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final exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

6 characteristic of living things

A

cells,organization, energy use, homeostasis, growth, reproduction

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2
Q

Are viruses living?

A

no viruses are not living, they dont have the power to completely reproduce, they only have the power to take over the cell and turn them into virus factories. viruses also lack an internal structure

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3
Q

Redi

A

used open and closed flasks which contained meat. his hypothesis was meat doesnt turn into flies

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4
Q

spallanazani

A

boiled soup and then sealed the container. the soup stayed clear. when he broke the seal the soup became cloudy with microbes

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5
Q

pasteur

A

used ā€œsā€ shaped flask filled with broth. the s shape trapped any particles from reaching the broth, keeping the broth clear not cloudy

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6
Q

Oparins hypothesis?

A

suggested the atmosphere of the primitive earth was very different from that of today. Oparin thought the early atmosphere contained ammonia, hydrogen gas, water vapour, and compounds made of hydrogen and carbon such as methane

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7
Q

miller stanley experiment

A

used oparins theory as a starting point. the gases circulated through a chamber, electric spakrs substituted for lightning, supplied energy to drive chemical reaction. produced water vapour, H2, CH4 and NH3

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8
Q

law of superposition

A

states that successive strata(layer in sediment rock) are deposited on top of one another. by looking at the layers you can find its relative age

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9
Q

lamaracks theory

A

an organsim changes throughout its life in order to adapt to its enviroment. those acquired traits are passed on to the off spring

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10
Q

darwins theory

A

organisms adapt to gain a better fitness that is passed on. the organisms that evolved have a better adaptive advantage.

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11
Q

darwin vs lamarack

A

the theories have similar ideas but darwin brought it farther by saying that newer species are more adaptive from evolving from older or extinct

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12
Q

homologous features

A

similar features that originated in a shared ancestor. ex. human arm and bird wing

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13
Q

analogous features

A

serves identitcal function and look similar but have different origins. ex. insects and humans have joint limbs but different ancestors

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14
Q

vestigial structure

A

may have been useful to ancestor but is useless to modern organism that has them. ex. tail bones and hair in humans

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15
Q

co evolution

A

the change of two or more species in close assoiciation with each other

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16
Q

convergent

A

organisms that appear to be very similar but not related at all

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17
Q

divergent evolution

A

two or more related populations or species become more and more disimilar

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18
Q

adaptive radiation

A

a type of divergent evolution where many related species evolve from a single strand ancestorial species

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19
Q

artificial selection

A

when the process of divergence is sped up artificially. ex dog breeding for certain phenotypic characteristics

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20
Q

gene pool

A

the total genetic info available in a population

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21
Q

allele

A

two or more alternate forms of a gene, symbolized by letters.

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22
Q

genotype

A

all the organsims alleles (genetic info) both expressed and hidden

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23
Q

phenotype

A

the visible physical trait of an organsim

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24
Q

phenotypic frequency

A

is equal to the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the tptal # of individuals in a population

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25
Q

varations

A

caused by mutations, recombination, and random fusion of gametes

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26
Q

HArdy weinberg equilibrium

A 
no net mutations occur
individuals neither enter nor leave the population
the population is large
individuals mate randomly
selection does not occur
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27
Q

violations of hardy

A 
small pop= genetic drift
im/emigration = gene flow
mutation= mutations
non random mating= population structure
differential= natural selection
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28
Q

stabilizing

A

when individuals with average form of a trait ahve the highest fitness

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29
Q

directional

A

individuals that dislay a more extreme form of trait have greater fitness that individuals with thr average form

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30
Q

disruptive

A

individuals with either extreme variation of that trait have greater fitness than one with average form

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31
Q

sexual selection

A

choosing who to mate with based on certain traits

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32
Q

morphology

A

the internal and external structure and appearance of an organsim

33
Q

biological species concept

A

a species in a population of an organsim that can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups

34
Q

geographic isolation

A

the physical separation of members of a populations. results from accident

35
Q

reproductive isolation

A

results from barriers to successful breeding between population groups in the same area

