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PNUR Final Exam > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A
  • forms outer boundary of the cell
  • determines what substances enter and exit cell
  • has a double layer of phospholipids containing proteins that function as membrane channels, carrier and receptor molecules, enzymes, and structural components of membrane.
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2
Q

nucleus

A
  • surrounded by a double membrane with pores.
  • contains chromatin (DNA)
  • contains nucleolus
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3
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

- can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free within cytoplasm

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4
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of connecting sacs and canals
  • carry substances through the cytoplasm
  • rough er: has ribosomes, site of protein synthesis
  • smooth er: no ribosomes, site of lipid synthesis
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5
Q

Golgi appartatus

A

collection of membranous sacs

- collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by ER

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6
Q

mitochondria

A

site of atp production

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7
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane sacs containing digestive enzymes

-break down unwanted substances

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8
Q

secretory vesicles

A

carry substances from the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane where the vesicle contents are released

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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • supports the cytoplasm and organelles.

- involved with movement of material within the cell and the cell itself.

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10
Q

cilia

A

fine, hair like extensions that move substances over the cell surface

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11
Q

flagella

A

longer than cilia used to propel the cell.

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12
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area of the cell and aid in absorption

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13
Q

epithelial tissue

A 
-forms a protective covering
(lines mouth to prevent abrasion)
-barriers (skin prevents h2o loss)
-permitting passage of substance (diffusion of o2 and co2 in lungs, nephron in kidneys)
-secreting (sweat gland, mucous gland)
-absorbing (lining of small intestine)
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14
Q

Long bone

A

most of arm and leg bones.

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15
Q

diaphysis of long bone

A

shaft - compact bone surrounding inner cavity

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16
Q

medullary cavity of long bone

A

contains yellow marrow

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17
Q

epiphysis of long bone

A

spongey bone surround by compact bone

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18
Q

articular cartilage of long bone

A

surrounds epiphysis

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19
Q

spinal column

A
  • made up of vertebrae separated from each other by intervertebral disks
  • cervical (5), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (pelvic girdle, 5), coccyx (tailbone, 4)
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20
Q

body of spinal cord

A

weight bearing portion

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21
Q

arch of spinal cord

A

surrounds vertebral foramen

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22
Q

transverse processes of spinal cord

A

extend laterally from side of arch

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23
Q

spinnous process of spinal cord

A

projects dorsally

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24
Q

foramen of spinal cord

A

vertebral and intervertebral (where nerves run through spinal cord)

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25
Q

what do bones produce

A

red marrow (manufactures blood cells), yellow marrow (produces fat)

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26
Q

gliding joint

A

bone surfaces slide over one another. (wrist and ankle)

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27
Q

hinge joint

A

movement in one direction (knees, elbows, fingers)

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28
Q

pivot joint

A

rotation around length of bone, (between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae)

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29
Q

condyloid joint

A

movement in 2 directions (between metacarpal and phalanx of finger)

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30
Q

saddle joint

A

like condyloid but deeper articulating surfaces (between wrist and thumb-circle thumb)

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31
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

movement in many directions around central point (shoulder and hip joint)

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32
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

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33
Q

ligament

A

attaches bone to bone

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34
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • makes up walls of hollow body organs, respiratory passageways, and blood vessels
  • Involuntary movement
  • stimulated by nerve impluses, hormones
  • cell: tapered ends, single nucleus, no stripes
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35
Q

muscles of respiration

A

diaphragm, intercostal muscles

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36
Q

actin

A

thin myofilaments (protein fibres)

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37
Q

myosin

A

thick myofilaments (protein fibres)

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38
Q

muscle contraction

A

myosin attaches to actin by cross bridge and pulls the actin filaments together

  • calcium transportation
  • lots of o2 is needed
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39
Q

connective tissue

A

supports and forms framework
-has specialized proteins.
acts as a membrane, supports movement of bone and cartilage, (stores, cushions, and insults fat), transports blood, protects immune system and bones.

