Final exam Flashcards by Shaina Holstine

Occurs when the presence of others improves our performance

Social Facilitation

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Occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards.

Social Loafing

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Occurs when people conform to the behavior of others because they view them as a source of knowledge about what they are.

Informational social influence

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Occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or adhere to cultural norms.

Conformity

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A type of conformity that occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by the group.

Normative social influence

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Rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives.

Social norms

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A situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision

Groupthink

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Occurs when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure

Obedience

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What was the Milgram study of obedience

Milgram recruited people from the community to participate in an experiment at Yale University. Focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials.

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Outcome of the Milgram obedience study

65% (two-thirds) of participants (i.e., teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts. Milgram did more than one experiment – he carried out 18 variations of his study. All he did was alter the situation (IV) to see how this affected obedience (DV).

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Inferences made about the causes of other people’s behavior

Attributions

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Ascribe other people’s behavior to something within them, such as their personalities, motives, or attitudes.

Dispositional attributions

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When they think something outside the person, such as nature of the situation is the cause of his or her behavior

Situational attributions

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The tendency to make situational attributions for our success.

Self-serving bias

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The tendency to explain others behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms

Fundamental attribution error

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Develop models of the social world which function as lenses through which we filter our perceptions.

Schemas

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Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong

Stereotypes

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A biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like

Prejudice

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The preferential treatment of certain people usually driven by prejudicial attitudes

Discrimination

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An individuals favorable or unfavorable beliefs feelings or actions toward an object an idea or person

Attitude

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Includes feelings or emotions associated with the belief

Affective component

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Consists of rational thoughts and beliefs that make up the attitude

Cognitive component

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Includes motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude

Behavioral component

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The feeling of discomfort caused by information that is different from a persons conception of himself or herself as a reasonable and sensible person

Cognitive dissonance

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The act of attempting to change the opinions beliefs or choices of others by explanation or argument

Persuasion

Violent behavior that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm or both to another being

Aggression

When aggression stems from feelings

Hostile aggression

When aggression is a means to achieve some goal

Instrumental aggression

A phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency the less likely anyone of them is to help

Bystander effect

When there are many people around an individuals responsibility to act seems decreased

Diffusion of responsibility

Selfless attitudes and behavior towards others

Altruism

The idea that we help others when we understand that the benefits to ourselves are likely to outweigh the costs

Social exchange theory

The ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situations

Empathy

A state of relationship in which one feels kindness toward another who is suffering and on feels motivated to help relieve that suffering.

Compassion

Sternbergs idea that three components (intimacy, passion and commitment) in various combinations can explain all the forms of human love

Triangular theory of love

A group or cluster of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder

Syndrome

4Ds that determine whether something is a mental disorder

Disturbance-of thought, emotion or behavior Dysfunction-of biological or developmental processes Distress or Disability-in everyday life (especially relationships or work) Deviant-thought, emotion, or behavior but only if also dysfunctional; deviance alone is not enough.

The occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time

Comorbidity

Characterized by motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectation/thoughts, include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorder, and post traumatic stress disorder

Anxiety disorders

Occurs when psychological symptoms take a physical form even though no physical causes can be found. Include hypochondriasis and conversion disorder.

Somatic symptom disorders

Characterized by the individuals deliberate fabrication of a medical or mental disorder to gain medical attention

Factitious disorders

Involve a sudden loss of memory or change of identity

Dissociative disorders

Disorders involving problems in consciousness and cognition, such as substance-Induced delirium (sometimes called manic depression)

Mood disorders

Characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions, odd communication inappropriate emotion and other unusual behaviors

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

Characterized by abuse or dependence on drugs such as alcohol cocaine and hallucinogens

Substance related disorders

Consists of three main types of disorders: gender identity disorders, paraphilia, sexual dysfunctions

Sexual and gender identity disorders

Include anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

Eating disorders

Consists of primary sleep disorders such as insomnia and narcolepsy and sleep disorders due to a general medical condition such as sleep apnea

Sleep disorders

Include kleptomania pyromania and compulsive gambling

Impulsive control disorders not elsewhere classified

Characterized by distressing emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor

Adjustment disorders

Low intellectual functioning and an inability to adapt to everyday life

Intellectual disorders

Develop when personality traits become inflexible and maladaptive

Personality disorders

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autistic spectrum disorders, learning disorders, conduct and oppositional disorder, separation anxiety disorder and feeding, tic and elimination

Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy childhood or adolescence.

A childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inwards focused behaviors

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

A childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes to remain still and quiet to do careful work

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD

The ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction that someone else is looking

Joint attention

Psychological disorders of thought and perception characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions

Psychotic disorders

A psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion specifically problems with perception including hallucinations

Schizophrenia

Major symptoms of schizophrenia

Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior (immobile and unresponsive though awake) Negative symptoms such as not speaking or being unable to experience emotion

False beliefs or exaggerations held despite evidence to contrary such as the idea that one is a famous person

Delusions

The speech of people with schizophrenia which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content

Word salad

An explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions plus stress or an abusive environment

Diathesis stress model

The highest order category of the depressive disorders and subsumed all forms of depression including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder

Depressive disorder

A mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood lack of motivation low energy and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least 2 consecutive weeks

Major depressive disorder

Previously known as dysthymia and involves same symptoms as major depression but at less severe levels

Persistent depressive disorder

A mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low and very high moods

Bipolar disorder

One mood cycle in bipolar disorder typically involving increased energy sleeplessness euphoria irritability delusions of grandeur increased sex drive and racing thoughts that last at least 1 week

Manic episodes

Symptoms of mania (increased energy, euphoria, racing thoughts) but that are less severe

Hypomanic episodes

DIGFAST

``` D-Distractibility I-Indiscretion G-Grandiosity F-Flight of ideas A-Activity increased S-Sleep (decreased need for) T-Talkativeness ```

A state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months

Generalized anxiety disorder GAD

An anxiety disorder associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of fear of danger inability to escape embarrassment or specific objects

Panic attacks

An anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks

Panic disorder

An anxiety disorder an ongoing and irrational fear of a particular situation or activity

Phobia

An anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors

Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD

An unwanted thought word phrase or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a persons mind and causes distress

Obsession

A repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules

Compulsion

Psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness

Dissociative disorders

A dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities each with its own memories thoughts behaviors and emotions some psychiatrists question the legitimacy of the disorder

Dissociative identity disorder DID

Dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive deceptive violent ruthless and callous behaviors a serious and potentially dangerous disorder

Antisocial personality disorder

An anxious fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized low self esteem and avoidance of social interaction

Avoidant personality disorder

An anxious fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and a strong need to be cared for

Dependent personality disorder

Dopamine not only is involved in controlling our muscle movement and with the basic feelings of reward and pleasure but also is one of the main neurotransmitters involved in developing schizophrenia

Arvid Carllson Dopamine Study

Drug to treat schizophrenia; help diminish hallucinations confusion agitation and paranoia but also have adverse side effects

Phenothiazines

Drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs

A salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associative with bipolar disorder

Lithium

Based on Freud’s ideas a therapeutic approach oriented towards major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives especially through dream interpretation

Psychoanalytic Therapy

A form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient

Client centered therapy

The process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the clients past

Transference

A psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind regardless of how threatening disgusting or troubling it may be

Free association

Therapies that seek to help the client reach his or her greatest potential

Humanistic/positive therapies

Therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders

Behavior therapies

A behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias in which the therapists pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object

Systematic desensitization

Form of vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object

Flooding

Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns

Cognitive therapy

Treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome

Evidence based therapies

Therapies that make use of technology or the internet to complement current therapies or to make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people

Technology based therapies

Therapies that use virtual environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise

Virtual reality therapies

An electric approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation

Integrative Therapy

The treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a persons brain in order to induce a seizure

Electroconvulsive therapy ECT

A form of psychosurgery in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed; no longer in use

Prefrontal lobotomy

Drilling a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape

Trephining