Final exam Flashcards
Occurs when the presence of others improves our performance
Social Facilitation
Occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards.
Social Loafing
Occurs when people conform to the behavior of others because they view them as a source of knowledge about what they are.
Informational social influence
Occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or adhere to cultural norms.
Conformity
A type of conformity that occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by the group.
Normative social influence
Rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives.
Social norms
A situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision
Groupthink
Occurs when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure
Obedience
What was the Milgram study of obedience
Milgram recruited people from the community to participate in an experiment at Yale University. Focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials.
Outcome of the Milgram obedience study
65% (two-thirds) of participants (i.e., teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts. Milgram did more than one experiment – he carried out 18 variations of his study. All he did was alter the situation (IV) to see how this affected obedience (DV).
Inferences made about the causes of other people’s behavior
Attributions
Ascribe other people’s behavior to something within them, such as their personalities, motives, or attitudes.
Dispositional attributions
When they think something outside the person, such as nature of the situation is the cause of his or her behavior
Situational attributions
The tendency to make situational attributions for our success.
Self-serving bias
The tendency to explain others behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms
Fundamental attribution error
Develop models of the social world which function as lenses through which we filter our perceptions.
Schemas
Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong
Stereotypes
A biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like
Prejudice
The preferential treatment of certain people usually driven by prejudicial attitudes
Discrimination
An individuals favorable or unfavorable beliefs feelings or actions toward an object an idea or person
Attitude
Includes feelings or emotions associated with the belief
Affective component
Consists of rational thoughts and beliefs that make up the attitude
Cognitive component
Includes motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude
Behavioral component
The feeling of discomfort caused by information that is different from a persons conception of himself or herself as a reasonable and sensible person
Cognitive dissonance
The act of attempting to change the opinions beliefs or choices of others by explanation or argument
Persuasion
Violent behavior that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm or both to another being
Aggression
When aggression stems from feelings
Hostile aggression
When aggression is a means to achieve some goal
Instrumental aggression
A phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency the less likely anyone of them is to help
Bystander effect
When there are many people around an individuals responsibility to act seems decreased
Diffusion of responsibility
Selfless attitudes and behavior towards others
Altruism
The idea that we help others when we understand that the benefits to ourselves are likely to outweigh the costs
Social exchange theory
The ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situations
Empathy
A state of relationship in which one feels kindness toward another who is suffering and on feels motivated to help relieve that suffering.
Compassion
Sternbergs idea that three components (intimacy, passion and commitment) in various combinations can explain all the forms of human love
Triangular theory of love
A group or cluster of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder
Syndrome
4Ds that determine whether something is a mental disorder
Disturbance-of thought, emotion or behavior
Dysfunction-of biological or developmental processes
Distress or Disability-in everyday life (especially relationships or work)
Deviant-thought, emotion, or behavior but only if also dysfunctional; deviance alone is not enough.
The occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time
Comorbidity
Characterized by motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectation/thoughts, include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorder, and post traumatic stress disorder
Anxiety disorders
Occurs when psychological symptoms take a physical form even though no physical causes can be found. Include hypochondriasis and conversion disorder.
Somatic symptom disorders
Characterized by the individuals deliberate fabrication of a medical or mental disorder to gain medical attention
Factitious disorders
Involve a sudden loss of memory or change of identity
Dissociative disorders
Disorders involving problems in consciousness and cognition, such as substance-Induced delirium (sometimes called manic depression)
Mood disorders
Characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions, odd communication inappropriate emotion and other unusual behaviors
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Characterized by abuse or dependence on drugs such as alcohol cocaine and hallucinogens
Substance related disorders
Consists of three main types of disorders: gender identity disorders, paraphilia, sexual dysfunctions
Sexual and gender identity disorders
Include anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Eating disorders
Consists of primary sleep disorders such as insomnia and narcolepsy and sleep disorders due to a general medical condition such as sleep apnea
Sleep disorders
Include kleptomania pyromania and compulsive gambling
Impulsive control disorders not elsewhere classified
Characterized by distressing emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor
Adjustment disorders
Low intellectual functioning and an inability to adapt to everyday life
Intellectual disorders
Develop when personality traits become inflexible and maladaptive
Personality disorders
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autistic spectrum disorders, learning disorders, conduct and oppositional disorder, separation anxiety disorder and feeding, tic and elimination
Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy childhood or adolescence.
A childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inwards focused behaviors
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
A childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes to remain still and quiet to do careful work
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD
The ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction that someone else is looking
Joint attention
Psychological disorders of thought and perception characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions
Psychotic disorders
A psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion specifically problems with perception including hallucinations
Schizophrenia
Major symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized speech
Grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior (immobile and unresponsive though awake)
Negative symptoms such as not speaking or being unable to experience emotion
False beliefs or exaggerations held despite evidence to contrary such as the idea that one is a famous person
Delusions
The speech of people with schizophrenia which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content
Word salad
An explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions plus stress or an abusive environment
Diathesis stress model
The highest order category of the depressive disorders and subsumed all forms of depression including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
Depressive disorder
A mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood lack of motivation low energy and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least 2 consecutive weeks
Major depressive disorder
Previously known as dysthymia and involves same symptoms as major depression but at less severe levels
Persistent depressive disorder
A mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low and very high moods
Bipolar disorder
One mood cycle in bipolar disorder typically involving increased energy sleeplessness euphoria irritability delusions of grandeur increased sex drive and racing thoughts that last at least 1 week
Manic episodes
Symptoms of mania (increased energy, euphoria, racing thoughts) but that are less severe
Hypomanic episodes
DIGFAST
D-Distractibility I-Indiscretion G-Grandiosity F-Flight of ideas A-Activity increased S-Sleep (decreased need for) T-Talkativeness
A state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months
Generalized anxiety disorder GAD
An anxiety disorder associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of fear of danger inability to escape embarrassment or specific objects
Panic attacks
An anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder an ongoing and irrational fear of a particular situation or activity
Phobia
An anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur
Agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors
Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD
An unwanted thought word phrase or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a persons mind and causes distress
Obsession
A repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules
Compulsion
Psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness
Dissociative disorders
A dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities each with its own memories thoughts behaviors and emotions some psychiatrists question the legitimacy of the disorder
Dissociative identity disorder DID
Dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive deceptive violent ruthless and callous behaviors a serious and potentially dangerous disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
An anxious fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized low self esteem and avoidance of social interaction
Avoidant personality disorder
An anxious fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and a strong need to be cared for
Dependent personality disorder
Dopamine not only is involved in controlling our muscle movement and with the basic feelings of reward and pleasure but also is one of the main neurotransmitters involved in developing schizophrenia
Arvid Carllson Dopamine Study
Drug to treat schizophrenia; help diminish hallucinations confusion agitation and paranoia but also have adverse side effects
Phenothiazines
Drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs
A salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associative with bipolar disorder
Lithium
Based on Freud’s ideas a therapeutic approach oriented towards major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives especially through dream interpretation
Psychoanalytic Therapy
A form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient
Client centered therapy
The process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the clients past
Transference
A psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind regardless of how threatening disgusting or troubling it may be
Free association
Therapies that seek to help the client reach his or her greatest potential
Humanistic/positive therapies
Therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders
Behavior therapies
A behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias in which the therapists pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object
Systematic desensitization
Form of vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object
Flooding
Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns
Cognitive therapy
Treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome
Evidence based therapies
Therapies that make use of technology or the internet to complement current therapies or to make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people
Technology based therapies
Therapies that use virtual environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise
Virtual reality therapies
An electric approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation
Integrative Therapy
The treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a persons brain in order to induce a seizure
Electroconvulsive therapy ECT
A form of psychosurgery in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed; no longer in use
Prefrontal lobotomy
Drilling a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape
Trephining
