Final Exam Flashcards
What was the Indian Act?
A legislative document that outlined who would be considered “Indian” and given ‘Indian status’ (excluded Inuit and Metis peoples as well as Indigenous women who married European men)
Describe the Treaty Talks (3 points)
- A discussion of treaty terms between Indigenous Cheifs and Euro delegates
- Euro’ documented the oral determinations
- treaty documentation leaves out: tone of voice, gestures, and other stuff
In what year did confederation occur?
1867
What 3 provinces came together under Confederation in 1867?
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
‘Canada’ (west and east)
What area was once considered Canada West and Canada East?
Canada West: Ontario
Canada East: Quebec
What was the Durham Report?
A unification of Canada West and Canada East under a Federal Government
Why was the Durham Report created?
Used to try and dilute French impact and to create one unified and economically reliant government
Who were the two major ‘fathers’ of Confederation?
Sir John A MacDonald (Canada West)
Sir George-Étienne Cartier (Canada East) –railway
What was considered “Ruperts Land”?
Included the land that drains into Hudsons Bay
Why was “Ruperts Land” Important?
The land was purchased from the Hudsons Bay company by “Canada” to allow
- Western expansion and colonization
- Goods, resources and exports
What community resisted Canada’s purchase of “Ruperts Land”?
Red River Community (became Winnipeg)
What ethnicity was the Red River Community?
Indigenous and Métis people
Why did Red River ‘rebel’?
- Their land was sold without their consent or consultation
2. Surveyors were dividing it based on a new gridded system
Who were the Metis?
Individuals with Indigenous and French European Heritage (most likely Hudsons Bay Traders)
-Considered themselves neither French nor Indigenous (their own classification)
Who was James Ross? (4)
- Country Born/Metis from Red River
- Educated at Toronto University
- Saw the treatment of Red River as an opportunity to take a leadership role
- Was Riel’s Chief Justice till he tried to take control
How did the Red River Resistance Begin? (1. a,b)
Red River stopped the English Canadian Surveyors who were
a. splitting the land based on a different system that negated current land ownership
b. were surveying before the land was purchased
Why did Red River Resist the Purchase of their land?
They feared English Canadain rule with an opposing cultural and economic implication, and their land was going to be taken from them
Who was Louis Reil jr. ?
- Red River born Metis
- Lead the Red River Resistance
- Was eventually exiled and then executed
What was the Government that Reil established in Red River?
Provisional Government (1870)
What did Reil’s Provisional Government do?
- Presented a united front from Red River to the Canadian Government
- Demanded that Red River have the right to negotiate as a separate entity
What are the 3 main ways John A. MacDonals responded to Red River?
- Dispatched Commissioners to ‘explain’ the purchase of Rupert’s Land were not accepted due to a lack of power
- Dispatched Military Troop were held by winter weather and could not prevent resistance (at first)
- Dispatched Hudsons Bay Company negotiators Red River refused to negotiate
What caused Reil’s English supporters to oppose the Red River Resistance?
Reil executed a Canadian Loyalist named Thomas Scott and caused James Ross to break off from the resistance
Who was Thomas Scott?
An anti-French, anti-Scottish, anti-Indigenous Canadian Loyalist who was executed by Reil and mad a martyr by MacDonald
When did the Manitoba Act come into existence?
In 1870 as a result of negotiations being made with Red River representatives
What did the Manitoba Act entail? (5)
- Bilingual Institutions
- Responsible Government
- Provincehood (Manitoba–very small)
- Recognition of Land Rights
What did Ruperts Land eventually become in 1870?
Northwest Territories
How did the Red River Resistance come to an end initially? (4)
- Canada’s military arrived
- Reil fled into exile (the states)
- Resistance forced polarizations between Metis and “Canadians” –english
- The Manitoba Act (1870) was made
How many Numbered Treaties were there?
11 Treaties
counted from 1 in southern Manitoba moving west and then north
What are 4 Key points of Canada’s Treaty Making?
- Aboriginal peoples request treaties BEFORE the government was willing to negotiate
- Both sides were influenced by commercial interest in the fur trade
- The ‘spirit’ and ‘intent’ of the treaties were not properly recorded by government negotiators
- Once implemented the treaties did not fulfill the aid that was promised (the Queens Generosity)
What were the Treaty Motivations of the Canadian Government?
- A desire for economic development and access to resources, exports, and expansion
- Fear of American expansion
What were Treaty Motivations for Indigenous?
A need to secure livelihood due to decreased Buffalo herds, epidemics and disease, and a fear of starvation that provoked requests for agriculture tools and education
What was the main discrepancy between Indigenous and governmental treaty records?
