Final Exam!!!! Flashcards
What revealed certain weaknesses in US response system?
- September 11th attacks 2. 2001 Anthrax attacks
3. poor response to Hurricane Katrina
How many levels of govt. were prompted to initiate evaluations to improve response procedures & protocols?
all
Post 9/11 response: the new focus was on the protection of..?
1st responders
In 2005, the fed gov updated the FRP, which finally became the….?
NRF
NIMS definition:
“Consistent nation-wide approach for federal, state, & local governments to work effectively & efficiently to prepare for, respond to, & recover from domestic incidents, regardless of cause, size, or complexity”
After Hurricane Katrina, NRF changed itself to be more….? When was it released again?
- concise
- January 2008
New NRF four goals.?
1) Unify crisis; integrate all existing federal emergency response plans into a single document (NRF)
2) Provide compatibility among federal, state, & local capabilities (NIMS)
3) Enhance response; preparedness capabilities of 1st responders by providing extensive funding for equipment, training, planning
4) Integrate the private sector; responsibilities in order to increase resources on hand
7 DHS/FEMA Responsibilities
1) Help to ensure the preparedness of emergency response providers for terrorist attacks, major disasters
2) Establish standards, training, evaluate performance, provide funds in relation to the Nuclear Incident Response Team
3) Provide the federal government’s response to terrorist attacks, major disasters
4) Aid the recovery from terrorist attacks, major disasters
5) Work with other federal; non-federal agencies to build a comprehensive national incident management system
6) Consolidate existing fed govt. emergency response plans into a single, coordinated national response plan
7) Develop comprehensive programs for developing communications technology; ensure that emergency response providers acquire technology
Other agencies transferred to FEMA?
- The Integrated Hazard Information System of NOAA (renamed FIRESAT)
- The National Domestic Preparedness Office of the FBI
- The Domestic Emergency Support Teams of DOJ
- The Office of Emergency Preparedness, the National Disaster Medical System, & the Metropolitan Medical Response System of HHS
- The Strategic National Stockpile of HHS
Who are the ones that usually respond to disasters?
Local police, fire & emergency medical
Local police, fire & emergency medical have the jobs of:
- Rescue & attend to victims
- Suppress fires
- Secure & police the disaster area
- Begin the process of restoring order
1st responders have a routine of dealing with disasters:
- Secure scene & maintain order
- Rescue & treat injured
- Contain & suppress fire or hazardous conditions 4.Retrieve the dead
When communities in the US have developed community-wide emergency plans, this is mandated by the
Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
1st Responder Funding Areas
- Planning
- Equipment
- Training
- Exercises
First Responder Roles &
Responsibilities for Terrorism
• Protect lives/safety of citizens/other 1st responders
• Isolate, contain, and/or limit the spread of any cyber
• ID the type of agent and/or devices used
• establish control zones for the suspected agent used
• Ensure 1st responders properly follow protocol; have appropriate protective equipment
• ID the most appropriate decontamination/treatment for victims
• Establish victim services
• Notify emergency personnel, including med facilities, of dangers/anticipated casualties
• Notify appropriate state &federal agencies
• timely public info
• Preserve as much evidence as possible
• Protect critical infrastructure
• Oversee fatality management
-enhance EMS
• Protect property and environment
Full-time emergency managers are becoming more or less common?
more
As of 2008 the fed govt. has spent more than___ on 1st responders since 9/11
16 billion
FEMA is responsible for facilitating funding programs under the
HSGP
In 2005, Congress decided what would be used to determine funding levels?
risk factors
When the size of a disaster/incident is too large for local response capabilities, local officials will turn to the
governor/state
Each state/territory has 2 things…
emergency management system & a state Office of Emergency Management (OEM)
Funding for state is used to do 3 things:
- Hire staff
- Conduct training & exercises
- Purchase equipment
Response capabilities & capacities are strongest in states that
experience the highest levels of annual disaster activity
Who is the principal resource available to governors in responding to a disaster event in their state?
National Guard Adjutants General(TAG)
If the disaster/incident response needs exceed the capabilities of the state what may have occurred
incident of national significance
NVOAD is used for what?
volunteering
DHS is heavily involved in?
