Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What was the Indian Act?
A
A legislative document that outlined who would be considered “Indian” and given ‘Indian status’ (excluded Inuit and Metis peoples as well as Indigenous women who married European men)
2
Q
Describe the Treaty Talks (3 points)
A
- A discussion of treaty terms between Indigenous Cheifs and Euro delegates
- Euro’ documented the oral determinations
- treaty documentation leaves out: tone of voice, gestures, and other stuff
3
Q
In what year did confederation occur?
A
1867
4
Q
What 3 provinces came together under Confederation in 1867?
A
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
‘Canada’ (west and east)
5
Q
What area was once considered Canada West and Canada East?
A
Canada West: Ontario
Canada East: Quebec
6
Q
What was the Durham Report?
A
A unification of Canada West and Canada East under a Federal Government
7
Q
Why was the Durham Report created?
A
Used to try and dilute French impact and to create one unified and economically reliant government
8
Q
Who were the two major ‘fathers’ of Confederation?
A
Sir John A MacDonald (Canada West)
Sir George-Étienne Cartier (Canada East) –railway
9
Q
What was considered “Ruperts Land”?
A
Included the land that drains into Hudsons Bay
10
Q
Why was “Ruperts Land” Important?
A
The land was purchased from the Hudsons Bay company by “Canada” to allow
- Western expansion and colonization
- Goods, resources and exports
11
Q
What community resisted Canada’s purchase of “Ruperts Land”?
A
Red River Community (became Winnipeg)
12
Q
What ethnicity was the Red River Community?
A
Indigenous and Métis people
13
Q
Why did Red River ‘rebel’?
A
- Their land was sold without their consent or consultation
2. Surveyors were dividing it based on a new gridded system
14
Q
Who were the Metis?
A
Individuals with Indigenous and French European Heritage (most likely Hudsons Bay Traders)
-Considered themselves neither French nor Indigenous (their own classification)
15
Q
Who was James Ross? (4)
A
- Country Born/Metis from Red River
- Educated at Toronto University
- Saw the treatment of Red River as an opportunity to take a leadership role
- Was Riel’s Chief Justice till he tried to take control
16
Q
How did the Red River Resistance Begin? (1. a,b)
A
Red River stopped the English Canadian Surveyors who were
a. splitting the land based on a different system that negated current land ownership
b. were surveying before the land was purchased
17
Q
Why did Red River Resist the Purchase of their land?
A
They feared English Canadain rule with an opposing cultural and economic implication, and their land was going to be taken from them
18
Q
Who was Louis Reil jr. ?
A
- Red River born Metis
- Lead the Red River Resistance
- Was eventually exiled and then executed
19
Q
What was the Government that Reil established in Red River?
A
Provisional Government (1870)
20
Q
What did Reil’s Provisional Government do?
A
- Presented a united front from Red River to the Canadian Government
- Demanded that Red River have the right to negotiate as a separate entity
21
Q
What are the 3 main ways John A. MacDonals responded to Red River?
A
- Dispatched Commissioners to ‘explain’ the purchase of Rupert’s Land were not accepted due to a lack of power
- Dispatched Military Troop were held by winter weather and could not prevent resistance (at first)
- Dispatched Hudsons Bay Company negotiators Red River refused to negotiate
22
Q
What caused Reil’s English supporters to oppose the Red River Resistance?
A
Reil executed a Canadian Loyalist named Thomas Scott and caused James Ross to break off from the resistance
23
Q
Who was Thomas Scott?
A
An anti-French, anti-Scottish, anti-Indigenous Canadian Loyalist who was executed by Reil and mad a martyr by MacDonald
24
Q
When did the Manitoba Act come into existence?
A
In 1870 as a result of negotiations being made with Red River representatives
25
What did the Manitoba Act entail? (5)
1. Bilingual Institutions
2. Responsible Government
3. Provincehood (Manitoba--very small)
4. Recognition of Land Rights
26
What did Ruperts Land eventually become in 1870?