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40
Q

cardiac muscle

A 
involuntary movement (heart wall)
- single nucleus, striped, controlled by autonomic nervous system
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41
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary (conscious control)

  • attach to bones by tendons
  • cell: long, multiple nuclei, heavily striped
  • stimulated by somatic nervous system
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42
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one min (mL/min)

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43
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped from each ventricle with each heart beat (mL/beat)

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44
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference between resting heart rate and hearts maximum capacity for pumping blood

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45
Q

influences on heart rate

A

nervous system, hormones and internal environment

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46
Q

medulla oblongata

A

In brainstem

-controls heart beat

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47
Q

bradycardia

A

heart rate is less than 60 bpm

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48
Q

tachycardia

A

heart rate is more than 100 bpm

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49
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

variation on HR caused by breathing

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50
Q

systolic pressure

A

normal -120 mmHg

heart contraction

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51
Q

diastolic pressure

A

heart relaxation

normal: 80 mmHg

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52
Q

blood plasma

A

91% water, 8% plasma proteins, 1%(glucose, amino acids, lipids….)

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53
Q

platelet

A

smallest formed elements, essential for preventing blood loss(clotting), form a platelet plug at site of injury (which clots)

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54
Q

type a blood

A

a antigens and b antibodies

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55
Q

type b blood

A

b antigens and a antibodies

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56
Q

type ab blood

A

both a and b antigens, no antibodies.

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57
Q

type O blood

A

neither a or b antigens, has both a and b antibodies.

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58
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart.

-thick muscular walls.

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59
Q

arterioles

A

thinner walls than arteries

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60
Q

veins

A

carry blood to the heart. thinner and less elasticity than arteries.
- one way valves

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61
Q

venules

A

smaller than vein

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62
Q

respiration

A
  1. ventilation (breathing) - air in and out of lungs
  2. external gas exchange - between lungs and blood
  3. transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
  4. internal gas exchange - between blood and tissues
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63
Q

gastric juice

A

stimulated in response to stimulation from autonomic nervous system
-Is a combo of mucus(protects), hydrochloric acid(kills bacteria), pepsinogen(breaks down protein)

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64
Q

large intestine

A

absorbs: vit c and b (water), (a,d,e,k -fat), and water

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65
Q

bile

A

emulsifies fats by the gallbladder once chyme enters the duodenum

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66
Q

pancreas

A

behind stomach

-has enzymes that digest fats. enzymes stimulated by CCK hormone

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67
Q

lacteals

A

absorb fatty acids

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68
Q

function of liver

A

synthesizes bile and plasma protein, nutrient storage and breakdown, breakdown of old RBC’s and toxins, activates vitamin d

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69
Q

blood enters the nephron through the….

A

glomerulus. other substances are pushed through to the bowmans capsule

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70
Q

what is the urinary bladder lined with?

A

transitional epithelium to stretch. has rugae(folds)

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71
Q

nitrogenous wastes

A

urea, uric acid

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72
Q

urine formation

A

blood leaves the afferent arteriole into glomerulus(filtration), then substances move from nephron back to blood through the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle (reabsorption), movement of substances from blood into nephron through distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct(secretion)

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73
Q

spleen

A

largest amount of lymphatic tissue

  • macrophages detect and get rid of foreign substances in blood
  • destroy old RBC’s
  • acts a a resevior for blood
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74
Q

lymph

A

water and substances found in blood plasma that used to be interstitial fluid but once it enters lymphatic vessels changes to lymph.

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75
Q

b cells

A

bind to foreign antigens and produce antibodies to fight it off

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76
Q

memory b cells

A

responsible for response when antigen enters body second time . fast antibody production

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77
Q

cytotoxic t cells

A

enzymes to destroy cells with foreign antigens and cancer cells

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78
Q

helper t cells

A

releases cytokines to help other cells (t, c, macrophages)

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79
Q

regulatory t cells

A

inhibit b and T cells after antigens are destroyed

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80
Q

TSH

A

stimulates release of thyroid hormone from thyroid, in the anterior pituitary.

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81
Q

anterior pituitary

A

makes it own hormones and controlled by hormones from hypothalamus

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82
Q

posterior pituitary

A

stores hormones made in hypothalamus then released when needed.

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83
Q

ACTH

A

increase release of cortisol from adrenal cortex. made in anterior pit

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84
Q

FSH

A

stimulates follicle maturation and estrogen secretion, sperm production.made in anterior pit.

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85
Q

LH

A

made in anterior pit. induces ovulation and secretion of estrogen and progesterone.

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86
Q

Prolactin

A

made in anterior pit. stimulates milk production and release.

87
Q

GH (growth)

A

made in anterior pit. stimulates growth, cell repair, metabolism, stimulates immune system.

88
Q

ADH

A

secreted by posterior pit. released when low blood volume, promotes reabsorption of water from kidneys, decreasing water excretion, increased BP.

89
Q

oxytocin

A

secreted by posterior pit. uterine contraction and milk release.