volunteer programs
FEMA functions:
Coordinates with local/state 1st responders to manage disasters, & to recover from their effects
• Administers the Disaster Relief Fund
• Administers the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
• Continues training & responsibilities of the USFA
• Continues to offer mitigation grant programs including the
Hazards Mitigation Grant Program, the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program & the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program
• Administers the Citizen Corps Program
NDPO functions
• Serves as a single program & policy office for WMD
• Coordinates the establishment of training curriculum &
standards for first responder training
• Facilitates the efforts of the federal govt. to provide the
responder community with detection, protection, analysis, & decontamination equipment necessary to prepare for, & respond to, an incident involving WMD
• Provides state & local governments with the resources & expertise necessary to design, conduct, & evaluate exercise scenarios involving WMD
• Communicates information to the state & local emergency response community
DEST function
DEST is an interagency team of experts that operates on a stand-by basis & which can be quickly mobilized
• Falls under DHS, but is led by the FBI to provide an on- scene commander (the Special Agent in Charge) with advice & guidance in situations involving WMDs or other significant domestic threats
• Guidance ranges from information management & communications support to instructions on how to best respond to WMDs
• Has no permanent staff at DHS, the FBI, or at any other federal agency
OEP oversees?
the emergency management functions of mitigation, preparedness, response & recovery with all agencies & organizations that carry out health or medical services
The National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) establishes:
Establishes a single integrated national medical response capability for assisting state & local authorities in dealing with the medical & health effects of major peacetime disasters
The National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) provides:
Provides support to the military & the Department of Veterans Affairs medical systems in caring for casualties evacuated back to the U.S. from overseas armed conventional conflicts
NDMS units include:
- Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs)
- Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORTs)
- International Medical Surgical Teams (IMSURT) (can deploy both domestically and internationally)
- Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMATs)
Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) functions:
- Capable of providing initial, on-site, emergency health & medical services following a terrorist incident involving a WMD
- Can provide emergency medical services, decontamination of victims, mental health services
- Plans for the disposition of non-survivors & plans for the forward movement of patients to regional health care facilities, as appropriate
- Coordinates WMD response of fire, EMS, HAZMAT, & public, private & mental health communities
The Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) provides:
Provides a re-supply of large quantities of essential medical materiel to states & communities during an emergency within 12 hours of the federal decision to deploy
Urban Search & Rescue (USAR) involves:
• Involves the location, rescue(extrication), & initial medical stabilization of victims trapped in confined spaces
What is the most often cause of victims being trapped?
structural collapse
Who maintains the authority & responsibility for maritime SAR
USCG
National Distress & Response System(Rescue21)
Used to monitor for maritime distress calls&coordinate
response operations
Marine Safety Center Salvage Assistance &
Response Teams
Provide on-scene technical support at maritime catastrophes
Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue (AMVER)
- Voluntary ship reporting system for SAR ops
* Global system that enables ID of ships in distress
National Strike Force(NSF)
Responds to oil & hazardous substance pollution incidents
National Incident Management System (NIMS): created in response to the
difficulties encountered
during an incident when trying to determine who is in charge of the overall response effort (incident command or IC)
National Incident Management System (NIMS): created under
Created under Homeland Security Presidential Directive #5 (HSPD-5)
NIMS is…
• Comprehensive, nationwide,
systematic approach to incident management
• Set of preparedness concepts & principles for all hazards
• Essential principles for a common operating picture (COP) & interoperability of communications & info management
• Standardized resource management procedures for coordination among different jurisdictions/organizations
• Scalable & applicable for all incidents
NIMS is not…
- A response plan
- A communications plan
- Something that is only used during large incidents
- Only applicable to certain emergency responders
- Only the Incident Command System or an organizational chart
- A static system
NIMS was released on..
March 1st 2004
NIMS provides a core set of:
- Doctrine
- Principles
- Terminology
- Organizational processes
NIMS enables
Enables disaster management at all jurisdictional levels & with all functional disciplines
NIMS recognizes
the value of the existing Incident Command System (ICS)
NIMS draws upon
the Incident Command System (ICS)
ICS History
- Developed in CA in 1970 after a devastating wildfire
- The result of experiencing communications & coordination problems between different agencies
- Resulting FIRESCOPE ICS standardized the response to wildfires in CA
- Its effectiveness led to its use in dealing with incidents other than wildfires
ICS provides for:
- Common terminology
- Integrated communications
- Unified command structure
- Resource management
- Action planning
NIMS will remain effective at all levels:
- Single jurisdiction and/or single agency
- Single jurisdiction with multi-agency support
- Multi-jurisdictional and/or multi-agency support
ICS – 5 Major Management Systems: 1. Command Section
- Developing, directing, & maintaining communications & collaboration with multiple agencies on site