36
Q

prezygotic isolation`

A

an isolation that happens before fertilization

37
Q

postzygotic isolation

A

isolation after fertilization occurs

38
Q

punctual eq

A

a theory that describe an evolutionary change happening rapidly and in belief geological event in between the long periods of stasis. theory is absed on the stasis in fossil records and when phenotypic evolution occurs

39
Q

aristotles classification

A

land dwellers, water dwellers, air dwellers

40
Q

linnaeus system of classification

A

kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species

41
Q

binomial nomencalture

A

organisms have common and scientific name. humans= Homo sapiens

42
Q

linnaeus system evolved

A 
plants= split species into subsets known as varieties. the variety name follows species indicatior
animals= referred to as subspecies. the subspecies name follows the identifier
43
Q

endotoxin

A

a poison that is assiociated with the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

44
Q

exotoxin

A

a poison that is secreted into the enviroment by gram nposivitve bacteria

45
Q

protozoans

A

animal like, unicellular, heterotrophic,

46
Q

algae

A

plant like, unicellular, autotrpohic

47
Q

slime mold

A

fungus like, unicellular, heterotrophic

48
Q

ameoba

A

unicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, aquatic, cell membrane, motile, protozoa

49
Q

euglena

A

unicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, acquatic, cell membrane, motile, protozoa, autotrpohic

50
Q

paramecium

A

unicellular, hetertophic, eukaryotic, acquatic, cell membrane, protozoa, motile

51
Q

archaeabacteria

A

unicellular, hetero and auto, prokaryotic. Domain: Archaea. found in harsh conditions

52
Q

eubacteria

A

unicellular, prokaryotic, hetero and auto. Domain: bacteria. found everywhere

53
Q

methogen

A

get energy by converting h2 and co2 into methane gas. live in anerobic conditions

54
Q

extreme

A

use salt to generate atp. live in enviroments with high salt concentrations

55
Q

thermacidphiles

A

live in extremely acidic enviroments

56
Q

habitats of archeabacteria

A

methogens, extreme, thermacidphiles

57
Q

round

A

cocci/coccus

58
Q

rod

A

bacilli/bacillus

59
Q

spiral

A

spirella/spiral

60
Q

prefixes

A 
straphylo= clump
strepto= chain
diplo= two
61
Q

gram negative

A

contain pink stain due to thin layer of peptoglycan

62
Q

gram positive

A

contain purple stain due to thick layer of peptoglycan

63
Q

positive uses of bacteria

A

chemical production
produces and processes food
breaks down the remains of organic matter in dead plant and animal waste

64
Q

fungi characteristics

A

eukaryotic, some unicellular (yeast), mostly multicellular, heterotrophic

65
Q

five phyla of fungi

A 
molds
club fungi
sac fungi
fungus and plant symbiosis
algae and fungi symbiosis
66
Q

hyphae

A

long branching filamnets that contain chitin in their cells walls

67
Q

chitin

A

a polysaccharide found in the cell walls on fungus and insects

68
Q

mycelium

A

a mat of hyphae visible to the unaided eye, aborbs nutrients from enviroment

69
Q

mushroom

A

reproductive structures of asccomycota and basidiomycota

70
Q

spores

A

a resistant reproductive cell

71
Q

4 types of tropism

A

gravitropism, phototropism, thigmotropism, and hydrotropism

72
Q

tropism

A

slower more gradual movement that uses the hormone auxins which result with unequal growth in cell. more permanent

73
Q

nastic

A

use turgot pressure which can be very rapid. doesnt use hormones

74
Q

thigmonastic

A

occurs due to the responce of touching or shaking. involves a rapid response such as closing of leaves.

75
Q

nyctinastic

A

a plants response to the daily cycle of light and dark. involves more gradual change in water pressure.

76
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits the other neither helped nor harmed

77
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

78
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits the other is harmed

79
Q

lipid bilayer

A

produces a barrier that marks the boundaries of a cell

bio 30 (1 decks)

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