Northwest Territories
27
How did the Red River Resistance come to an end initially? (4)
1. Canada's military arrived
2. Reil fled into exile (the states)
3. Resistance forced polarizations between Metis and "Canadians" --english
4. The Manitoba Act (1870) was made
28
How many Numbered Treaties were there?
11 Treaties
| counted from 1 in southern Manitoba moving west and then north
29
What are 4 Key points of Canada's Treaty Making?
1. Aboriginal peoples request treaties BEFORE the government was willing to negotiate
2. Both sides were influenced by commercial interest in the fur trade
3. The 'spirit' and 'intent' of the treaties were not properly recorded by government negotiators
4. Once implemented the treaties did not fulfill the aid that was promised (the Queens Generosity)
30
What were the Treaty Motivations of the Canadian Government?
1. A desire for economic development and access to resources, exports, and expansion
2. Fear of American expansion
31
What were Treaty Motivations for Indigenous?
A need to secure livelihood due to decreased Buffalo herds, epidemics and disease, and a fear of starvation that provoked requests for agriculture tools and education
32
What was the main discrepancy between Indigenous and governmental treaty records?
1. Indigenous believed the treaties outlined a Sharing of the land that allowed them to remain there with aid
2. Government believed they were taking the land, though the treaties did not explicitly mention such
33
Who was Big Bear?
An Indigenous Chief who petitioned the government for treaty negotiations to aid his people who were starving from a lack of buffalo
34
What treaty was Big Bear involved in?
Treaty 6
35
What entailed Big Bear's involvement with Treaty 6?
1. He was excluded by the treaty commisioner and refused to sign until the treaty showed success for other groups
2. Eventually was forced to sign bc his people were starving
3. Lead the mission to have treaties implemented fairly when the government failed to live up to the negotiated terms
36
When was the last treaty (of the numbered treaties) negotiated?
1879
37
What was the state of Indigenous communities before, during, and after the numbered treaty negotiations?
1. Famine on the prairies
2. sickness and starvation
3. the ration house chose who would eat and who wouldn't
4. not enough food to fulfill the aid stipulated in treaties
38
When did BC become Canada's 6th Province?
1871
39
When was Treaty Six Negotiated?
1876
40
How did the Numbered treaties differ from the contexts created by the Fur Trade? (3)
1. The treaties were not sealed by marriage like in the past
2. The treaties were outlined based on annuities and promised 'goodwill'
3. The treaties annuities were understood by Indigenous to be a chance to re-negotiated (which never happened)
41
How did the Indian Act classify Indigenous people?
1. considered them wards of the state
| 2. was developed with assimilation in mind and without the knowledge of the Indigenous population
42
Which 7 provinces were under Confederate Canada in 1873?
Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI, Manitoba, and British Columbia
43
How did Cartier respond ti BC's request for a Wagon Train?
Promised a railway by 1881 connecting BC to the east
44
How did John A. MacDonald get elected in 1872?
Through around money and was sponsored by Hugh Allan who would get rich off of the CPR
45
When did PEI join Canada?
1873
46
What was the Pacific Scandal?
MacDonald was conspiring with Hugh Allan for funding and was drinking heavily
47
What are the key points of the Pacific Scandal
1. MacDonald throws up during provincial debates due to alcohol
2. House of Commons loses confidence in MacDonald and votes him out of the house
48
When was the early Depression in Canada?
1874-1878
49
Who was in power during the early Depression?
Alexander Mackenzie
50
During the Depression what was MacDonald doing?
Attempting to rally support for Tariffs over free trade, calling it a "National Policy"
51
What was the "National Policy"?
MacDonald advertised Tariffs as a National Policy to benefit Canadian businesses who were struggling during the depression
52
Who did the National Policy actual benefit?
Benefited manufacturers and not workers allowing raised prices due to a lack of competitors
53
How long did MacDonald say Tariffs would last? and how long did they actually?
MacDonald said 10 years
| They lasted 110 years
54
What did the National Policy cause? (4)
1. Growth for newly established sectors
2. An opening for Canadian goods to fill the need left by absent American manufactures
3. Areas of import monopolized on growth and manufacturing (Toronto and Quebec)
4. Companies merged instead of competing so prices could stay raised
55
What does the Pacific Scandal show about Canada's politics and economy?
Depicts how private dealings seeped into political interests (especially relating to the railway)
56
What was the CPR?
Canadian Pacific Railway
57
What did Railway construction rely on?
1. Immigration and Chinese labour
| 2. Contracts made with rich benefactors (Governmental dealings being manipulated)
58
When was the CPR finally completed?
1885
59
What were the repercussions of the National Policy? (4)
1. Created an uneven distribution of wealth and growth
2. created jobs that sucked but at least there were jobs
3. alienated the maritime provinces who had less access to raw materials
4. prevented western manufacturers from exporting their goods because they did not have easy access to eastern Canada
60
When did the Northwest Rebellion occur and who participated?
1885
| Metis
61
Why did the Metis rebel in the Northwest Rebellion?
After the Red River Resistance, Metis moved west but could not own their own land because of Government and were being excluded
62
What caused the Indigenous Rebellion at the same time as the Northwest Rebellion?
Reserves lost over 50% of their population due to starvation and disease caused by the withholding of rations and medicines that should have been given based on the treaties
63
How did the Government try to coerce indigenous people into submission causing them to rebel?
Withheld rations and medicines despite treaty agreements
64
What request did the Government refuse despite the treaties?
A desire to construct reserves side by side in order to create a larger aboriginal community -- Government wanted to assimilate so they pushed the Cree north
65
What happened to Reil after Red River when he was exiled
He lost his reality
- adopted the name David (like king David)
- spent time in asylums
66
Where did the Metis of Red River move to after they were removed?
Alberta's white settlements because they were unable to own land (river lots) cause the government is a dick
67
How did Reil fail to raise the Northwest Rebellion?
1. He did not have the backing of the clergy
2. The Canadian Government was quite in charge of everything at this point (no longer distant lands)
3. The troops could easily prevent rebellion as their was no weather to impede them
68
When did the Northwest Rebellion officially start and what was demanded?
in 1885 Reil demanded Fort Carlton and declared a provincial government
69
What was going on at Frog Lake? (Big Bear's reserve)
1. The reserve was overrun with Indian Affairs and Police Figures
2. Officials were trading food for sexual favors and people were starving
70
How did the Northwest Rebellion affect the Indigenous rebellion?
Hearing about the Metis gave the Indigenous confidence to rebel (the media painted it as a planned even between the Metis and Indigenous)
71
How many days did the Northwest Rebellion last?
3 days, and concluded with the troops weaponry (Gattling Gun) beating out the Metis
72
What was the Frog Lake Massacre?
The Frog lake reserve rebelled due to starvation and crappy treatment, 9 people died and Big Bear and his followers were on the run for 2 months before Big Bear surrendered to save his people/
73
Who was hanged at Fort Balloford?
Big Bear and Poundmaker
74
What happened to Reil?
He was charged and hanged despite pleas for his insanity
75
Explain, "The classes and the masses"
Classes refers to the Elite
| Masses refers to the Working Class citizens
76
What was worse in cities and who benefited from increased urbanization?
Poverty was worse and more prominent within cities
| Failed farmers were able to earn wages and find a living in cities
77
What were the two Major Canadian cities during urbanization and industrialization?
Toronto and Montreal
78
What city became the center of trade, transportation, and manufacturing?
Montreal, as money flowed from the Maritimes because their corporations merged due to Tariffs and an inaccessibility of resources
79
Who was Hilda Blake?
A migrant child who was forced into child labour for a farming family under the ideology of refuge
She then became a domestic servant and was having an affair with her employer, at which pint she shot his wife
She had the sympathies of many because of the situations she had been forced into
She was then executed; the only women in Manitoba that was ever hanged
80
Describe 4 points about Child Labour in Industrial Canadian Society.
1. Child Labour was integral to the family economy and for company sustainability
2. Children worked on farms, collecting scrap metal, in mines, in factories, etc.
3. Female children were treated as lesser because they could not go to work like boys
4. Their work was harsh, relentless and physical
81
What was the Ideal Cult of Domesticity?
1. Married men earned incomes (a family wage)
| 2. Wives maintain the home and care for the children
82
Name some of the problems with the Cult of Domesticity?
- Men could not earn enough to support their families
- It was essentially an excuse to pay working women less
- undercut female employment because it threatened male workers
- women had no choice but to work for fewer wages
83
What was the "Craft Union"?
- An early form of 'union'
- created to help protect the male wage
- made up of carpenters, shoemakers, printers, etc.
- were considered "skilled workers" -- but skill was a socially constructed idea because jobs were deskilled
84
Describe " common labourors"
- workers who were paid as cheaply as possibly, with no security and horrible working conditions
eg. Chinees workers that were fundamental to the CPR
85
What was the "Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labour"?
1. there Union, unlike craft unions
2. Open to ALL workers regardless of skill, trade, gender or race
3. Was created for women and African Canadian
4. Can be considered a class movement of working class individuals
86
Who did the National Policy Benefit?
High-Class individuals, industry and company owners
87
What was Canada's second industrial revolution built on?
Electricity and immigrants
88
How did the Praire economy drive Canada's economic growth in the early 20th C ?
1. Prairie wheat exports increased 600% and accounted for half of Canada's exports
2. Immigrant farmers were key to wheat production and thus growth
89
What was the "Dominion Lands Act"?
Ruperts Land and the Prairies were surveyed into square segments and township
- people were able to build a house and live there for 3 years in order to own the land (politicians want immigrants)
90
What was Clifford Sifton up to?
1. Was prepared to take eastern Europeans
2. Advertised for immigration
3. Wanted experienced farmers
4. Discouraged city immigrants (immigration agents asked questions only farmers could answer)
5. Believed in the assimilation of immigrants
91
Define "Nativism"?
Discrimination against new-comers, the rise of immigration and standards that preferred British and Canada and disliked people based on their distance from Britian
92
We Were Children
Two Elders recount their experiences with residential schools including:
- loss of culture
- physical, mental and sexual abuse
- malnutrition
- students rebelling and running away
- the schools affecting students even after they were 'released' (contemplating suicide)
93
What caused the stock market to crash? (1929)
The over production of exports that caused prices to decrease significantly -- which was partially caused by Tariffs and unemployment
94
What cause recessions?
Capitalism, when products are produced and no one wants to consume them
Farmers having to make more to make the same due to lower prices
95
Who was hit most heavily during the recession/great depression?
The west, especially the farmers
96
Who was the Prime Minister during the Great Depression and what party was he?
Richard Bedford Bennet
- conservative
- 1930-35
97
What was Prime Minister Bennet's solution to the Great Depression?
Raising the protective Tariffs higher
| he believed in the pull yourself up by you bootstraps mentality
98
Who won in the 1930's election?
Conservatives, Richard Bedford Bennet
99
Describe Relief for workers during the depression (4)
1. Workers that received relief had to publicly admit they were destitute and be judged by their neighbors
2. Any relief was exponentially lower than the worst paying job
3. The mentality of personal responsibility to a collective responsibility began to arise
4. Immigrants that applied for relief were ignored and sometimes deported
100
How did Bennet try and deal with the numerous young and unmarried?
Relief Camps
101
Why did Bennet create Relief Camps?
There was a fear of the large group of young people who were unmarried and without work o
102
What were the main components of Relief Camps?
