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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Gram Positive Cocci

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

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2
Q

Gram positive rods

A 
Listeria
Erysipelothrix
Bacillus
Actinomyces
Trueperella
Actinobaculum 
Dermatophilus
Clostridium- (Anaerobes)
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3
Q

Acid Fast staining bacteria

A
  • Cornyebactierium (Partial)
  • Rhodococcus- partial
  • Nocardia- Partial
  • Mycobacterium
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4
Q

Gram negative Enterobacteriaceae-rods

A
  • E. Coli
  • Salmonella
  • Yersinia
  • Klebsiella
  • Shigella
  • Proteus
  • Enterobacter
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5
Q

Gram negative rods

A
  • Actinobacillus
  • Bartonella
  • Burkholderia
  • Brucella
  • Francisella
  • Taylorella
  • Bordetella
  • Moraxella
  • Pasteurella
  • Mannheimia
  • Histophilis
  • Hemophilis
  • Psuedomonas
  • Avibacterium
  • Ornithobacterium
  • Vibrio
  • Aeromonas
  • Nicoletella
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6
Q

Gram negative anaerobes

A
  • Fusobacterium
  • Bacteriodes
  • Dichelobacter
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7
Q

Spirochetes (Gram Negative)

A
  • Brachyspira
  • Borrelia
  • Leptospira
  • Treponema
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8
Q

Cell wall deficient bacteria

A
  • Mycoplasma

- Ureaplasma

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9
Q

Spiral, Gram Negative Bacteria

A
  • Campylobacter
  • Helicobacter
  • Lawsonia
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10
Q

Vector Borne Bacteria

A
  • Rickettsia
  • Neorickettsia
  • Anaplasma
  • Ehrlichia
  • Coxiella
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11
Q

Bacteria characteristics

A
  • prokaryotes (No nucleus)
  • complex cell wall
  • no sterol
  • membrane bound organelles absent
  • single circular chromosone
  • no histones
  • ribosomes (smaller) 70s
  • no cytoskeleton
  • asexual reproduction- binary fission
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12
Q

Cell wall components-Gram Positive bacteria

A

-Lipoteichoic acid

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13
Q

Cell wall components- Gram negative bacteria

A
  • outer membrane containing Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- virulence factor
  • Lipid A component (endotoxin) of LPS can activate immune system and exert harmful effects on the host
  • polysaccharide component contributes to antigenicity
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14
Q

cellular features of Mycobacteria

A
  • mycolic acid (virulence factor)

- stains with acid-fast stain

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15
Q

Flagella

A

-locomotion or motility

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16
Q

fimbriae/pili

A

adherance

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17
Q

Endoflagella/axial filaments

A

-present in spirochetes

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18
Q

capsule

A

-outer covering, helps bacteria evade phagocytosis

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19
Q

Characteristics of Fungus

A
  • eukaryotic
  • sterols in cell membrane
  • contains glucans, mannans, chitin (no peptidoglycan)
  • unicellular form= yeast
  • multicellular- molds (hyphae)
  • dimorphic fungus (exist as yeast and mold)
  • sexual and asexual reproduction
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20
Q

Types of Hyaline fungus

A
  • aspergillus

- dermatophytes

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21
Q

Mycotoxins

A
  • Aflatoxin
  • Ochratoxin
  • Fumonisin
  • Ergot alkaloids
  • Zearalenone
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22
Q

Types of Yeast

A
  • Candida
  • Malassezia
  • Cryptococcus
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23
Q

Types of Dimorphic fungi

A
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Coccidiodes immitis
  • Sporothrix schenckii
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24
Q

Fungus-like organisms

A
  • Pythium
  • Lagenidum
  • Prototheca
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25
Q

Antibiotic

A

-low molecular substance produced by organism at low concentration, inhibits or kills other microorganisms

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26
Q

Antimicrobials

A

-any substance of natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to the host

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27
Q

antimicrobials acting on cell wall/cell membrane

A
  • Beta-lactams (penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)
  • glycopeptides (Vancomycin)
  • bacitracin
  • polymyxin
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28
Q

antimicrobials that act on protein synthesis

A
  • tetracyclines
  • macrolides
  • aminoglycosides
  • chloramphenical
  • lincosamides
  • streptogramins
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29
Q

antimicrobials that are nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

A
  • sulfonamide/trimethoprim
  • nitroimidazoles/nitrofurans
  • fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin)
  • novobiocin
  • rifampin (RNA)
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30
Q

antimicrobials that target ergosterols in cell wall- antifungal drugs

A
  • polyene

- azoles

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31
Q

Types of antimicrobial susceptibility testing

A
  • disk diffusion (Kirby Bauer test)-must use bacterial isolate in pure culture
  • broth/Agar dilution test
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32
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration

A
  • minimum amount of drug required to inhibit bacterial growth
  • lower the MIC, better choice
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33
Q

susceptibility break point

A

-drug concentration above which and organism is considered resistant, and at or below this value organism is susceptible to drug

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34
Q

Gradient diffusion test

A
  • uses diffusion and dilution

- used to obtain MIC values

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35
Q

What drugs inhibit ergosterol?

A
  • polyenes
  • azoles
  • allylamines
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36
Q

Binds to mitotic spindles, ihibits mitosis, administered orally, accumulates in keratin, used for dermatophytes

A

-Griseofulvin

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37
Q

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

A

-Flucytosine

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38
Q

Cornyebacterium spp.-characteristics

A
  • Gram +
  • pleomorphic
  • aerobic rods
  • mycolic acid
  • soil and environmental sources
  • commensal of skin and mucous membranes
  • opportunistic
  • host specific
  • facultative intracellular- lives in macrophages
  • pyogenic infection
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39
Q

Cornyebacterium diptheriae

A

-childhood diptheria

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40
Q

Cornyebacterium psuedotuberculosis

A
  • caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats
  • route of infection: penetrates skin from wounds or bites of infected animals
  • causes economic loss- cull
  • in valued animals can disinfect/treat abscess
  • horses- pigeon fever (ulcerative lymphangitis of lower extremities)
  • cattle- bovine ulcerative lympaginitis
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41
Q

Cornyebacterium renale

A
  • contagious bovine polynephritis
  • from trauma to bladder/urethra during parturition, contaminated bedding, veneral transmission, or use of non-sterile OB instruments
  • AM- high temp, wt loss, colic, smelly pee, decreased rumen contraction
  • PM- multifocal abscesses in kidney, uremia, increase in size of renal lymph node
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42
Q

Cornyebacterium kutscherii

A
  • murine pseudotuberculosis
  • suppurative pneumonia
  • nodular lesions in kidney liver and heart
  • arthritis in pedal extremities
  • lymphnode hyperplasia
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43
Q

Cornyebacterium bovis

A

dermatitis and hyperkeratosis of nude mice

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44
Q

Rhodococcus equi- cellular characteristics

A
  • gram positive aerobic rods/coccobacilli
  • weakly acid fast- mycolic acid
  • facultative intracellular pathogen (in macrophage)
  • mycolic acid, techoic acid, peptidoglycan
  • opportunistic pathogen in other animals than horse
  • lives in soil and manure
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45
Q