- Indigenous believed the treaties outlined a Sharing of the land that allowed them to remain there with aid
- Government believed they were taking the land, though the treaties did not explicitly mention such
Who was Big Bear?
An Indigenous Chief who petitioned the government for treaty negotiations to aid his people who were starving from a lack of buffalo
What treaty was Big Bear involved in?
Treaty 6
What entailed Big Bear’s involvement with Treaty 6?
- He was excluded by the treaty commisioner and refused to sign until the treaty showed success for other groups
- Eventually was forced to sign bc his people were starving
- Lead the mission to have treaties implemented fairly when the government failed to live up to the negotiated terms
When was the last treaty (of the numbered treaties) negotiated?
1879
What was the state of Indigenous communities before, during, and after the numbered treaty negotiations?
- Famine on the prairies
- sickness and starvation
- the ration house chose who would eat and who wouldn’t
- not enough food to fulfill the aid stipulated in treaties
When did BC become Canada’s 6th Province?
1871
When was Treaty Six Negotiated?
1876
How did the Numbered treaties differ from the contexts created by the Fur Trade? (3)
- The treaties were not sealed by marriage like in the past
- The treaties were outlined based on annuities and promised ‘goodwill’
- The treaties annuities were understood by Indigenous to be a chance to re-negotiated (which never happened)
How did the Indian Act classify Indigenous people?
- considered them wards of the state
2. was developed with assimilation in mind and without the knowledge of the Indigenous population
Which 7 provinces were under Confederate Canada in 1873?
Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI, Manitoba, and British Columbia
How did Cartier respond ti BC’s request for a Wagon Train?
Promised a railway by 1881 connecting BC to the east
How did John A. MacDonald get elected in 1872?
Through around money and was sponsored by Hugh Allan who would get rich off of the CPR
When did PEI join Canada?
1873
What was the Pacific Scandal?
MacDonald was conspiring with Hugh Allan for funding and was drinking heavily
What are the key points of the Pacific Scandal
- MacDonald throws up during provincial debates due to alcohol
- House of Commons loses confidence in MacDonald and votes him out of the house
When was the early Depression in Canada?
1874-1878
Who was in power during the early Depression?
Alexander Mackenzie
During the Depression what was MacDonald doing?
Attempting to rally support for Tariffs over free trade, calling it a “National Policy”
What was the “National Policy”?
MacDonald advertised Tariffs as a National Policy to benefit Canadian businesses who were struggling during the depression
Who did the National Policy actual benefit?
Benefited manufacturers and not workers allowing raised prices due to a lack of competitors
How long did MacDonald say Tariffs would last? and how long did they actually?
MacDonald said 10 years
They lasted 110 years
What did the National Policy cause? (4)
- Growth for newly established sectors
- An opening for Canadian goods to fill the need left by absent American manufactures
- Areas of import monopolized on growth and manufacturing (Toronto and Quebec)
- Companies merged instead of competing so prices could stay raised
What does the Pacific Scandal show about Canada’s politics and economy?
Depicts how private dealings seeped into political interests (especially relating to the railway)
What was the CPR?
Canadian Pacific Railway
What did Railway construction rely on?
- Immigration and Chinese labour
2. Contracts made with rich benefactors (Governmental dealings being manipulated)
When was the CPR finally completed?
1885
What were the repercussions of the National Policy? (4)
- Created an uneven distribution of wealth and growth
- created jobs that sucked but at least there were jobs
- alienated the maritime provinces who had less access to raw materials
- prevented western manufacturers from exporting their goods because they did not have easy access to eastern Canada
When did the Northwest Rebellion occur and who participated?
1885
Metis
Why did the Metis rebel in the Northwest Rebellion?
After the Red River Resistance, Metis moved west but could not own their own land because of Government and were being excluded
What caused the Indigenous Rebellion at the same time as the Northwest Rebellion?
Reserves lost over 50% of their population due to starvation and disease caused by the withholding of rations and medicines that should have been given based on the treaties
How did the Government try to coerce indigenous people into submission causing them to rebel?
Withheld rations and medicines despite treaty agreements
What request did the Government refuse despite the treaties?
A desire to construct reserves side by side in order to create a larger aboriginal community – Government wanted to assimilate so they pushed the Cree north
What happened to Reil after Red River when he was exiled
He lost his reality
- adopted the name David (like king David)
- spent time in asylums
Where did the Metis of Red River move to after they were removed?
Alberta’s white settlements because they were unable to own land (river lots) cause the government is a dick
