
idea that communities share norms
need to balance liberty and society
cosmopolitanism
comes from cosmopolitan= “citizen of the world”
shared markets, shared culture
interventionism
intervening in other countries
can be coersive
imperialism, colonialism etc.
just war theory
normative theory referring to conditions under which
- states rightfully go to war (jus ad bellum)
- states act in war (jus in bello)
world government (rawls)
unified political regime with the legal powers normally exercised by central government
law of peoples
- people are free and independent
- observe treaties
- people are equals
- follow non-intervention
- right to self-defence
- honour human rights
- restrictions in conduct of war
- assist those living in unfavourable conditions
2 types of stability
- stability for the right reasons
2. stability as the balance of forces
a veil of ignornace
law of peoples accepted by all, regardless of form
3 ways to build a just and lasting peace (obama)
- alternatives of violence for dealing with nations that break laws
- need peace based on inherent rights of each individual
- just peace includes not only civil and political but also economic security and oppirtunity
total war
war between nations, as opposed to armies
causality
A causes B
complex interdependence
multiple transnational channels that connect societies- complex economic interests as a result
materialism
explanation grounded in terms of material objects as having a decisive impact on outcomes unmediated by the ideas people have concerning the objects
multi-laterialism
effort to cooperate or collaborate with other states rather than trying to go at it alone
neo-structuralism
interested in understanding how global processes interact w other processes of state and social transformation
structural determinist
belief that the structure of IS largely determines the behaviour of individual states
universalism
Kantian cosmopolitan view that world has principles and values consistently applicable
