Final Exam Flashcards
Different peptide linkages require anywhere from ___ to ____ calories per mole
500 to 5000 calories per mole
In terms of the urea cycle, where in the cell does the conversion of ammonia to carbamoyl phosphate and the conversion of carbamoly phophate + ornithine -> citrulline occur?
In the mitochondria
In terms of the urea cycle, the formation of arginosuccinate, formation of arginine and fumarate, and the conversion of arginine into urea and ornithine occur at in the cell?
In the cytoplasm
Where does the formation of urea occur at in the body?
In the Liver
What is the major rate-limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body?
ADP
What are the factors that influence metabolic rate?
Arousal vs sleeping Skeletal muscle Age Testosterone Growth hormone Fever Sleep Malnutrition Cold
What is the best known stimuli for increasing the rate of thyroid stimulating hormone?
Cold
What are the vascular inputs of the Liver?
Portal vein and hepatic artery
What effect does cirrhosis have on blood flow in the liver?
Cirrhosis increases resistance to blood flow
What is the effect of a clot blocking the portal vein or a major branch of the Liver vascular supply?
Blockage of return blog from the spleen and intestines
Increase of capillary pressure in the intestinal wall leads to loss of fluid and eventually death
What could a higher than normal back pressure in hepatic veins lead to?
Ascities (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity)
What are the functions of the liver?
Carb metabolism Fat metabolism Vitamin storage Protein metabolism Formation of coagulation factors Removal or excretion of drugs, hormones and other substances
Stores of glucose as glycogen, conversion of galactose and fructose to glucose, gluconeogenesis and release of stored glucose into the circaultion are all examples of what function of the liver?
carbohydrate metabolism
Oxidation of fatty acids for energy
synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids and lipoproteins
Synthesis of fats from proteins and carbs
Are all examples of what function of the liver?
Fat metabolism
What vitamins does the liver store?
Vitamins A, D and B12
Deamination of amino acids
Formation of urea
Formation of plasma proteins
Interconversions of various amino acids
Are all a part of what funciton of the liver?
Protein metabolism
What coagulation factors are formed in the liver?
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Accelerator globulin
Factors VII, IX, and X
Detoxifies or excretes into the bile: sulfonamides, penicillin, ampicillin and erythromyocin
Excretes excess calcium into the bile
Detoxification and removal of ammonia and ethanol
Are all components of what function of the liver?
Removal or excretion of drugs, hormones and other substances
During Bilirtubin formation all of these steps occur where?
Hb phagocytized by macrophages
Split into globin and heme
Heme ring is opened to free Iron
Heme is transported in the blood by transferrin
Straight chain of pyrrole nuclei is formed
Heme is converted by heme oxygenate into biliverdin
Biliverdin is converted to free (unconjugated) bilirubin
The reticuloendothelial system
What transports heme in the blood?
Transferrin
Heme is converted by heme oxygenate into what?
Biliverdin
How is free bilirubin transported in the blood stream and what is its destination?
Attached to plasma albumin to liver hepatocytes
In bilirubin formation, what happens in the liver?
Free bilirubin is released from plasma albumin within the liver cells and conjugated
In bilirubin formation, Hb is released from damaged red blood cells and enters what system?
Reticuloendothelial system