- Work with local officials, the public, & the media to provide up-to-date info regarding the disaster
ICS – 5 Major Management Systems: Operations Section
• Handles tactical operations • Coordinates command objectives • Develops tactical operations • Organizes & directs all resources to the disaster site
ICS – 5 Major Management Systems: Planning Section
- Provides necessary info to the command center to develop action plan to accomplish the objectives
- Collects/evaluates info as it becomes available
ICS – 5 Major Management Systems: Logistics Section
• Provides personnel, equipment, & support for
the command center
• Coordinates all services in the response
–Locating equipment
–Coordinating response of volunteer groups
ICS – 5 Major Management Systems: Finance Section
• Accounts for funds used during the response & recovery aspect of the disaster
–Monitors costs related to the incident
Unified command
Often used where there is more than one agency with incident jurisdiction or when incidents cross political boundaries
Multi-agency/multi-discipline structure allows for the establishment of:
- Common set of objectives
- Common set of strategies
- A single plan of action
NIMS 5 components:
1) Incident Command System (ICS)
2) Communications & Information Management
3) Preparedness
4) Joint Information System (JIS)
5) NIMS Integration Center (NIC)
NIMS: 2. Communications & Information Management
• Standardized communications during incidents are essential
• Prescribes interoperable communications systems for:
–Incident management
–Information management
NIMS: 3. Preparedness
• Incorporates a range of standardized & mutually-agreed upon measures, actions, & processes accomplished before an incident happens • Includes: --Planning --Training --Exercises --Qualification --Certification Also emphasizes mitigation efforts • Public education/outreach • Structural modifications • Enforcement of zoning rules/building codes/land management • Flood insurance/property buyout
NIMS: 4. Joint Info System
• Provides the public with timely & accurate
incident information & unified messages
• Employs Joint Information Centers (JICs)
NIMS: 5. NIMS Integration Center(NIC)
• Established by the DHS secretary to:
–Assess proposed changes to NIMS
–Capture & evaluate lessons learned
–Employ best practices
• Supports routine maintenance & continuous refinement of the system over the long term
–Works with partners at all levels
• Develops standards for:
–NIMS education/training
–First responders comms & equipment
–Typing of resources
–Qualifications/credentials
Federal Response: 2 Traditional ways
1) A governor can request presidential disaster declaration
2) President can declare a presidential emergency upon damage to federal entities
Federal Response: 3rd new way under NRF
3) The president, through FEMA, can predeploy resources to a location where a disaster declaration is imminent
• However, Gov. must make a formal & specific request
Federal Response (cont.)
Primary FEMA factors for making recommendations to the president
• Amount & type of damage (number of homes destroyed or w/major damage)
• Impact on infrastructure/critical facilities
• Imminent threats to public health & safety
• Impacts to essential govt. services & functions
• Unique capability of the Federal govt.
• Dispersion or concentration of damage
• Level of insurance coverage in place
• Available assistance form other sources (Federal, state, local, voluntary
organizations
• State & local resource commitments from previous undeclared events
• Frequency of disaster events over recent time period
Av of how many pros disaster declarations?
36 per year
Types of Presidential Declarations
1. Presidential Major Disaster Declaration
- Any natural disaster
- Any fire, flood, or explosion
- President determines what situations warrant major disaster assistance
- Puts into motion long-term federal recovery programs designed to help:
- Disaster victim
- Businesses
- Public entities
Types of Presidential Declarations: 2. Emergency Declaration
- “Any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the President, federal assistance is needed to supplement state & local efforts & capabilities to save lives, & to protect property & public health & safety or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the US”
- More limited in scope
- Lacks long-term federal recovery programs
Declaration Under the NRF
1) Governor decides that the event has exceeded /will exceed the state’s response capacity, & makes a formal request to the President through FEMA
2) Governor’s request analyzed by FEMA Administrator, who recommends a course of action to the President
3) President considers FEMA’s recommendation, & decides whether or not to declare the disaster
4) Once a declaration is made, FEMA Administrator activates components of the NRF
5) If an incident has already occurred, NRF priority shifts to immediate & short-term response activities
6) Either during or immediately following the response phase, the long-term recovery is initiated
NRF describes
Describes specific authorities & practices for managing incidents from serious local events to large-scale national-level terrorist attacks or catastrophic natural disasters
NRF & NIMS seek to
ensure that all participants are operating under a common set of emergency management principles
Organization of the NRF
1) A core document
2) The Emergency Support
Function (ESF) Annexes
3) The Support Annexes
4) The Incident Annexes
Organization of the NRF: Core Document
• Describes:
–The principles that guide national response roles & responsibilities
–Response actions
–Response organizations
–Planning requirements to achieve an effective
response
Organization of the NRF: 2) The Emergency Support
- Group federal resources & capabilities into functional areas that are most frequently needed in a national response
- FEMA coordinates response support across the federal govt. & certain NGOs by calling up, as needed, one or more of the 15 ESFs
- ESFs are coordinated by FEMA through the National Response Coordination Center (NRCC)
- Each ESF has a coordinator, a primary agency, & several support agencies
Organization of the NRF: 3) The Support Annexes
• