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Human Communication > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Individuals or groups of individuals who come together to achieve certain goals and objectives that are beyond the ability of one individual.

A

Organization

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2
Q

as a field, is the consideration, analysis, and criticism of the role of communication in organizational contexts. Its main function is to inform, persuade and promote goodwill.

A

Organizational communication

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3
Q 
Effective Sharing of Goals. A healthy organization shares its business goals with employees at every level of the organization. ...
Teamwork. Another characteristic is teamwork. ...
High Employee Morale. ...
Offers Training Opportunities. ...
Leadership. ...
Handles Poor Performance. ...
Understanding Risks. ...
Adapts to Opportunities and Changes.
Clearly defined structure 
Well known company policies
A

Key characteristics of organizations

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4
Q

supervisor – subordinate relationships
Coworker relationships
Boundary spanner – works on relationships with people outside of the org.
Org’al culture/climate – studies show that the more _____ the climate, the more _____ the org.

A

Micro level

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5
Q 
Formal communication Informal communication Communication audits
Network analysis
Downward communication 
Upward communication
Horizontal communication
A

Macro level

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6
Q

TV cultivates or creates a worldview, which people believe as the reality

A

Cultivation analysis

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7
Q

how much violence is in a
particular prime time TV program

A

Violence index

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8
Q
  1. TV is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media.
  2. The medium is the “central cultural arm” of American society.
  3. The consciousness cultivated by TV is not only specific attitudes and opinions but also basic assumptions about the “facts” of life.
  4. TV’s major cultural function is to stabilize social patterns, to cultivate resistance to change, and to re-inforce the status quo.
  5. The observable, measurable, independent contributions of TV to the culture are relatively small.
A

Cultural indicator project, which has 5
assumptions

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9
Q

A 4-step process:
A. Message system analysis
Content analyses of TV programming to recurring images, themes, values, and portrayals.
assess
B. Formation of Qs about viewers’ social realities. Ex: The 3 Qs about crime
C. Survey the audience
1. The 3 Qs about crime
2. The amount of TV consumption
D. Comparing the social realities of light and heavy viewers.
“cultivation differential”
Light viewers – less than 2 hours a day Heavy viewers – more than 4 hours a day

A

Cultivation research methods

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10
Q

TV imposing upon us a culturally dominant reality that is more closely aligned with TV’s reality than with any objective reality.

A

Mainstreaming

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11
Q

occurs when viewers see things on TV that are congruent with their own everyday reality.

A

Resonance

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12
Q
  1. Do you believe that most people are just looking out for themselves?
  2. Do you think that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people?
  3. Do you think that most people would take advantage of you if they got the chance?
A

The Mean World Syndrome/Index 3 questions

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13
Q

tendency to avoid certain messages and to
seek out others

A

Selective exposure

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14
Q

We only pay attention to parts of the
message

A

Selective attention

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15
Q

process of selecting certain media
messages while ignoring others

A

Selective perception

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16
Q

We remember only a small portion
media messages

A

Selective retention

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17
Q

form of communication through which institutional sources (often referred to as “the media”) address large, diverse audiences whose members are physically separated from one another

A

Mass communication

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18
Q

A. Source
- Most sources are complex, profit-oriented
organizations rather than a single individual.
B. Receivers
- Receivers are anonymous, dispersed in time and space, and heterogeneous in their interests and background.
C. Channels
- Communication occurs through indirect channels that require specialized encoding and decoding technologies.

A

Characteristics of mass communication

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19
Q

Advertising, which consists of communications attempting to induce purchasing behavior.
Journalism, such as news.
Public relations, which is communication intended to influence public opinion on a product or organization.
Politics (for example, campaigning)

A

Forms of mass communication

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20
Q

Surveillance
- The gathering and dissemination of information.
B. Correlation/Interpretation
- The analysis and evaluation of information.
C. Cultural transmission
- The education and socialization of receivers
D. Entertainment
- The presentation of escapist material that provides
enjoyment and gratification
E. Propaganda and persuasion

A

Functions of mass communication

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21
Q
  • holds that the media have a direct and immediate influence on audience
  • assumes a passive audience - Media Audience
  • Hypodermic Needle Model - Silver Bullet Model
  • Audiences as blank slate - Powerful effects model
A

One-step/Direct effects model (step theories)

22
Q
  1. Who are opinion leaders?
    - Opinion leaders are those who influence others in matters of opinion formation and decision.
    - They are gatekeepers.
  2. What are their characteristics?
    More education
    More money
    Higher social status
    More exposure to the mass media
A

Two-step model (step theories)

23
Q

Media
Audience
Audience🔄

A

Multi-step model (step theories)

24
Q
  • assumes passive/easily manipulated
    audience
  • Receivers are passive and accept media message at face value and unconsciously allow media sources to tell them what to think.
  • Hypodermic needle model
  • Silver bullet model
  • one-step model
A

Media effect: Powerful effects model

25
Q
  • assumes active/obstinate audience
  • looks into what receivers do with messages
  • views audience as active processors of information
    Seeks out information
    Rejects a lot of information
    Interacts with the information within the social system
  • Two-step model and multi-step model
A

Media effect: Limited effects model

26
Q

The media act as a mediator between “the world outside and the picture in our heads

A

Walter Lippmann, 1922

27
Q

The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successfully in telling its readers what to think about

A

Bernard Cohen, 1963

28
Q

the first level Media issue salience

A

Media agenda

29
Q

the second level
Public issue salience

A

Public agenda

30
Q

Agenda-setting effect can only occur when:
1. there is reasonably free and open media
environment.
2. people think the issue is relevant. 3. there is a need for orientation.

A

VICTIMS OF AGENDA-SETTING

31
Q

By calling attention to some matters while ignoring others, TV news influences the standards by which governments, presidents, policies, and candidates for public office are judged.

A

Priming

32
Q
  1. People do not pay attention to everything
    Selective attention
    We form impressions based on a few central themes.
  2. People prefer heuristics – shortcuts and simple rules of thumb
    - information that is most accessible, most convenient.
    - We are cognitive misers.
A

Two conclusions of priming

33
Q

Subtle alternations in the statement or presentation of choice problems.
Ex: fetus vs. unborn child

A

Framing defined

34
Q

Changes in decision outcomes resulting from these alternations.

A

Framing effect

35
Q

Potential gains – people tend to avoid risk Potential losses – people tend to seek risks

A

Framing results/ consequences

36
Q

research that holds that receivers are active and goal oriented. Receivers know what they need and link themselves to certain media to gratify their needs.

A

Uses and gratifications

37
Q
  • Surveillance
  • Correlation/Interpretation - Cultural transmission
  • Entertainment
  • Substitute companionship and create a shared social experience – parasocial relationship
  • Identity and value reinforcement etc.
A

Needs (uses and gratification)

38
Q

way of life developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation. Culture could change and evolve over time.

A

Culture

39
Q
  • norm – established rules for acceptable and appropriate behavior.
  • Roles – sets of norms for specific groups of people.
  • Bind its members together
  • Give its members a sense of commonality
  • It does not mean that you act/think/believe as all others in your cultural group.
  • There are always individual differences.
A

Elements of culture

40
Q

A. Cultures are learned.
B. Cultures are shared.
C. Cultures are multifaceted.
D. Cultures are dynamic.
E. Cultural identities are overlapping.

A

Characteristics of culture

41
Q

Communication between persons of different cultures, between people who have different beliefs, values, or ways of behaving.

A

intercultural communication

42
Q

A. Globalization, the global economy
B. Domestic diversity
C. U.S.immigration D. Technology

A

Why intercultural communication
is important?

43
Q

A. Between cultures
B. Between races
C. Between ethnic groups
D. Between religions
E. F.
Between nations
Between subcultures
- smaller groups living within and interact with the larger majority or dominant culture.
G. Between a subculture and a dominant culture
H. Between genders

A

Forms of intercultural communication

44
Q

the process by which culture is transmitted
from one generation to another

A

Enculturation

45
Q

the process by which a person’s culture is modified through direct contact with or exposure to another culture

A

Acculturation

46
Q

psychological reaction one experiences at being in a culture very different from one’s own

A

Culture shock

47
Q

re-adjustment to one’s home culture after an experience in another culture

A

Reverse culture shock

48
Q

tendency to evaluate the values, beliefs, and behaviors of one’s own culture as being more positive, logical, and natural than those of other cultures

A

Ethnocentrism

49
Q

generalization about a group of people,
objects, or events

A

Stereotyping

50
Q

negative social attitude held by members of one group toward members of another group

A

Prejudices

51
Q
  • coined by Marshall McLuhan in 1964.
  • Technology brings world-wide society. We are all connected. No culture remains isolated.
  • could be predicted by convergence theory, which states that over time as people communicate, they become more similar.
A

Global village

Human Communication (1 decks)

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