Final Exam Flashcards
Describe the key characteristics of Sponges.
- Built around system of tubes and pores that create channels for water currents
- -Regeneration after injury
- Mostly sessile
- Reproduce both Sexually and Asexually
- Suspension feeders
What is a Phylogenetic tree?
- Branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships among various biological species
- Relationships based on similarities and differences in physical or genetic characteristics
How can Cnidaria reproduce asexually?
1) Budding: Grow off original organism
2) Fission: Existing adult splits into 2 individuals
3) Fragmentation: Parts of adult regenerate to form a complete new individual
How do Cnidaria sexually reproduce?
- Gametes released from mouth of polyp or medusa = Fertilization in open water; Eggs hatch into larvae that become part of plankton before settling and developing into a polyp.
How does asexual reproduction work in sponges?
- Totipotent = (Part of body breaks off)
- Produce buds or gemmules which are a packet with several cells inside a protective cover.
what are Bilateria?
Bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their life cycle, have 3 germ layers and a coelom.
What human activity threaten sponges?
Commercial Fishing Trawlers- They get smothered by sediment from activity
Why is biodiversity important in an ecosystem?
Creates Competition between species
-Keeps an ecosystem balanced
When do cells become specialized?
During Embryonic Development
What is one way animal phyla are distinguished from one another?
By the number of germ layers
What are Germ layers?
layers of cells in a developing Embryo that give rise to specialized tissues.
What are the 5 Kingdoms?
- Animalia (Euk.)
- Plantae (Euk.)
- Fungi (Euk.)
- Monera/ Archaea (Bacteria)(Euk.)
- Protista (prokariotic)
Name of a 12-Million year old species in Danger?
-(Why is it in danger?)
Cycad -It became prey of poaching
How are Bogs created?
Bogs were once covered by glaciers and after the ice melted, the landscape was bare. (Ideal Niche) Pioneer plants colonized surface. Trees then took root after soil developed. With time, minerals, decaying matter and clay particles formed a cemented layer- “Clay Pan”. The Clay pan stopped drainage and rainwater started to collect. Sphagnum moss invaded area and the original forest surrendered to moss and rising water table. Acidity went up and eventually rainwater was the only source of nutrients in area. (Nutrient Deficient)
Example of an Indicator Species in Bogs?
Pollen Grains show the history of the bog since they never decay in sphagnum moss.
What is Mycelum?
Fine White threads (roots) attached to mycorrhizal fungi
What are the 2 kinds of forest fires?
Surface fires and Crown Fires
What is the “Fruiting Body” of a fungus?
The Mushroom
What is an “ideal niche”?
It’s a blank canvas- No competition in the place where you are living
Definition of Motile?
Moves very easily
Most common tree along the edge of the ocean?
Sitka Spruce
What kind of tree resists decay with it’s natural oil that also acts as a fungicide?
Western Red Cedar (Thuja Plicata)
Why are fungi the “unsung heroes of the ecosystem”?
- They keep populations in control (Parasitic)
- They supply nutrients to the ecosystem (in some cases)
- They assist trees and plants in getting nutrients (Mycorrhizal)
How and why do some broad leaf trees act deciduously?
Act deciduously in order to conserve more water during the winter season. The winter season= not enough water or light for photosynthesis.
-To do this they seal the spots where the leaves are attached (like a cork) so that no extra nutrients reach the leaves.- the chlorophyll begins to disappear from leaves and other colours begin to emerge from leaves (Red, yellow, orange…) The leaves then eventually fall off the tree. (Senescence)
What is an Example of a parasitic Fungi?
Red Belt Bracket Fungi
- Hard woody shelves on logs and tree trunks
- they live off the heart wood of a tree
- Digest cellulose (made of glucose) in order to get sugars. They live off it until exhausting the food supply
What role doe the cap play on a mushroom?
It keeps the spores dry
What is sphagnum moss? Why is it special?
Sphagnum moss is a genus that has 380 species of mosses that can hold up to 20 times it’s dry weight of water. It has many different layers But only the top layer of moss is alive- it grows on top of the dead layers
- It releases an organic acid (Tanic Acid) that bacteria doesn’t like = no bacteria = No rotting.
- Can preserve a dead body for thousands of years
what is Cordycep fungus? How does it benefit an ecosystem? How does it reproduce?
-It’s a fungus that kills insects then grows out of the dead body of it’s prey
-It’s a mediator of ecosystems (makes sure no species gets ahead of another)
- It reproduces Sexually and Asexually
Each species specializes in a different kind of insect, creating an ideal niche for the genus, meaning no competition in between each other.
What is a Climax Species?
A Climax species thrives in the shade of it’s neighbours.
ex: Western hemlock and sword fern
What is Meiosis and Mitosis?
- Meiosis happens through sexual reproduction (n+n= 2n)
- Mitosis happens through asexual reproduction (n)
What tree is drought resistant and needs heat to release it’s seeds from it’s cones?
Shore pine
What is Canada’s only native broad-leaf evergreen tree?
Arbutus
What is a super important nutrient for fungi?
Chitin (From glucose)
-Building Block
What does Lignin do?
It supports the tissues of vascular plants
-(Cement between bricks)
What are the names for the different layers in a forest?
- Canopy: Crowns
- Under-story: Mid-range (height)
- Herb Layer: Right on the Surface
What is the name of the cone that needs fire (heat) in order for them to open and release it’s seeds?
Serrotonous Cones
What is the Biogeoclamatic Zones?
Classification system for B.C.’s 14 different ecosystems
What is an edaphic zone?
Water shedding zone (hard to live there)
What is a Climax Community?
When the vegetation is constantly replacing itself from within until a disturbance happens.
What are the 3 different roles of fungi in an ecosystem?