Rhodococcus equi- clinically

A
  • Foal pneumonia- 1-4 month foals
  • suppurative bronchopneumonia, lymphadenitis, abscess formation
  • economic consequences
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46
Q

Nocardia-characteristics

A
  • gram positive, pleomorphic, gram positive
  • rods, cocci, coccibacilli, long, branching filaments
  • sprophytes in soil and water
  • sulfur granules
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47
Q

Nocardia- clinical

A
  • pleural/peritoneal empyema, subcutaneous infections - from wound infections by soil contamination
  • nosocomial infections- mastitis
  • N. asteroides, N, brasiliensis, N. otitidiscaviarium
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48
Q

Nocardia asteroides

A

-dogs and cats

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49
Q

Nocardiosis

A

-opportunistic, noncontagious, pyogranulomatous to suppurative disease of domestic animals, wildlife, people

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50
Q

Actinomyces- characteristics

A
  • branching filaments
  • aerobic, anaerobic, capnophilic
  • slow-growing and colonies look like molar
  • normal flora in mouth of animals and humans
  • microcolonies, surrounded by macrophages
  • sulfur granules ***
  • causes pyogranulomatous disease, when something damages mucosal barrier
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51
Q

Actinomyces bovis

A
  • LUMPY JAW-pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis
  • causes facial deformities
  • when hay or some shit damages mucosal barrier and bacteria get in- ew
  • can treat with penicillin
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52
Q

Actinobaculum suis

A
  • anaerobic
  • in prepucial mucosa of boars
  • STI
  • causes porcine cystitis and pyelonephritis 3-4 weeks post-coitis
  • death and renal failure from boars dirty peen
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53
Q

Dermatophilis congolensis

A
  • aerobic gram positive bacteria that looks like a train track
  • CAUSES RAIN SCALD-zoospores attracted to moist damaged skin
  • can affect cattle, sheep, goats, horses, less frequently pigs, dogs, cats
  • keratinolytic activity
  • can diagnose by organisms in scabs
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54
Q

Trueperella pyogenes

A
  • pleomorphic, aerobic, non-spore forming, non-motile, non-encapsulated capnophilic
  • found in mucous membranes
  • big time opportunistic pathogen of cattle- sheep, swine, causes secondary infections
  • suppurative infections in ruminants and swine
  • disease prevalence sporadic, governed by precipitating stress or trauma
  • what it causes : secondary bacterial pneumonia and abcesses, prurulent infections, a shitton of bacteremia, mastitis
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55
Q

Streptococcus- characteristics

A
  • gram positive, aerobic, catalase -, cocci
  • mucoid appearance
  • Lancefield grouping
  • opportunistic
  • mucous membranes
  • poor survival in environment
  • fastidious
  • B-hemolytic pyogenic
  • capsule
  • important virulence factors: Hyaluronic acid capsule, M protein
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56
Q

Streptococcus equi subspecies equi

A
  • Lancefield group C
  • causes Strangles in horses-abscesses in lymph nodes, contagious respiratory tract disease contagious upper respiratory infection
  • REPORTABLE, quarantine
  • complications: Bastard Strangles, prupura hemorrhagic, Guturral Pouch Empyema and Chondroids
  • killed S. equi vaccine- maintain high levels of M protein
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57
Q

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

A
  • opportunistic pathogen of horses and other species
  • broad pathogen range
  • prurulent infections
  • upper respiratory tract infections,
  • foal septicemia
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58
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

-Group A- cause disease in humans

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59
Q

Streptococcus canis

A
  • group G streptococcus
  • affects kittens** and puppies
  • infection from vagina or umbilical vein can cause bacteremia
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60
Q

Streptococcus suis

A
  • type 2 is most problematic
  • weaning and growing pigs
  • septicemia, serositis, meningitis, polyarthritis, pneumonia, abortions, abscesses, endocarditis
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61
Q

Streptococcus iniae

A

-zoonotic- in fish

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62
Q

Streptococcus porcinus

A

-Jowl abscesses in pigs

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63
Q

Steptococcus pneumonia

A

-pneumococcal pneumonia, septicemia, menigitis in humans

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64
Q

Streptococcus- viridans groups

A

-found in healthy humans and animals

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65
Q

Entercocci

A
  • part of normal intestinal flora

- opportunistic, may cause nosocomial infections

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66
Q

Staphylococcus-

A

-gram positive aerobic cocci
-form grape like clusters
-commensal and survive well in environment
-opportunistic pathogen and may be in nosocomial infections
-coagulase positive are more virulent strains (S. aereus, S.hyiacus, S. psuedointermedius)
-methicillin resistance
-inducible clindamycin resistance in macrolide resistant staph
pyogenic infections
-found in nose and on hands- just don’t be gross

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67
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • pyogenic opportunistic infections
  • skin/wound infections, local necrosis, pus, TSS, UTI, food-borne intoxication
  • nosocomial infections
  • mastitis in cattle
  • Bumble foot in poultry
  • Botryomycosis in lab animals, humans, horses
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68
Q

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

A

-canine pyoderma

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69
Q

Staphylococcus hyicus

A

-greasy pig disease, 1-6 week old piglets

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70
Q

Coagulase negative staph

A

-rarely causes disease in immunocompetent animals

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71
Q

Erysipelothrix spp

A
  • small, gram positive, aerobic
  • tonsils and intestines
  • mostly pig
  • through ingestion
  • resistant to harsh environment
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72
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A
  • *DIAMOND SKIN DISEASE (Swine Erysipelas)
  • she fucking loves this
  • 30-50% healthy swine have in tonsils and lymphoid tissue (sometimes in feces
  • transmitted: orally +(through skin abrasion)
  • young and pregnant susceptible
  • subacute= septicemia, acute = dermatopathy (diamond skin disease), chronic= arthritis and endocarditis
  • turkeys= acute: septicemia, chronic=endocarditis, arthritis
  • sheep= post dipping lameness (non-suppurative polyarthritis)
  • humans- cellulitis in fingers, occupational hazard
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73
Q

Listeria spp.

A
  • small, gram positive, coccobacilli
  • grow at wide range of temperature (resistant to harsh conditions)
  • shed in feces and ruminant milk
  • ubiquitous in environment
  • facultative intracellular
  • problem for immunocompromised
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74
Q

Listeria monocytogenes- ruminants

A
  • winter/spring, tight spaces- economically important
  • can cause visceral and neural disease due to poor quality silage (ingestion, inhalation, through wounds)
  • CIRCLING DISEASE, FACIAL PARALYSIS (DROOPY)- trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis
  • localizes in brain stem**, intestinal wall, placenta
  • cause septicemia- focal hepatic necrosis and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, abortion, encephalitis
  • virulence factors: listerolysin O, Act A
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75
Q

Listeria monocytogenes in monogastric animals/young ruminants

A

-systemic listerosis, focal hepatic necrosis, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

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76
Q

What impact does Listeria monocytogenes have on humans?

A

Can be fucking bad dude, can range from flu-symptoms and gastroenteritis to menegitis, septicemia, and abortion

-pregnant and immunocompromised

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77
Q

Listeria ivanovii

A

-not really important, can cause ruminant abortion

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78
Q

Bacillus spp

A
  • large, gram positive endospore forming
  • rectangle shaped rods (in chains)
  • aerobic/facultative
  • ubiquitous/ soil sprophytes
  • virulence factors: cell associated: D-glutamic acid capsule, extracellular= tripartate anthrax toxin (edema factor, lethal factor, protective antigen)
  • extracellular and cell associated factors must be encoded on plasmids and needed for virulence
  • stains with methylene blue- pink capsule
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79
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A
  • BSL-3 reportable
  • ingestion/inhalation of spores in soil (oxygen causes sporulation), enters blood stream, causes septic shock
  • obligate mammalian pathogen- spores germinate in macrophages
  • ruminants cattle- septecemia death within 1-5 days with unclotted blood from orifaces, massive spleen, respiratory distress
  • horses- acute septicemia, colic, diarrhea, edema, asphyxiation
  • pigs and dogs- pharyngeal, lymphadenitis (local), obstructive edema, death, hemorrhagic enteritis
  • local anthrax- less susceptible spp. malignant carbuncle
  • found in tainted meat
  • can live in soil for decades
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80
Q

What do you do if you suspect Bacillus anthracis?

A

YOU CALL THE AUTHORITIES SON, that shit can live in the soil for decades

  • DO NOT DO A FIELD NECROPSY UNLESS YOU WANT TO FUCKING DIE
  • bury the carcass more than 6.5 feet underground with quicklime, incinerate
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81
Q

Zoonotic form of B. anthracis

A
  • Woolsorter’s disease

- pulmonary anthrax

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82
Q

Bacillus subcutis/Bacillus cerus

A

-rare cause of opportunistic infections, wound infections, food poisoning

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83
Q

Bacillus lichenformis

A

-abortion in cattle

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84
Q

Mycobacterium

A

-gram positive, aerobic
-acid fast positive staining rods
-survive well in environment
-different species-
(saprophytic, opportunistic, obligate pathogens)
-survive in macrophages
-cause granulomatous infection and chronic bacterial infection
-virulence factors: Mycolic acid, cell protein antigen (tuberculin)

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85
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
  • humans, dogs, cats, pigs, non human primates, birds
  • can transmit elephant to human
  • inhalation or P.O
  • macrophages bring to lymph node and cause lymphadenitis
  • formation of tubercule, chronic granulomatous infection and caseous necrosis
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86
Q

Mycobacterium bovis

A
  • zoonotic tuberculosis
  • ingestion, PO, wide host range, poor survival in environment
  • GI is main portal of entry
  • can be dormant and cause progressive disease, sometimes won’t clinical signs and will only see at slaughter
  • tuberculin test
  • human vaccine BCG
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87
Q

Mycobacterium avium subs paratuberculosis

A
  • Johne’s disease- cattle and ruminants
  • chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis
  • in macrophages and local lymph nodes
  • can take up to 2 years before symptoms will show
  • iceberg effect (asymptomatic shedders)
  • diarrhea, weight loss
  • granulomatous proliferation of ileo-cecal mucosa
  • Johne’s ELISA
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88
Q

Mycobacterium avium complex

A
  • opportunistic, granulomatous infection in humans, animals, birds
  • widespread in soil and treated tap water
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89
Q

Mycobacterium ulcerans and Buruli ulcer

A

-tropical wetlands, causes tissue necrosis

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90
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A
  • Hansen’s disease/ Leprosy
  • chronic granulomatous debilitating disease, skin lesions, neuropathy, nerve thickening
  • shed through nose
  • from armadillos
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91
Q

Mycobacterium lepraernarium

A
  • feline and murine leprosy
  • solitary/multiple cutaneous nodules/ulcerated lesions, fastidious
  • granulomatous dermatitis panniculitis
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92
Q

E.coli- pigs

A
  • ETEC- watery diarrhea, effects neonates, 2-4 weeks and at weaning- F4 adhesion factor, heat labile toxin in vaccine, heat stable toxins
  • VTEC- edema disease-edema on eyelid, sow to piglet, select for F18 negative
  • EPEC- rare- eae gene on PCR, T3SS needle
  • UTI- causes UTI
  • MMA- post-partum dysgalactiae
  • septicemia- secondary
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93
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A
  • ruminants- foot rot, hepatic abscesses, diphtheria (GI tract and laryngitis)
  • necrotic laryngitis in cattle
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94
Q

Escherichia coli

A
  • lactose positive, oxidase negative, motile rods
  • gram negative, facultative anaerobic rods/coccobacilli
  • nosocomial infection
  • O(o antigen) :26, K(capsule):60, F(fimbriae)41, H(flagella) :11
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95
Q

Escherechia coli- bovine

A
  • ETEC- neonates, diarrhea, F5
  • EPEC/EHEC- zoonotic- mucoid diarrhea
  • Mastitis
  • Septecemia- NTEC/ExPEC, CNS signs, extraintestinal
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96
Q

E.Coli- cats and dogs

A
  • Enteric- ETEC, EPEC, VTEC, EIEC- CNF1-pups

- cystitis/pyometra

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97
Q

E.Coli- poultry and avian

A
  • important in broilers and layers
  • APEC- extraintestinal, O1, O2, O78- neonatal colibacillosis–>death and decreased growth, respiratory colibacillosis and septicemia, peritonitis in layers and decreased egg production (chronic)
  • E.Coli 078, 02- scabby hip/necrotic dermatitis (broilers)
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98
Q

E.Coli- Rabbits

A

-RPEC/EPEC- O1O9 serotype, suckling rabbits, intimin eae

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99
Q

Salmonella enterica

A
  • only strand to affect warm-blooded animals
  • obligate symbiotic
  • high resistance in environment when protected by organic material (feces) or in dry environment (dust, feed)
  • facultative intracellular
  • antimicrobial resistance
  • zoonotic
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100
Q

Salmonella enterica- S. typhimurium serotype

A
  • bovine
  • non-typhoid
  • zoonotic
  • diarrhea, abortion
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101
Q

Salmonella enterica - S. dublin

A
  • typhoid (host specific)

- diarrhea in calves and adults

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102
Q

Porcine Salmonella enterica

A
  • S.typhimurium- non typhoid, zoonotic, diarrhea, hyperacute: acute mortality, acute: cyanosis, chronic: non-specific, lesser growth
  • S. choleraesuis-typhoid (non-zoonotic) , fever, pain rash
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103
Q

Equine Salmonella enterica

A
  • S. abortus equi- rare
  • mild= non-host specific horse salmonella, causes general symptoms and slight diarrhea, self limiting
  • acute= non-typhoid(zoonotic), most frequent, severe symptoms–>cyanosis shock, laminitis
  • hyperacute: foal, endotoxic shock, death
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104
Q

Feline/canine Salmonella enterica

A
  • non-host specific
  • enteritis and septicemia
  • carriers: dogs-0-36%, cats 0-20%
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105
Q