90
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

secreted by adrenal gland. stress ‘fight or flight’ - adrenaline and noradrenaline. stimulated by sympathetic nervous system

91
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by adrenal gland. regulates electrolyte balance in blood

92
Q

cortisol

A

secreted by adrenal gland. raise glucose levels in blood by breaking down proteins and lipds. suppress inflammatory response, stimulated by ACTH

93
Q

androgens

A

secreted by adrenal gland. sex hormones, stimulate development of sex characteristics. secreted in small amounts

94
Q

t3 and t4

A

secreted by thyroid glands. regulate metabolism. activated by TSH from anterior pit.

95
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by thyroid gland. when blood calcium is high-lowers it by depositing calcium in bone tissue and inhibiting osteoclasts

96
Q

PTH

A

secreted by parathyroid. raises blood calcium when not enough. promotes calcium release from bones tissue (osteoclasts) and causes kidney to conserve calcium

97
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by pancreas. released in response to low blood glucose levels. target tissue is liver.

98
Q

insulin

A

secreted by pancreas. high blood glucose levels, gets rid of glucose. helps liver make glycogen. digestion. stops us from feeling hungry.

99
Q

testosterone

A

produced in testes. develops male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics

100
Q

estrogen

A

secreted by ovaries. develops female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. growth of uterus and mammary glands.

101
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by ovaries. assists in normal development of pregnancy. maintains lining of uterus and supresses contractions

102
Q

HCG

A

secreted by placenta. maintains uterine wall until placenta drops.

103
Q

HPL

A

secreted by placenta. causes changes in uterine lining, maintains pregnancy and lactation

104
Q

thymosin

A

secreted by thymus gland. stimulates maturation of t cells

105
Q

melatonin

A

secreted by pineal gland. produced during dark -Influences sleep pattern. plays role in onset of puberty.

106
Q

dendrites

A

conduct impulses toward the cell body. receptor detect stimuli

107
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus and cellular organelles

108
Q

axon

A

conduct nerve impulses away from cell body

109
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary (skeletal muscle)

110
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary and contains sympathetic (stress-epinepphrine&norepinephrine) and parasympathetic (rest-acetylcholine)

111
Q

norepinephrine

A

involved in autonomic nervous system (fight or flight)

112
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscle contraction, excitatory actions for cognition, memory and arousal

113
Q

reflex arc

A
  1. receptor cell that detects a stimulus
  2. sensory neuron transmits impulses to CNS
  3. Interneuron transmits impulses and formulates response.
  4. Motor neuron transmits impulses from interneuron to effector.
  5. Effector: receiver of impulse outside the CNS that carries out a response.
114
Q

sensory neuron

A

transmits impulses to CNS

115
Q

motor neuron

A

transmits impulses from interneuron to effector.

116
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

  • mixed of sensory and motor neurons.
  • attach to spinal cord by 2 roots: dorsal (sensory enter) and ventral (motor neurons exit)
117
Q

dura mater of meninges

A

outer layer, thickest, fused to cranium.

- has dural sinuses which drain venous blood from brain.

118
Q

arachnoid mater of meninges

A

dedicated with cobwebby fibres that attach to the inner layer (Pia).
- has subarachnoid space which allows for flow of cerebrospinal fluid

119
Q

Pia mater of meninges

A

inner layer, surrounds brain, and brings nutrients and o2 to the brain.

120
Q

epidermis

A

top layer of epithelial cells

121
Q

dermis

A

thick connective tissue layer bellow the epidermis and above the hypodermis. contain blood vessels, nerve endings, oil gland, sweat glands, and hair follicles.

122
Q

hypodermis (subcataneous)

A

loose connective tissue that connects skin to muscle and bone and contains much of the bodys stored fat. connects dermis and epidermis to underlying muscles.

123
Q

melanin

A

produced by melanocytes

  • found in skin, hair, eyes
  • protects against UV radiation
  • darker skin = more melanin
124
Q

hemoglobin

A

pigment in red blood cells

125
Q

carotene

A

pigment related to vitamin a, found in fatty tissue.

126
Q

sweat glands

A

coiled tubular structures in the dermis and hypodermis

  • end in a pore on skin surface
  • function: cool body and remove wastes.
  • two main types: eccrine and apocrine
127
Q

eccrine glands

A

sweat glands found all over body’s pores.