1) Demolition Crew- PARASITIC
(Decomposes): takes food from still living plants + animals
2) Recycling Crew- SAPROPHYTIC:
Decays rotten wood, but rotten wood is low in nitrogen so they become carnivorous and eat worms in the wood
3) Building Crew- MYCORRHIZAL
(Mutualistic relationship): keeps plants and trees alive. Forms long thin roots that spread in the soil, bringing back nutrients and water to the trees that they are attached to. In return the fungi take 10-20% of glucose formed by the canopy
Sugar Making energy molecule?
ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate)
-Energy currency of life
What cellular organelle is responsible for respiration?
Mitochondrion
What tree is rot resistant?
Western red cedar
What 2 books had an important influence on Darwin’s thought?
- Alexander Humbolt’s Personal Narrative (popular scientific travelogue)
- John Herchel’s introduction to the study of natural philosophy
What book did Darwin carry around with him?
Principles of Geology by Lyell
Summarize noisy Cuban tree Frogs podcast
Invasive Cuban tree frog landed in Florida- VERY loud and their call is very similar to the native green tree frogs.Green tree frogs upped the volume of their call in competition to the Cuban frogs. Whereas the native Pinewood tree frog does not feel distressed by the Cuban frogs since their call is very different from them.
Theme: Acoustic Competition
What is the lunar society of Birmingham?
Informal club where scientists + Manufactures met once every month on a new moon to discuss technology and other subjects
What kind of fungus is harming strawberry plants?
Botrytis
What is the Pilian Society and what did Darwin realize while being apart of the club?
- Academic club where scientific papers of natural history were read
- Darwin realized the dangers of expressing Blasphemous opinions in science.
Who was Compte G.L.L. de Buffon and the name of his theory?
- French naturalist who recognized the lethal competition for existence- admitted age of earth was greatly under estimated
- Theory called: “Degradation” but had no influence
Who created the theory of Uniformitarianisim?
James Hutton
later developed by Charles Lyell
Who was Darwin’s Grandfather? How could he influence Darwin?
- Eramus Darwin
- Most distinguished English person of evolutionary thought
Who is J.B.A.P. de Monet Lamark? what was the name of his theory?
Created FALSE but influential Escalator Theory
Who is Wallace?
- Family lost it’s money
- Educated himself through public libraries
- -Figured out Theory of natural selection
- Found explanation as to how species evolved
Who is Henslow?
- prof. that gave Darwin the opportunity for the voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle
Who is Malthus?
- Economist
- Wrote an essay on keeping human population in check
- Influenced both Wallace and Darwin (Survival of the fittest) -Natural selection
What is Edinbrugh?
- One of the most intellectual cities in Europe
- Has one of the best schools in the world
- Darwin’s dad put him there to study medicine
Who became society’s image of Scientific perfection?
-Astronomer Herchel
Who is Captain Fitzroy?
- Captain of the H.M.S. Beagle
- Idiot
- Evangelical Christian (crazy)
- opposed everything Darwin stood for
What would be an example of proof of common ancestors?
- Vestigial Structure = Functionless Organs
- Homologous Structures = Similar bones or organs
- Embryo Evidence (humans in embryo stage have gill slits)
Evidence for Evolution?
Similarity of Inhabitants between Cape Verde and Africa
-Divergent Evolution
What is a photic zone?
Ocean surface that is in the zone of light
What is stratified water?
Vertical distribution of water
What is leaching?
Washing away of nutrients
Definition of Mutaphobic
Despises change, supports standing order of things
Definition of Mutaphilliac
Celebrates change and progress
What caused evolution to happen throughout generations?
Selective Breeding (Natural selection)
Name the 3 distinct extinctions:
- K-Pg extinction- Meteor that smashed into earth (dinosaurs)
- P-Tr extinction- killed 92% of species on earth. Volcanoes erupted in Siberia
- The Great Oxygenation event- Everything that lived was single celled. Killed By oxygen. Algae learned how to photosynthesize.
What is a Eukaryote?
Multi-celled organism whose cells have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes
What are Prokaryotes?
Single celled organism that does not have a nucleus, or any other membrane bound organelles.
What has to happen before cell division can occur?
DNA has to replicate
Shape of spirrilla?
Spiral shaped
Shape of bacilli?
Rod Shaped
Shape of Cocci?
Spherical
Building block of Bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
How are Antibiotics being abused?
- Over-prescribed
- Taken Improperly
- Constant Exposure
What is the ancestor of all biotic things on earth?
Bacteria
Where was Canada’s worst E.coli contamination? How did it happen?
- Walkerton, Ontario
- Torrential rains washed bacteria from cow manure into town well, infecting the water
What forms layers in the water?
Density- Warmth (Temp.)
Salinity (Salt or fresh water)
What is Limnology?
The study of fresh water
How has Climate change effected Canada’s drinking water reservoirs?
- Extreme weather events increase flow of pollutants into surface waters
- Extended dry periods cause pollutants to build up on land then an intense rainstorm can wash all into watersheds
- River lows declining causes the water to not move in the lakes which concentrates pollutants in lakes.
Name of toxic algae polluting our drinking water reservoirs? Why is it spreading?
- Blue-Green algae
- Increased temperatures and increased amount of nutrients
What are Stromatolites?
- formed by the growth of layer upon layer of cyanobacteria, a single-celled photosynthesizing microbe
What is Epithelial Tissue?
Sheet-like layers of tightly packed cells that lines an organ or a body surface
What are plankton?
Diverse Collection of organisms that live in the water and are unavailable to swim against a current
Definition of suspension feeders
Obtains food by filtering small particles of small organisms out of water or air
Name of sponge’s nutrient cells?
choanglates
What is selective breeding?
-Choosing who gets to reproduce and who doesn’t. -Evolution by natural selection