Pigeon Salmonella enterica

A
  • S. typhimurium var copenhagen
  • typhoid- not-zoonotic
  • causes paratyphus
  • acute paratyphus- mainly during breeding
  • chronic paratyphus- can’t fly
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106
Q

parrot/ perching bird salmonella enterica

A
  • S. typhimurium- non-typhoid, zoonotic
  • apathic, decreased food and water intake
  • chronic diarrhea
  • in birdhouses
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107
Q

Poultry Salmonella enterica

A
  • S. pullorum- typhoid-Pullorum disease, reportable, younger animals (chicken, turkeys, pheasant), high mortality, granulomatous lesions, oophoritis
  • S. gallinarum- typhoid- reportable- older animals- fowl typhoid- hyperacute mortality, hemolytic anemia
  • S. enterica ssp. arizonae- turkeys,typhoid
  • S. Enteriditis- paratyphoid (non-typhoid), zoonotic causes egg contamination of undercooked and raw eggs- vaccine can cross react and may come up positive with S. pullorum and gallinarum
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108
Q

When your mom tells you you can’t eat raw cookie dough (sigh) because you might get salmonella, which subspecies is she actually referring to?

A

S. Enteriditis

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109
Q

Klebsiella species

A
  • K. pneumoniae
  • K. oxytoca
  • coliform
  • opportunistic pathogen
  • waters, soil, environment, GI tract
  • nosocomial infections in humans
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110
Q

Equine Klebsiella

A
  • umbilical infections
  • Equine metritis
  • vaginitis, infertility, abortion
  • use: amoxycillin + clavamox
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111
Q

Klebsiella- dogs

A
  • pyometra/cystitis

- rare

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112
Q

Klebsiella- bovine

A

-mastitis

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113
Q

Yersenia pestis

A

-zoonotic
-plague!!!
-travels in proventriculus of fleas of wild rodents
transmitted from fleas of wild rodents, to cats, then to humans
-fleas, airborne, oral

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114
Q

Yersenia pestis-humans

A
  • bubonic- local lymphadenitis
  • pneumonic- pneumonia
  • septicemic- septicemia
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115
Q

Yersenia pestis- cats

A

-cats die

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116
Q

Yersenia pseudotuberculosis

A
  • zoonotic

- obligate symbiont, facultative intracellular

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117
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-humans

A
  • zoonotic

- colic

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118
Q

Yersenia psuedotuberculosis-birds/rodents

A

-sepsis and multiplication in blood

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119
Q

Yersenia psuedotuberculosis- passeriformes

A
  • fatty liver disease, rodentiosis, affinity for liver
  • chronic causes weight loss/respiratory distress
  • lesions- acute: splenomegaly
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120
Q

Yersenia psuedotuberculosis- turkeys

A

-rare, high mortality in young

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121
Q

Yersenia enterocolitica

A
  • zoonotic
  • colic and diarrhea
  • in domestic animals- ileitis, gastroenteritis
  • serotype O9 has cross reaction with brucellosis
122
Q

Proteus spp.

A
  • swarming bacterium
  • P. mirabilis, P. Vulgaris
  • causes otitis in dogs (secondary pathogen) along with S. pseudintermedius, and Malassezia pachydermatis
  • cystis in dogs
123
Q

Brucella spp

A
  • non-motile, coccobacilli, obligate symbiotic and pathogenic, facultative intracellular
  • gram negative
  • REPORTABLE
  • all are zoonotic except B. Ovis
124
Q

Brucella abortus

A
  • reportable
  • localizes in joints and reproductive organs
  • causes abortion
  • enters PO/ through wounds or through contaminated meat
  • localizes in regional lymph nodes before spreading to target organs
  • cows around wild ungulates (deer) are susceptible (wild life reservoirs)
  • diagnosis: Blood sample, 2 ELISA, IFN test, skin test
  • humans- acute bacteremia, chronic disease
  • smooth cell wall is more virulent
  • Rose bengal test
125
Q

Brucella suis

A
  • reportable
  • biovar-1-3 are most pathogenic to bigs
  • reservoir= wild boar
  • in swine causes abortion and orchitis
  • in humans (wild boar hunters)- osteomyelitis long term. sweating, chills, malaise acutely
126
Q

Brucella melitensis

A
  • reportable disease, most zoonotic
  • sheep and goats
  • malta fever
  • human brucellosis, no vaccine
127
Q

Brucella canis

A
  • zoonotic
  • STD, repro signs in male- big testicles
  • abortion
  • obligate pathogen
128
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
  • gram negative
  • motile
  • obligate aerobic
  • in water!!!
  • facultative symbiotic, facultative pathogenic (secondary infection)
  • lives in soil, water, plants
  • sweet smell
  • bleu-green pigment
  • oxidase positive, lactose negative
  • high resistance, hospital environments
129
Q

Psuedomonas aeruginosa- cats and dogs

A
  • pyoderma
  • cystitis, otitis externa (secondary infections)
  • purulent processes
  • corneal ulcers
130
Q

Psuedomonas aeruginosa- hamsters, small furries

A

-pneumonia, septicemia, death

131
Q

Psuedomonas aeruginosa- rabbits

A

-moist dermatitis

132
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa- horses

A
  • metritis- vaginitis

- keratitis conjunctivitis- secondary infection

133
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa- bovine, sheep, goats

A
  • mastitis, fleece rot

- acute, high mortality

134
Q

Psuedomonas aeruginosa- reptiles

A

-necrotic stomatitis, pneumonia, septicemia

135
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa- parrots/ parakeets

A
  • usually secondary infection

- conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pneumonia, enteritis

136
Q

Psuedomonas aeruginosa- turkeys

A
  • oviducts

- contaminated (exploding!) eggs

137
Q

Burkholderia

A
  • gram negative, aerobic, rods, catalase positive

- mostly environmental

138
Q

Burkholderia Mallei

A
  • BSL-3
  • reportable, zoonotic
  • suppurative lesions- Glander’s- nodules and ulcers, pyogranulomatus
  • mostly horse
  • acute- fever, nasal discharge, lympadenitis, death
  • chronic- skin abscesses (Farcy) fever/respiratory problems
  • horse: CFT test
  • cull
139
Q

Burkholderia psuedomallei

A
  • reportable, zoonotic
  • causes mellioidosis in other species than horses
  • in horse causes psuedoglanders
  • horse: CFT test, don’t need to cull (treatable)
140
Q

Francisella spp

A
  • gram negative, small, pleomorphic, coccoid, rod, non-motile
  • obligate aerobic, facultative intracellular
  • fastidious
141
Q

Francisella tularensis

A
  • reportable
  • subsp. Mediasiatic, Holartica, Tularensis
  • zoonotic
  • vectors-ticks, flies, contaminated water, infected prey
  • systemic disease (typhoid) multi-organ failure
  • reservoirs- lagomorphs, rodents, amoeba
  • disease of northern hemisphere
  • North America- tulerensis (virulent in humans)-ulceroglandular, glandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, pneumonic, typhoidal
  • Europe- holartica- mild in humans
142
Q

