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PE 220 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Three main functions of respiratory system

A

Gas Exchange
Acid-base balance
Heat Loss

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2
Q

Major structures of the respiratory system

A

Upper airway and

respiratory tract (Conducting Zone and Respiratory Zone) All passages from pharynx to lungs.

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3
Q

Parts of Upper Airway

A

Nasal and Oral Cavity

Pharynx

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4
Q

Parts of Respiratory tract

A

Conducting Zone (Larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles)

  • Air is humidified and heated/cooled to body temperature
  • Considered dead space
Respiratory Zone (Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli)
-Where gas exchange occurs
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5
Q

Different Pulmonary pressures

A
  • Intra-alveolar pressure
  • Intra-pleural pressure
  • Trans-pulmonary pressure
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6
Q

Describe Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)

A
  • pressure within the alveoli
  • At the end of a normal inspiration, alveoli pressure (Palv) =Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
  • Gradient between Palv and Patm allows for air flow into/out of the lungs
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7
Q

Air flows into the lungs when what is true with pressure

A

Palv (Alveoli pressure) < Patm (atmospheric pressure)

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8
Q

Intra-pleural pressure (Pip)

A

-pressure within the pleural space
-At the end of normal inspiration Pip = -4
(the forces between the chest wall and ribcage pull the two parts of the pleura apart)

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9
Q

Ribcage vs. Lungs

A
  • Ribs want to expands
  • lungs want to collapse
  • The pleura opposes these two forces
  • If the pleura isn’t airtight, the lung collapses and pneumothorax occurs
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10
Q

Trans-pulmonary pressure

A
  • Difference in pressure between the intra-pleural and intra-alveolar pressure
  • pressure across the wall between the alveoli and the pleura
  • Increased trans-pulmonary pressure leads to lung expansion
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11
Q

Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm contracts
  • Chest wall expands
  • Thoracic cavity volume increases
  • decreases intra-pleural pressure
  • lungs fill up with air
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12
Q

Expiration

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes
  • Chest wall contracts
  • Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  • Intra-pleural pressure increases
  • Air leaves lungs
  • **Normally expiration is a passive process
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13
Q

Compliance

A
  • The ability of a vessel to stretch as it fills

* Large compliance means a large change in volume only needs a small change in pressure

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14
Q

Surface Tension

A

-Measure of the work required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount
-High surface tension means more work is required
-Decreases compliance
-SURFACANT decreases surface tension
(surfacant is found in alveoli)

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15
Q

How do you calculate flow?

A

Flow=pressure gradient/resistance

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16
Q

What could be changed in an attempt to maintain flow when resistance is increased?

A

Increase pressure gradient by increasing expiratory muscular effort

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17
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Amount of air that moves in/out of lungs during a normal breath

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18
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Maximum volume of air that can be taken into the lungs AFTER a normal inspiration

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19
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs AFTER a normal expiration

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20
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs AFTER a maximal exhalation

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21
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

Maximal amt of air that can be inspired AFTER a normal inspiration

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22
Q

Functional Reserve Capacity (FRC)

A

Max amt of air that can be exhaled AFTER a normal expiration

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23
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

Maximal amt of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs

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24
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Amt of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration

25
Q

What is Obstructive lung pathology

A
  • Increases airway resistance
  • Overinflates lungs
  • Increases TLC and FRC
  • COPD, asthma, emphysema or chronic bronchitis
26
Q

What is Restrictive lung pathology

A
  • Decreases pulmonary compliance
  • Decreases TLC and VC
  • Pulmonary Fibrosis
27
Q

Calculate how much air we breathe

A

Frequency=Respiratory rate (RR)
Breathe size = Tidal Volume (Vt)

Minute ventilation (Ve) = RR X Vt

28
Q

How do you calculate Resistance

A

Resistance = Pressure/Flow

29
Q

Flow of blood through pulmonary circulation

A 
Right side of heart
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary vein
Left side of heart
Systemic artery
Systemic capillaries
Systemic vein
30
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Pressure exerted by each component in a gaseous mixture is independent of other gases in the mixture

31
Q

Partial Pressures of O2 and CO2

A

O2–
Alveolar–100 mm HG
arterial –100 mm HG
venous–40 mm HG

CO2–Alveolar–40 mm HG
arterial– 40 mm HG
venous–46 mm HG

32
Q

3 main factors that affect alveolar pp of O2 and CO2

A

1-The PO2 and PCO2 of the inspired air
2-Rate of alveolar ventilation
3-Rate of of O2 consumption and CO2 production

33
Q

What will happen to PAO2 and PACO2 if you climb to top of a mountain?

A

Nothing–Assuming ventilation remains constant, since there is essentially no CO2 in the atmosphere, your PACO2 won’t change

34
Q

Hyperpnea

A

An increase in ventilation to meet metabolic demand

35
Q

Hyperventilation

A

An increase in ventilation beyond what is needed for metabolic demand

36
Q

Dyspnea

A

labored or difficult breathing

37
Q

Tachypnea

A

rapid, shallow breathing

38
Q

Apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

39
Q

Hypoventilation

A

ventilation is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body

40
Q

Hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen in the tissues

41
Q

Hypoxemia

A

deficiency of oxygen in the blood

42
Q

hypercapnia

A

excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

43
Q

hypocapnia

A

deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

44
Q

How is oxygen transported in blood

A 
97% bound to hemoglobin
3% dissolved in plasma
Blood O2 content = 
   Amt of O2 bound to hemoglobin +
          Amt of CO02 dissolved in plasma
45
Q

Oxyhemoglobin curve to LEFT

A
  • decreased acidity (increased PH)
  • decreased carbon dioxide
  • decreased temp
  • decreased 2,3 DPG

*Increases infinity of O2 and hemoglobin (easier to load)

46
Q

Oxyhemoglobin curve to RIGHT

A
  • increased acidity (decreased PH)
  • increased carbon dioxide
  • increased temperature
  • increased 2,3 DPG

*decreases affinity of O2 and hemoglobin (easier to unload)

47
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood

A

bicarbonate (89.6%)
dissolved in plasma (5.5%)
bound to hemoglobin (4.9%)

48
Q

Name 2 types of pulmonary chemoreceptors

A

Central and Peripheral

49
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

*located in Medulla

Which chemical factors involved?
*H+ (directly) and CO2 (indirectly
H+ cannot pass blood brain barrier)

50
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

*located in cartoid sinus and aortic arch

Which chemical factors involved?

  • H+, CO2 & O2
  • Oxygen has biggest influence
  • **They stimulate the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors
51
Q

At sea level what drives us to breathe

A

increased CO2

52
Q

Normal PH of arterial blood

A

7.4%

53
Q

Arterial blood PH

A

*normal value is 7.4
*Maintained between 7.38 - 7.42(below 6.8
or above 8.0 can be fatal)
*acidosis – PH below 7.35
*Alkalosis – PH above 7.45

54
Q

How to counteract Carbon dioxide - acidosis

A

-Increase ventilation (blow off CO2)
-Convert CO2 to bicarbonate (alkaline)
-Retain bicarbonate
(increase in CO2 we become acidotic)

55
Q

How to counteract Bicarbonate - alkalosis

A

-Decrease ventilation (retain CO2)
-Convert bicarbonate to CO2 (acidotic)
-Excrete bicarbonate in the urine
(Buildup of bicarbonate we become alkalotic)

56
Q

Structure of ATP

A

3-phosphate groups

1-molecule of adenosine

57
Q

Define metabolism

A

the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in cells

58
Q

How we use ATP to generate energy

A

Energy released when ATP broken down to ADP

PE 220 (1 decks)

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