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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

6 characteristic of living things

A

cells,organization, energy use, homeostasis, growth, reproduction

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2
Q

Are viruses living?

A

no viruses are not living, they dont have the power to completely reproduce, they only have the power to take over the cell and turn them into virus factories. viruses also lack an internal structure

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3
Q

Redi

A

used open and closed flasks which contained meat. his hypothesis was meat doesnt turn into flies

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4
Q

spallanazani

A

boiled soup and then sealed the container. the soup stayed clear. when he broke the seal the soup became cloudy with microbes

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5
Q

pasteur

A

used ā€œsā€ shaped flask filled with broth. the s shape trapped any particles from reaching the broth, keeping the broth clear not cloudy

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6
Q

Oparins hypothesis?

A

suggested the atmosphere of the primitive earth was very different from that of today. Oparin thought the early atmosphere contained ammonia, hydrogen gas, water vapour, and compounds made of hydrogen and carbon such as methane

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7
Q

miller stanley experiment

A

used oparins theory as a starting point. the gases circulated through a chamber, electric spakrs substituted for lightning, supplied energy to drive chemical reaction. produced water vapour, H2, CH4 and NH3

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8
Q

law of superposition

A

states that successive strata(layer in sediment rock) are deposited on top of one another. by looking at the layers you can find its relative age

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9
Q

lamaracks theory

A

an organsim changes throughout its life in order to adapt to its enviroment. those acquired traits are passed on to the off spring

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10
Q

darwins theory

A

organisms adapt to gain a better fitness that is passed on. the organisms that evolved have a better adaptive advantage.

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11
Q

darwin vs lamarack

A

the theories have similar ideas but darwin brought it farther by saying that newer species are more adaptive from evolving from older or extinct

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12
Q

homologous features

A

similar features that originated in a shared ancestor. ex. human arm and bird wing

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13
Q

analogous features

A

serves identitcal function and look similar but have different origins. ex. insects and humans have joint limbs but different ancestors

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14
Q

vestigial structure

A

may have been useful to ancestor but is useless to modern organism that has them. ex. tail bones and hair in humans

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15
Q

co evolution

A

the change of two or more species in close assoiciation with each other

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16
Q

convergent

A

organisms that appear to be very similar but not related at all

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17
Q

divergent evolution

A

two or more related populations or species become more and more disimilar

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18
Q

adaptive radiation

A

a type of divergent evolution where many related species evolve from a single strand ancestorial species

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19
Q

artificial selection

A

when the process of divergence is sped up artificially. ex dog breeding for certain phenotypic characteristics

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20
Q

gene pool

A

the total genetic info available in a population

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21
Q

allele

A

two or more alternate forms of a gene, symbolized by letters.

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22
Q

genotype

A

all the organsims alleles (genetic info) both expressed and hidden

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23
Q

phenotype

A

the visible physical trait of an organsim

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24
Q

phenotypic frequency

A

is equal to the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the tptal # of individuals in a population

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25
varations
caused by mutations, recombination, and random fusion of gametes
26
HArdy weinberg equilibrium
``` no net mutations occur individuals neither enter nor leave the population the population is large individuals mate randomly selection does not occur ```
27
violations of hardy
``` small pop= genetic drift im/emigration = gene flow mutation= mutations non random mating= population structure differential= natural selection ```
28
stabilizing
when individuals with average form of a trait ahve the highest fitness
29
directional
individuals that dislay a more extreme form of trait have greater fitness that individuals with thr average form
30
disruptive
individuals with either extreme variation of that trait have greater fitness than one with average form
31
sexual selection
choosing who to mate with based on certain traits
32
morphology
the internal and external structure and appearance of an organsim
33
biological species concept
a species in a population of an organsim that can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups
34
geographic isolation
the physical separation of members of a populations. results from accident
35
reproductive isolation
results from barriers to successful breeding between population groups in the same area
36
prezygotic isolation`
an isolation that happens before fertilization
37
postzygotic isolation
isolation after fertilization occurs
38
punctual eq
a theory that describe an evolutionary change happening rapidly and in belief geological event in between the long periods of stasis. theory is absed on the stasis in fossil records and when phenotypic evolution occurs
39
aristotles classification
land dwellers, water dwellers, air dwellers
40
linnaeus system of classification
kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species
41
binomial nomencalture
organisms have common and scientific name. humans= Homo sapiens
42
linnaeus system evolved
``` plants= split species into subsets known as varieties. the variety name follows species indicatior animals= referred to as subspecies. the subspecies name follows the identifier ```
43
endotoxin
a poison that is assiociated with the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
44
exotoxin
a poison that is secreted into the enviroment by gram nposivitve bacteria
45
protozoans
animal like, unicellular, heterotrophic,
46
algae
plant like, unicellular, autotrpohic
47
slime mold
fungus like, unicellular, heterotrophic
48
ameoba
unicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, aquatic, cell membrane, motile, protozoa
49
euglena
unicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, acquatic, cell membrane, motile, protozoa, autotrpohic
50
paramecium
unicellular, hetertophic, eukaryotic, acquatic, cell membrane, protozoa, motile
51
archaeabacteria
unicellular, hetero and auto, prokaryotic. Domain: Archaea. found in harsh conditions
52
eubacteria
unicellular, prokaryotic, hetero and auto. Domain: bacteria. found everywhere
53
methogen
get energy by converting h2 and co2 into methane gas. live in anerobic conditions
54
extreme
use salt to generate atp. live in enviroments with high salt concentrations
55
thermacidphiles
live in extremely acidic enviroments
56
habitats of archeabacteria
methogens, extreme, thermacidphiles
57
round
cocci/coccus
58
rod
bacilli/bacillus
59
spiral
spirella/spiral
60
prefixes
``` straphylo= clump strepto= chain diplo= two ```
61
gram negative
contain pink stain due to thin layer of peptoglycan
62
gram positive
contain purple stain due to thick layer of peptoglycan
63
positive uses of bacteria
chemical production produces and processes food breaks down the remains of organic matter in dead plant and animal waste
64
fungi characteristics
eukaryotic, some unicellular (yeast), mostly multicellular, heterotrophic
65
five phyla of fungi
``` molds club fungi sac fungi fungus and plant symbiosis algae and fungi symbiosis ```
66
hyphae
long branching filamnets that contain chitin in their cells walls
67
chitin
a polysaccharide found in the cell walls on fungus and insects
68
mycelium
a mat of hyphae visible to the unaided eye, aborbs nutrients from enviroment
69
mushroom
reproductive structures of asccomycota and basidiomycota
70
spores
a resistant reproductive cell
71
4 types of tropism
gravitropism, phototropism, thigmotropism, and hydrotropism
72
tropism
slower more gradual movement that uses the hormone auxins which result with unequal growth in cell. more permanent
73
nastic
use turgot pressure which can be very rapid. doesnt use hormones
74
thigmonastic
occurs due to the responce of touching or shaking. involves a rapid response such as closing of leaves.
75
nyctinastic
a plants response to the daily cycle of light and dark. involves more gradual change in water pressure.
76
commensalism
one organism benefits the other neither helped nor harmed
77
mutualism
both organisms benefit
78
parasitism
one organism benefits the other is harmed
79
lipid bilayer
produces a barrier that marks the boundaries of a cell

bio 30 (1 decks)

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