Taylorella

A
  • gram negative, non-motile coccobacillus
  • facultative anaerobic
  • obligate pathogenic
143
Q

Taylorella equigenitalis

A
  • reportable
  • contagious equine metritis
  • acute, suppurative infection, abortions
  • stallion sample- preputium, urethra, fossa glandis, sinus urethralis
  • mare: sample: fossa clitoridis, sinus clitoridis
144
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica

A
  • gram negative coccobacillus, aerobic
  • slow growth, obligate symbiotic, facultative pathogenic
  • affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium
  • dermonecrotic toxin, ostotoxin= damage to osteoblasts
145
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica- dogs/cats

A
  • kennel cough- mix with virus
  • dry cough
  • kittens= mortality
146
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica- pigs

A
  • deep nose swab
  • non-progressive atrophic rhinitis- nose colonized, dermonecrotic toxin, damage to osteoblasts
  • pneumonic bordetellosis- age <1 wk, primary infection, more than one week= secondary infection- coughing
  • progressive atrophic rhinitis- dermonecrotic toxin: damage to osteoblast, decrease in osteoclast, with P. multocida, increased osteoclast, deviation of nose, breakdown of bone with no rebuilding of new bone
147
Q

Bordetella avium- poultry

A
  • Coryza- turkey only- inflammation of nasal mucous membrane
  • primary pathogen
  • swollen head syndrome
148
Q

Bordatella avium- rabbits

A
  • nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing (upper respiratory tract)
  • with pasteurella= bronchopneumonia
  • tetracycline
149
Q

Moraxella

A
  • gram negative, pleomorphic rods
  • catalase and oxidase positive
  • obligate symbiotic, obligate pathogenic
150
Q

Moraxella bovis

A
  • pink eye, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

- can cause ulcers

151
Q

Moraxella boviculi

A

-keratoconjunctivitis in bovine

152
Q

Moraxella ovis

A

-keratoconjunctivitis and pneumonia in ovine

153
Q

Mannheima hemolytica

A
  • obligate symbiotic
  • facultative pathogenic, pneumonia is primary or secondary infection
  • septecemia
  • sheep and bovine
154
Q

Mannheimia hemolytica- bovine

A

-bacterial bronchopneumonia- shipping fever +
P. multocida (mixture of bacteria and stress) -sebrofibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis
-respiratory distress, general symptoms
-secrete ruminant specific leukotoxin

155
Q

Haemophilis

A
  • NAD dependent

- obligate symbiotic, little resistant in environment, host specific, facultative pathogenic

156
Q

Haemophilis parasuis

A
  • pigs
  • Glasser disease
  • normal commensal
  • endo/exogenic–>septicemia–>general symptoms–>meningitis–>polyserositis/polyarthritis (peritonitis, pericarditis, pleuritis)
157
Q

Haemophilis felis

A
  • rare
  • pneumonia
  • conjunctivitis
158
Q

Histophilis somnei

A
  • obligate symbiotic
  • colonizes mucosal surfaces of ruminants
  • Bovine
  • CNS- Thrombo-embolic meningoencephalitis: Sleeper’s disease
  • brain and heart lesions- pathognomic
159
Q

Avibacterium paragallinurium

A
  • NAD dependent
  • obligate symbiotic, obligate pathogenic
  • chickens- transmitted–> water, air, stress= trigger
  • infectious coryza- upper respiratory disease
  • subacute= head and neck edema
160
Q

Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale

A
  • avian
  • nose, trachea, wing
  • pericarditis
161
Q

Pasturella multocida

A
  • highly virulent strains (obligate pathogenic)- cause septecemia (bovine, bird, rabbit)
  • low virulent strains (facultative pathogenic) cause rhinitis in pig, bobine, rabbits
  • along with mannheimia hemolytica=shipping fever
162
Q

Pasturella multocida- rabbits

A

-snuggles, rhinitis, head tilt, bronchopneumonia

163
Q

Pasturella multocida- cows

A

-hemorrhagic septicemia, high mortality

164
Q

Pasturella multocida- pigs

A

-atropic rhinitis, lung pasturellosis

165
Q

Pasturella multocida- poultry

A
  • fowl cholera
  • ducks most susceptible, guinea fowl least susceptible
  • upper respiratory infection
  • if bitten by cat with this= death
166
Q

Pasturella multocida- cats and dogs

A
  • in mouth
  • spread to humans through biting wounds
  • cat bites bird, gets pasteurella septicemia, dies
167
Q

Bibersteinia trehalosis

A
  • septicemia in young sheep (5-12 months)

- acute mortality- stress, changes in feed

168
Q

Actinobacillus

A
  • younger pigs (,6 months)

- obligate symbiotic, not as resistant in environment, host specific

169
Q

Actinobacillus Lignieresii

A
  • bovine
  • rare
  • wooden tongue/timer tongue
  • multiple granulomas- suppurative infection
  • surgical material of vet contaminated
170
Q

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A
  • pig- porcine pleuropneumonia
  • biotype 1= NAD dependent
  • biotype 2- NAD dependent
  • hyperacute/acute= immediate death (respiratory distress), hemorrhagic and necrotizing pleuropneumonia
  • pathogenesis: inhalation–> terminal bronchi/alveoli
  • aerosol/direct con
  • stress is predisposing factor
  • Apx toxin IV- must be present in vaccine
  • leukotoxins important to virulence
171
Q

Actinobacilus suis

A
  • pig
  • acute= mortality
  • less acute- older piglets (respiratory distress, polyarthritis)
  • adult= subcutaneous abscesses
172
Q

Actinobacillus equuli

A
  • horse (and pig)
  • bronchitis, pleuritis, pneumonia
  • **sleepy foal disease–> not enough colostrum
  • abortions in adults
  • suppurative glomerulonephritis
173
Q

Vibrio cholera

A
  • gram negative
  • humans
  • developing countries
  • oro-fecal route
  • isolated from animals
174
Q

Vibrio parahemolyticus

A
  • gram negative

- food infections from fish

175
Q

Bartonella

A
  • gram negative
  • aerobic
  • long culture
176
Q

Bartonella henselae-cats (and dogs)

A
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • lethargic, anorexia, mild neurologic symptoms, endocarditis, bacteremia
  • young animals
  • transmitted by fleas
177
Q

Bartonella henselae- humans

A
  • cat scratch disease- bacteremia (relapsing)
  • younger people, reduced immunity, self limiting
  • enters by wounds (Scratch), fleas, eyes
178
Q

Streptobacillus monolliformis

A
  • humans- rat bite fever

- guinea pigs- cervical lymphadenitis

179
Q

Spirrillum

A
  • from rats
  • cats/pigs- eat rats
  • humans- bite/scratch from infected rat, rat bite fever + Streptobacillus monoliformis- fever, arthritis, tissue localization, fever, headache, vomiting, rashes
180
Q

Nicoletta

A
  • rare gram negative

- respiratory distress in horses

181
Q

Uruburuella

A
  • rare gram negative

- respiratory distress in pigs

182
Q

Stenothrophomonas

A
  • rare gram negative
  • hospital infections in humans
  • acquired resistance
183
Q

Neisseria

A
  • rare gram negative
  • humans- gonorrhea
  • cat and dog- pneumonia
  • human (other strain)- bite wounds
184
Q

Acinetobacter

A
  • rare gram negative
  • nosocomial infections, humans
  • high acquired resistance
185
Q

Aeromonas

A
  • water and environment
  • pathogenic to fish
  • human infections
186
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • obligate intracellular
  • gram negative
  • epithelial cell parasite, phagocytic cell
  • energy parasite
  • susceptible to tetracycline
  • elementary bodies shed by carriers in feces or diseased birds, inhaled int lung
  • systemic–>multi-organ failure
  • dimorphic life cycle: 1. intracellular replicating form (reticulate body), 2. extracellular non-replicating form (elementary body), infection can survive outside of hosts
  • clinical signs= broncholitis, bronchopneumonia, fibrinous polyseritis, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, death
187
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A
  • reportable
  • zoonotic
  • Avian Clamydiosis
  • isolate and quarantine imported birds, no vaccine
188
Q

Chlamydia pecorum

A
  • ruminants
  • stiff lamb disease, polyarthritis, polyserositis
  • high mortality in calves
  • sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis- febrile, young calves, locomotor/postural/behavioral disturbances
189
Q

Chlamydia felis

A
  • conjunctivitis in cats
  • pneumonitis, rhinits
  • endemic in house cats
190
Q

Chlamydia abortus

A

-abortion in ruminants- enzootic abortion of ewes

191
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

-human, STD

192
Q

Chlamydia pneumonia

A

-humans and koalas-conjunctivitis, pneumonitis, abortion, arthritis

193
Q

Coxiella burnetti

A

Q-fever

  • obligate intracellular, broad host range
  • cattle, sheep goats
  • endospore in environment
  • released during parturition in urine, feces, spread by inhalation
  • Q fever= zoonotic- serious febrile influenza- like illness, pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis
194
Q

Rickettsia

A
  • obligate intracellular bacteria
  • gram negative coccobacilli
  • susceptible to tetracycline
  • rodents and small animals are reservoir
  • cause disease in humans and dogs
  • effects blood/endothelial cells
195
Q

Rickettsia rickettsia

A
  • Rocky mountain spotted fever
  • humans and dogs
  • invades and replicates in endothelial cells of blood vessels
  • intravascular coagulation, necrotizing vasculitis
  • C.S.- fever, depression, anorexia, sub q edema, petechiation of mucosa, myalgia, stiff gait
196
Q

Rickettsia felis

A
  • cat flea
  • inapparent in cats
  • flea borne spotted fever in humans
197
Q

Rickettsia- Typhus group

A
  • Rickettsia prowazekii- Louse borne- domestic animals, humans, flying squirrels, endemic typhis
  • Rickettsia typhi- murine typhus- opposum/ flea cycle
  • Orientia tsutsugamushi- scrub typhus
198
Q

Pisrickettsia salmonis-

A

-farmed fish, difficult to treat

199
Q

Anaplasmataceae

A
  • parasites of hematopoietic cells of vertebrate hosts
  • transmitted by trematode (neorickettsia) or vector (tick)
  • zoonotic- anaplasma, Erlichia, neorickettsia
200
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A
  • neutrophils
  • transmitted- Ixodes
  • necrotizing small vessel vasculitis
  • fever, depression, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, muscle pain, rarely shock- can be fatal
  • can cause DIC in horses
  • necrotizing small vessel vasculitis in dogs
201
Q

Anaplasma platys

A
  • platelets

- infectious cycle thrombocytopenia

202
Q

Anaplasma marginale

A
  • erythrocytes
  • anaplasmosis in ruminants
  • fever, anemia, icterus
  • calves more resistant
  • A. marginale+ babesia bovis+ b. bigemina= tick fever in cattle
203
Q

Ehrlichia

A

-tick borne-infection, hematopoeitic/endothelial cells

204
Q

Ehrlichia canis

A
  • tropical pancytopenia of dogs
  • from brown dog tick
  • infects mononuclear and endothelial cell
  • acute infection= 4 weeks, can either recover and be immune or have a persistent subclinical infection
205
Q

Ehrlichia ewingii

A
  • canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis

- ixodes from small rodens

206
Q

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

A

-human monocytic ehrlichiosis

207
Q

Ehrlichia ruminantium

A
  • heart water disease- Africa and Caribbeans
  • reportable
  • replocates in macrophages and endothelial cells
  • amblyomma= vector
  • in cattle, sheep, goats, antelopes
  • respiratory and neurological slymptoms
208
Q

Neorickettsia

A
  • small, intracellular bacteria
  • in monocytes/macrophages
  • transmission by fluke vectors
209
Q

Neorickettsia risticii

A
  • Potomoc horse fever
  • 1st IH= snails
  • 2nd IH= aquatic insects
  • horses drink water infected by flies
  • fever, anorexia, leukopenia, diarrhea, laminitis
210
Q

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

A
  • salmon poisoning
  • dogs in pacific northwest
  • high fatality if untreated
  • salmon eats fluke, dog eats salmon, infects mononuclear cells
  • fever, depression, dehydration, anorexia, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, lymphadenopathy
211
Q

Brachyspira hyodysentariae

A
  • swine dysentery
  • in colons
  • survive in feces (anaerobic)
  • contagious mucohemorrhagic, fibronecrotic colitis
  • feco-oral transmission
  • invades intestinal crypts, epithelial erosion
  • lesions in large intestine (cecum, colon)
  • fibronecrotic psuedomembrane colitis
212
Q

Borellia

A
  • gram negative spirochete

- transmitted by ticks

213
Q

Borellia burdorferi

A
  • Ixodes tick
  • Lyme disease
  • OSP C–> mammals, early infection
  • OSP A–> salivary gland of ticks
  • OSP C–> A–> midgut of ticks
  • tick becomes infected when animal has high bacteremia
  • causes bull’s eye rash on people
  • dogs- subclinical infection: fever, acute arthralgia, lameness, anorexia, lethargy, depression
214
Q

Clostridium

A
  • gram positive, spore forming anaerobic rods

- widespread in environment, bowel, rapid multiplication

215
Q

Clostridium tetanus- neurotoxic

A

-tetanus
-spastic paralysis
-potent neurotoxin
-horse and humans are more susceptible than other species
-widespread in soil, feces, grows in contaminated wounds, produces toxins that acts on motor nerves and inhibits release of NT glycine and GABA
-ascending tetanus: less susceptible animals (cats and dogs) regional motor nerve in limb to other parts
-descending tetanus: blood stream to motor nerve, to head and neck to limbs-
more susceptible species- humans and horses
-antitoxin- unbound toxin, neutralization)

216
Q

Clostridum botulinum- neurotoxic

A
  • in food contaminated by botulinum neurotoxin
  • absorbed by GI, distributed in blood stream, inhibits NT release (ach)
  • flaccid paralysis
  • human symptoms= cranial nerve functions
  • treatment- unbound toxin
  • shaker foal
217
Q