-release sweat -water and wastes

128
Q

apocrine glands

A

sweat glands found in armpits and groin

  • start secreting at puberty
  • release cellular material
  • body odour occurs from bacteria break down.
129
Q

ceruminous gland

A

modified sweat gland

- makes ear wax

130
Q

ciliary gland

A

modified sweat gland

-lubricates eyes with tears

131
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sweat gland.

-makes milk

132
Q

sebaceous gland

A

oil gland

  • open into hair follicles
  • create sebum which:
    • lubricates skin and hair
    • production increases during puberty
133
Q

nail

A

grow from nail root

  • made up of epidermal cells with keratin (Harden)
  • nail bed is pink because close to capillary bed
134
Q

lunula

A

white moon on the nail bed

135
Q

functions of skin

A

protection against infection, dehydration, regulation of body temp, collection of sensory info, absorption of substances, elimination of wastes, vit D production.

136
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell
- impulses are carried into the olfactory bulb and along the olfactory nerve to olfactory centre in the temporal cortex of the brain for interpretation.

137
Q

fibrous tunic

A

outer layer of the eye.

-Includes sclera, cornea, conjunctivitis

138
Q

vascular tunic

A

middle layer of eye

- includes: choroid, iris, pupil, lens, ciliary muscle.

139
Q

nervous tunic

A

inner layer of eye

- includes retina and macula lutea

140
Q

external ear

A

hearing

  • includes auricle and external auditory meatus
  • ends at eardrum (tympanic membrane)
141
Q

pathway of equilibrium

A

movement of head, stimulates equilibrium receptors in the inner ear, vestibular nerve fibres join with cochlear nerve fibres, become vestibulocochlear nerve.

142
Q

static equilibrium

A

sense of moving in a straight line

143
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

sense of direction in space

144
Q

semicircular canals

A

3 tubes containing receptors for equillibrium

145
Q

uterus

A

provides protection, nutrition, and waste removal for the embryo.
composed of top area, body and cervix.
3 layers - perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

146
Q

perimetrium

A

outer serous membrane of the uterus

147
Q

myometrium

A

thick smooth muscle of the uterus

148
Q

endometrium

A

mucous membrane of uterus

149
Q

perineum

A

pelvic floor area between vagina and anus

150
Q

FSH during menstrual cycle

A
  • on day 5, it stimulates several ovarian follicles in the ovary to mature.
  • in the luteal phase, (day 15-28). estrogen and progesterone is released which inhibits the release of FSH (negative feedback loop)
  • day 1-7, lack of estrogen releases FSH.
151
Q

menstrual phase

A

day 1-7 in menstrual cycle,

  • if no fertilization corpus lute stop releasing estrogen and progesterone. causing endometrium to break away from uterus (menstruation)
  • lack of estrogen = FSH production
152
Q

follicular phase

A

day 7-13 in menstrual cycle
-day 5 FSH stimulates follicles to mature. follicle releases estrogen which thickens the endometrium and prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg. stops FSH stimulates LH.

153
Q

ovulation phase

A

day 14 of menstrual cycle.
- increase estrogen-rises LH- follicle ruptures. this discharges mature egg cell into Fallopian tube.
follicle becomes corpus luteum- releases estrogen and progesterone to thicken endometrium

154
Q

luteal phase

A

day 15-28 of menstrual cycle, egg makes its way through Fallopian tube to uterus. estrogen and progesterone released. thickening of endometrium. inhibits release of FSH and LH.

155
Q

semen

A

mix of sperm and fluid from accessory glands.

-functions: nourish sperm, tranport sperm, neutralize acidity, lubricate during intercourse, prevent infection.

156
Q

acrosome of sperm

A

contains enzyme to penetrate egg

157
Q

head of sperm

A

contains nucleus with 23 chromosomes

158
Q

mid piece of sperm

A

contains many mitochondria

159
Q

flagellum of sperm

A

propels sperm forward

160
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

hollow tubes that produce sperm

161
Q

interstitial cells

A

produce testosterone

162
Q

epididymis

A

connects to seminiferous tubules

- sperm mature for a few days and become able to move.

163
Q

vas deferens

A

carries sperm from epididymis

164
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

seminal vesicle joins vas deferens, moves through prostate to urethra

165
Q

seminal vesicles

A

sugar, enzymes, prostaglandins

166
Q

prostate gland

A

alkaline secretion

aids sperm mobility

167
Q

bulbouretheral gland

A

mucus that cleans and lubricates urethra

168
Q

scrotum

A

outer sac that holds the testes

169
Q

urethra

A

carries urine and semen

170
Q

prepuce

A

foreskin

171
Q

hCG hormone

A
  • released by embryonic cells after implantation
  • stimulates corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone to maintain endometrium and estrogen to enlarge uterus and breasts.
  • Inhibits FSH and LH
172
Q

hPL

A

stimulates breast growth.

regulates maternal blood nutrient levels to provide for fetus.

173
Q

relaxin

A

towards end of pregnancy.
softens cervix
relaxes sacral joint and pubic symphysis

174
Q

placenta

A

forms at second week. separates maternal and fetal blood. provides nutrition, respiration and excretion for fetus.

175
Q

umbilical cord

A

has 2 arteries (CO2) and 1 vein (O2)

176
Q

amniotic membrane/sac

A

fluid filled sac around embryo

177
Q

amniotic fluid

A

provides protection, maintains temperature, movement, musculoskeletal development, fluid source.

178
Q

umbilical vein

A

brings o2 blood from placenta to vena cava and in right atrium

179
Q

umbilical artery

A

helps co2 blood return to the placenta

180
Q

pathway of fetal blood…..

A

bypasses lungs through foramen oval to left atrium or through pulmonary trunk to ductus arterioles to aorta.

181
Q

causes of contractions

A
  • stretched uterus stimulates prostaglandins
  • pressure on cervix stimulates oxytocin
  • cortisol from fetus adrenal cortex inhibits mothers progesterone.
182
Q

parturition

A

(birth)

contractions, baby head moves down, increased uterine contractions, cervix softens and gradually dialates.

183
Q

chromosomes

A

all human cells, except gametes have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs one from father one from mother.)
- one chromosome pair determines sex

184
Q

autosomes

A

other 22 pairs that dont determine sex

185
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA along chromosomes in the nucleus

- carries code for a specific trait.

186
Q

daughter cells

A

cells that have duplicate dna after they have divided.

187
Q

alleles

A

genes that are in a pair and on a specific part of the chromosome

188
Q

dominant gene

A

an allele that is expressed

189
Q

received gene

A

an allele whose trait is hidden

190
Q

heterozygous

A

alleles for a trait are different (1 dominant, 1 recessive)

191
Q

homozygous

A

alleles for a trait are the same (both dominant and both recessive)

192
Q

carrier

A

doesn’t show trait but has recessive gene for that trait

193
Q

embryonic phase

A

week 3-8
all organs and structures are established and most susceptible to damage.
heart is beating at wk 4

194
Q

fetal phase

A

9th week to birth

195
Q

germinal phase

A

first phase. 0-2 weeks

196
Q

prolaction

A

stimulates milk production

197
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates milk let down

198
Q

colostrum

A

first 3 days.

rich in immunoglobulins, proteins, vitamins and minerals

199
Q

transitional milk

A

made after the colostrum

200
Q

mature milk

A

after 2 weeks

  • thin and bluish in color
  • lower immunoglobins and protein, high lactose, fats and calories.
201
Q

brainstem

A

connects spinal cord to brain

-controls primitive life sustaining processes

202
Q

reticular formation

A

central core of brainstem

-regulates consciousness (wakes you up in the morning)

203
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • In brainstem, below pons.

- controls reflexes, respiratory center, cardiac centre, vasomotor center (blood).

204
Q

pons

A

in brainstem
relays info between cerebrum and cerebellum
- part of the respiratory center

205
Q

midbrain

A

in brainstem

  • relay center for auditory and visual reflexes(turning towards a loud noise)
  • pathway between cerebrum and spinal cord.
206
Q

cerebellum

A

little brain

controls balance, muscle tone, coordination of fine movements. allows us to learn complex movements

207
Q

diencephalon

A

includes hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland.
- plays a vital role in conscious and unconscious sensory info and motor commands

208
Q

hypothalamus

A 
in diencephalon
located below the thalamus
maintains homeostasis
emotional responses
controls release of hormone by pituitary gland
209
Q

pituitary gland

A

in diencephalon
attached to hypothalamus
releases hormones

210
Q

thalamus

A

in diencephalon
located between cerebrum and hypothalamus
filters and sends info to cerebrum
associates sensation into emotion

211
Q

pineal gland

A

in diencephalon
located behind the thalamus
releases melatonin in response to the amount of light
keeps our body clock regulated

212
Q

cerebrum

A

has hemispheres divived by fissures.
has gyri (ridges)
sulci (grooves)

213
Q

cerebral cortex

A

-knowledge, memory, intellect, judgement, consciousness, sensations, movement.

PNUR Final Exam (1 decks)

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