1. Men were given shelter and labour that was removed from the cities
2. They built roads or planted trees
3. Work was voluntary
4. The camps were in the north and in the bush
103
Where did the workers for the On-to-Ottawa Trek come from?
The relief camps in BC, a strike
104
What instigated the Regina Riot
The On-to-Ottawa Trek and a response to the trekkers
| strike for government response to the depression
105
What party emerged during the Depression Era
CCF -- Cooperative Commonwealth Federation
106
What is the CCF
A depression era party, Cooperative Commonwealth Federation
107
What was the CCF's agenda?
1. Social focus and economic reform
2. Goal was to help Canadians cause de depression
3. vow to destroy capitalism
108
What was the first social government riding in Saskatchewan?
1944, CCF party (Tommy Douglas)
109
Discuss Makenzie King and Hitler?
King tried to avert war by appeasing Hitler (and Mousilini)
| -- preferred fascism to communism
110
When did Canada declare war?
A week after France and Britian (1939)
111
How did Canada mainly contribute to World War Two?
Canada served as a training ground and production centers for the war -- arming and feeding Britain
112
What was the "British Commonwealth Air Training Plan"?
Trained pilots and crews from Britain, New Zeland, Australia
113
In the late 1940's who won the debate about Britain's decision to continue fighting in the war?
Churchill advocated to 'fight till the last' and won the debate to not surrender to Hitler
114
What was the fallout of America entering the war?
1. Canada passes from being Britain's only ally to an in between figure
2. Canada developed an intimate relationship with the Americans
115
What social change ocured for women in response to world war 2?
1. women were able to contribute to the workforce as male jobs suddenly became available
2. The government provides the needs that supported female working -- daycare etc.
116
Discuss Japanese internment during World War Two.
1. Property was confiscated and auctioned off
| 2. Japanese Canadians were seen as the enemy
117
When was WwII consription introduced?
1944 and it had no effect on winning the war
118
In what year did Canadians become citizens and not British Subjects?
1946- and it was symbolic of Canada losing its Colonial Ties during ww2
119
What did French-speaking Quebecers call themselves?
Quebecois
120
What did Francophones demand?
Recognition of their language within the government
121
Who was Maurice Duplessis?
A Conservative Government guy whose government favoured private enterprises
122
Who was Maurice Duplessis tied to?
The Church (because if they paid for public things then he did not have too)
123
Before changes made by Jean Lassage, what did the Church control in Quebec?
The Church owned schools, hospitals, social services (which meant the government didnt have to pay)
124
What was Maurice Duplessis government notorious for?
Being corrupt
Allowing the church to do whatever it wanted
Giving Quebec resources to the states
125
What government was Jean Lassage under and what was his legacy?
Liberal, and he brought rapid change to Quebec
126
What did Jean Lassage and the liberal government do?
1. Ended corruption with the private sphere
2. Established a ministry of Education away from the church
3. Cultural reform to help Quebec develop its own nationalization
127
What happened as a result of Jean Lassage and the liberal government changes?
1. Quebec attitudes and values changed
| 2. The middle-class benefitted from the reforms (which they also supported)
128
What happened in Quebec in 1967 that pissed off the Canadian Government?
French President Ch. De Gaulle visited Canada and shouted "FREE QUEBEC" from a balcony
129
Why did the government respond negatively to French President's "Free Quebec" shouts?
- it suggested that Quebec wasn't free
| - put pressure on Quebec becoming a separate entity
130
What did Trudeau suggest about Indigenous rights?
That rights belonged to the individual and not the collective and an indigenous nationalism would be bad
131
Why was Trudeau so popular in the 1968 elections?
1. He had the support of Quebec because he was french
| 2. He had support of the English because he could stand up to Quebec nationalism and he had the "cool" persona
132
What was the growing Marxist and socialst movement in Quebec?
Front de Libêration du Québec
133
What was the FLQ?
The Front de Libêration du Québec, a left-wing movement
134
How did the FLQ work to achieve its goals?
Through terrorism and the bombing of buildings and robbery of banks
135
What was the goal of the FLQ?
To create an independent socialist Quebec
136
What was Trudeau's reaction to the FLQ?
He sent in 8,000 troops to keep 'law and order'
137
What did Trudeau implement in 1970 in reaction to the FLQ?
The war measures act
138
What did the war measures act do?
Suspended all civil rights in the province of Quebec
| -individuals under suspicion could be held for 3 weeks without any charges
139
Why did Trudeau send troops to Quebec and implement the war measures act?
As a sign of strength against the FLQ (it was sort of an overreation)
140
What party was started in 1967 and won control of Quebec in 1976?
Parti de Quebecois
141
What did the Parti de Quebecois promise?
1. Nationalism ideology
| 2. A referendum (not independence)
142
What was Bill 101?
A bill adopted by the Parti de Quebecois
- established Quebec as Francophone
- All signs had to be French
143
In what year was the Consitution Repatriated?
1982, and it made Canada's constitution a Canadain Consitution and not a British Document
144
What was the Niche Lake Report?
A document that agreed that Quebec would be a separate entity, but had to be agreed upon unanimously
145
What were the arguments made against Niche Lake Report?
That is ignored concerns of women, northerners and indigenous
146
Who opposed the Niche Lake Report?
Elijah Harper, a Cree NDP from Manitoba, because it ignored the rights of Canadian Aboriginals
147
What did the Indian Act (Indigenous Act) stipulate must happen for Indigenous individuals to become Canadain?
They must give up their status as Indigenous to become Canadian
148
What was the Hawthorn Report?
An Inquiry into the position of Indigenous people in Canada
149
What did the Hawthorn Report outline?
1. Indigenous people were the lowest economically in Canadain Society
2. It suggested that Indigenous people should be treated as citizens and as founders of Canada
150
What did Trudeau implement in the 1970's in reaction to the Hawthorn Report?
White Paper
151
What was the White Paper
A document that stipulated the Indian Act should be destroyed and that the aboriginals of Canada should be treated as any other citizens
152
What was White Paper based on?
The idea that being treated as a collective caused Aboriginal's to be treated as lesser citisens, and it was the treatment of the law that caused the problem
153
What was the reaction to White Paper (by Canadian Aboriginals)?
NO
| because the treaties havent been fulfilled in the first place and it threatened indigenous culture further
154
Why was White Paper important for the Indigenous?
It allowed indigenous politilization and opened up discussions about indigenous rights and treatment
155
What Paper did Aboriginal leaders of Alberta respond to the "White Paper" with?
The "Red Paper"
156
What did the Red Paper Stipulate?
that the Canadian government must provide economic and social stability before the Indian Acr could be abolished
157
Where did the word "First Nations" come from?
The Red Paper, as a political move that insinuated the indigenous as participants in politics and constitutional talks
158
When did the Oka Standoff occur?
1990 -- also known as the Oka crisis
159
What started the Oka Crisis?
1. Prolonged issues starting in the 1700's after Mowhawk territories were being invaded
2. In 1990 Oka golf course was clearing land that Mowhawk saw as theirs -- it was a cemetery
160
How did Mowhawk respond to the Oka golf courses expansion?
Set up a blockade on their land for 11 weeks before Government invovment
161
How did the Government respond to the Oka Criss?
1. After 11 weeks they sent in military
2. The used shock grenades and cut of Mowhawk food supplies
3. Refused to negotiate during crisis or after crisis
162
When did the Boer war break out?
1899
163
What was Quebec's reaction to the Boer war?
Sympathy for the Boers
164
Who was Henri Bourassa?
A Quebec politician during the Boer war
165
What did Henri Bourassa argue in response to the Boer war?
1. Argued that French Canada was loyal to the British Empire and thus Canada had the responsibility to defend itself
2. Canada can best serve Canada by serving itself