Clostridum perfingens

A
  • enteropathogenic toxin, neuropathogenic toxin, histotoxic
  • Type C: necrotizing enteritis- piglets, enterotoxemia
  • Type D: enterotoxemia in sheep and goat, pulpy kidney disease (rapid postmortem autolysis of kidney), overeating disease- fluid distended intestine with petechial hemorrhage on serosal surface, encephalomyelitis
  • routine vaccine with toxoid/bacterin, avoid sudden change in diet
218
Q

Clostridium dificile enterocolitis

A
  • colon and cecum- humans, pigs, horse, cats, rodents, etc
  • risk factors: use of broad spectrum antibiotics, old age hospitalization
  • disruption of normal flora (dysbiosis)
  • can cause fatal colitis
  • toxin A= enterotoxin, toxin B= cytotoxin
219
Q

Clostridium spiroforme

A
  • rabbits
  • iota toxin
  • enterotoxemia, diarrhea
  • from lincomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin
220
Q

Clostridium piloforme

A
  • Tyzzer’s disease
  • lab animals, horses
  • fatal diarrhea
  • focal necrosis of liver
221
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A
  • gram negative, non-spor forming anaerobe
  • mixed bacterial infection
  • synergistic with trueperella pyogenes and dichelobacter nodusus
  • footrot in cattle and sheep (sheep is more dichelobacter nodusus )
222
Q

Clostridium chauvoei

A
  • black leg
  • endospores can either be ingested or get in through wounds
  • causes gas accumulation in the muscle
  • highly fatal, necoritizing myositis in cattle and sheep
  • pridisposed by wound infection, docking, castration
223
Q

Clostridum novyi

A
  • type A- exogenous, gas gangrene (Big head in rams)
  • type B- endogenous- black disease (fluke damage)
  • type D: C. hemolyticum- liver damage, bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle and sheep
224
Q

Clostridium septicum

A
  • malignant edema(through wounds)
  • Braxy in sheep-abomasal edema
  • necrotic dermatitis in chickens
  • exogenous infection through wounds or endogenous infection through dormant spores in muscle tissue
  • risk factors: IM injection in horses, shearing, docking, lambing, traumatic parturition and castration in cattle
  • local exotoxins cause excessive inflammation and severe edema, gas gangrene
225
Q

Spirochetes

A
  • gram negative, slender, helically coiled, spiral
  • move with corkscrew/flexing motion
  • leptospira, treponema, borellia, brachyspira
226
Q

Leptospira

A
  • in reservoir animals (rats)- excreted through urine, contaminates water
  • humans- flu-like symptoms
  • livestock: disease of production and repro
  • maintenance hosts: kidney and repro tract
  • incidental hosts: recovery/severe disease, long term shedding
  • causes intravascular hemolysis, petechial hemorrhage, DIC, jaundice, nephritis, placentitis
  • diagnose through PCR, blood, urine/MAT on serum
227
Q

Leptospirosis- dogs

A
  • mild to no signs, to severe illness/ death
  • PU/PD/ dehydration, vomiting, inappetence, lethargy, abdominal pain
  • minimize exposure to contaminated water
  • causes paradoxical reaction
228
Q

Leptospirosis- cattle and ruminants

A
  • serovar Pomona= severe disease (high fever, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice)
  • L. borgpetersenni serovar hardjo-reproductive failure
229
Q

Leptospira- horses

A

-Pomona and grippotyphosa- abortions and systemic illness in foals

230
Q

Leptospira-pigs

A

-Pomona, Bratislava= repro failure

231
Q

Leptospira humans

A
  • severe disease

- from flu-like to severe hepatic and renal failure (Weil’s disease), pulmonary hemorrhage

232
Q

Treponema- humans

A
  • T. pallidum

- syphillus

233
Q

Treponema- cows

A
  • hairy heel warts
  • lameness
  • economic loss
234
Q

Treponema pardiuis- cuniculi

A
  • rabbits
  • syphilus/vent disease
  • self limiting
  • direct/venereal contact
235
Q

Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Lawsonia

A
  • gram negative cell wall

- opportunistic extracellular pathogens (except Lawsonia- obligate intracellular

236
Q

Campylobacter

A
  • seagull shaped, microaerophilic (hot environmental)

- GI, lower genital tract

237
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A
  • major food safety pathogen
  • invades epithelial cells, colonizes mucous
  • cytolethal distending toxin= cell cycle arrest
  • young animals= enteritis, ileitis/colitis, diarrhea
  • abortion with donut shaped lesions on fetal liver
  • humans-raw chicken and milk- Guillan- Barre- demylination of nerves and death
238
Q

Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerialis

A
  • bovine venereal capylobacterosis
  • bulls= subclinical infection in preputial crypts, transmitted through breeding (and semen with AI), breed only young negative bulls
  • cows-endometritis and sapligitis- infertility-Dx: IgA in cervical/vaginal mucous
239
Q

Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus

A
  • ovine genital campylobacterosis
  • sheep=ingestion
  • abortion with donut shaped lesions on fetal liver
240
Q

Helicobacter

A
  • small, spirally curved gram negative rods, motile, pathogenic commensals in gastric mucosa and intestine
  • microaerophilic
241
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

-stomach ulcers and neoplasms

242
Q

Helicobacter canis, helicobacter felis, helicobacter hellmanii

A

-naturally colonize dog and cat stomachs, gastric ulcers

243
Q

Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter bilius

A

-liver problems in mouse

244
Q

Helicobacter mustelae

A

-ferrets

245
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis

A
  • enterocyte cell lines
  • broad host range
  • Porcine proliferative enteropathy- serosal cerebriform/gyrate pattern of projections and depressions, distal ileum, bloody cast
  • horse= poor doing foals
246
Q

Mycoplasma

A
  • small, free living, extracellular
  • no cell wall
  • respiratory and repro tract, affinity to ciliated epithelium
  • RBC parasites
  • fried egg colony
247
Q

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

A

-swine
-enzootic pneumonia
-from sow to piglets
-chronic respiratory disease, non-productive cough
vaccine available

248
Q

other swine mycoplasma

A
  • M. hyorhinis- polyserositis
  • M. hyosynoviae- polyarthritis
  • M. suis (hemotropic)- anemia
249
Q

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides

A
  • contagious bovine pleuropneumonia- reportable
  • most virulent mycoplasma in cattle
  • respiratory distress
  • marbled lungs with fibrinoprulent exudate on surface
250
Q

Mycoplasma bovis

A
  • upper respiratory infection= bronchopneumonia
  • mastitis
  • arthritis
  • vaccine available
251
Q

Ureaplasma and Mycoplasmas

A
  • bovine
  • infertility
  • granular vulvovaginitis
252
Q

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp capripneumonia

A
  • goats
  • reportable
  • fatal
  • contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
253
Q

Mycoplasma Agalactiae and Mycoplasma putrefaciens

A
  • contagious agalactia in sheep and goats

- reportible

254
Q

Other goat Mycoplasmas

A
  • M. Capricolium subsp, capricolum
  • M. mycoides subsp. mycoides- arthritis adults, rapid fatal septecemia in kids
  • M. mycoides ssp. capri- pleuropneumoniae
255
Q

Avian Mycoplasma-

A
  • important economically

- vaccine available

256
Q

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

A
  • reportable

- respiratory disease of chicken and turkey

257
Q

Mycoplasma synoviae

A
  • reportable

- synovitis, lameness, swelling of joints, retarded growth

258
Q

Mycoplasma melegradis, mycoplasma iowae

A
  • turkeys, respiratory disease
  • skeletal deformities
  • decreased egg hatchability
259
Q

Mycoplasma felis

A
  • cats: mild respiratory infection, conjunctivitis

- horses: milk lower airway disease, pleural effusion, predispose to secondary Strepococcus zooepidemicus

260
Q

Mycoplasma gatae

A
  • cats

- arthritis, sub q abscesses

261
Q

Mycoplasma canis

A
  • dogs

- urogenital tract disease

262
Q

Mycoplasma edwardii

A
  • dogs

- meningoencephalitis

263
Q

Mycoplasma ovipneumonia

A
  • sheep

- pneumonia, secondary to other bacteria

264
Q

Mycoplasma pulmonis

A
  • lab mice

- low grade respiratory infection

265
Q

Thermally dimorphic fungi

A
  • single yeast/spherule at body temp
  • mold at environmental temp
  • Blastomyces
  • Histoplasma
  • Coccoides
  • Sporothrix schenkii
266
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis

A
  • most common systemic
  • large, broad based budding yeast
  • close to water- Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio River valley
  • dogs and humans
  • inhalation of spores
  • disseminated, pulmonary involvement, pyogranulomatous /granulomatous host response
267
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A
  • small, oval yeast
  • macrophage in infected tissue
  • BSL-3
  • dark, moist, soil covered in bird/bat poop
  • inhalation- favored by dry, dusty conditions, disturbance of soil
  • respiratory disease/disseminated disease, gastro intestinal common in dogs, subclinical/mild disease, granulomatous inflammation
  • cats= granulomatous chonoretinitis
268
Q

Coccoides immitis

A
  • doesn’t produce yeast, thick large walled spherules with endospores
  • BSL-3
  • southwest
  • inhalation - dry conditions, soil disturbance
  • man, dog, horse
  • subclinical/mild chronic/acute respiratory infection and disseminated disease (similar to TB)
  • osteomyelitis, granulomatous host response
269
Q

Sprothrix schenkii

A
  • cigar shaped, elongated, pleomorphic yeast
  • moss, hay, plant material, soil, thorny plants
  • enter by puncture wound (Rose-Gardener’s syndrome)
  • sub q skin nodules, regional lymph node involvement, granulomatous/pyogranulomatous host response
270
Q

Yeast

A
  • Malassezia pachydermatitis
  • Candida albicans
  • Cryptococcus
271
Q

Candida albicans

A
  • normal flora in mouth, intestine, urogenital tract in animals and humans
  • gram positive
  • thrush- whitish- yellowish hyperkeratotic lesions
  • plaques on tongue, mouth, proventriculus, stomach
  • predisposing factors: immunosuppression
  • mastitis, vaginitis (women), diaper rash
272
Q

Malassezia pachydermatitis

A
  • bottle-shaped
  • lipophilic yeast
  • common in dogs skin/ears
  • OTITIS EXTERNA dogs
273
Q

Cryptococcus

A
  • large, round to oval budding yeast

- mucopolysaccharide capsule

274
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A
  • cats, dogs, psittacine birds, koala
  • pigeon poop
  • immunocompromised
  • chronic granulomatous infection
  • nasal cavity, CNS, ocular, GI
  • cutaneous lesions in cats
275
Q

Cryptococcus gatti

A
  • eucalyptus trees

- rarely zoonotic

276
Q

Dermatophytes

A
  • superficial mycosis- ring worm
  • keratinized epithelium (skin and nails)
  • zoonotic and contagious
  • predisposed: young, poor nutrition, high humidity, winter
  • Griseofulvin
277
Q

Dermatophytes- humans, dogs, cats

A

Microsporum canis, M. audouinni, M gypsium, Epidermophyton floccosum (human’s only)

  • Dx of microsporum canis- Wood’s lamps
  • it’s probably from your gross ass cat
278
Q

Cattle dermatophytes

A

Trichophyton verrucosum

279
Q

Pig dermatophytes

A

Microsporum nanum

280
Q

Avian Dermatophytes

A

Microsporum gallinae- comb and wattles, feather follicles

281
Q

Horse dermatophytes

A

Trichophyton equinum

282
Q

Dermatophyte with broad host range

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

283
Q

Kerion

A

-nodular lesions caused by dermatophytes, localized/generalized folliculitis, furunculosis

284
Q

Mycoplasma hemofelis

A
  • erythrocytes

- feline infectious anemia

285
Q

Dog- hemotrophic mycoplasma

A

-Mycoplasma hemocanis

286
Q

Mycoplasma hemosuis

A
  • swine
  • erythrocytes
  • fever, icterus, weakness, anemia
  • outbreaks with stress
287
Q

Saprophytic filamentous fungi

A
  • zygomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis
  • in immunosuppressed
  • mycotoxins: alfatoxins, ergot alkaloids, flumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone
288
Q

Aspergillus

A
  • entry through ingestion/inhalation
  • colonizes air spaces
  • causes abscesses in brain, liver, and kidney
  • invades blood vessels
  • allergic response
  • predisposition: stress, concurrent disease, poor diet, prolonged abx treatment, immunosupressive therapy, poor husbandry
289
Q

Avian aspergillus

A
  • brooder pneumonia

- granulomatous- caseous lesions

290
Q

Canine and equine Aspergillus

A
  • nasal sinusitis, guttural pouch infection
  • keratitis
  • disseminated aspergillosis (German Shepherd)
291
Q

Ruminant Aspergillosis

A

mycotic rumenitis following mycotic acidosis

292
Q

Protheca

A

-algae

293
Q

Protheca zopfii

A
  • disseminated disease in dogs
  • mastitis cattle
  • cutaneous disease in cats and man
294
Q

Protheca wickerhamii

A

-cutaneous disease in cats and man

295
Q

Oomycetes

A

-water molds
-gulf coast
humans- arteritis, keratitis, periorbital sinusitis, cutaneous/subcutaneous lesions

296
Q

Pythium insidiosum

A
  • oomycetes
  • Swamp cancer in horses
  • cutaneous and sub cutaneous lesions-horses, cats, calves, people
  • GI and cutaneous lesions in dogs/cats
297
Q

White nose syndrome

A
  • Psuedogymnoascus destructans

- bats

298
Q

Chytridiomycosis

A
  • amphibians

- decrease population

299
Q

Rhinosporidium

A

-nasal polyps, cutaneous cysts in mammals and birds

300
Q

Pneumocytosis

A

-pneumonia and immunodeficient animals

301
Q

Encephalitozoon cunicli; Microsporidium parasite

A

-rabbit and kidney brain

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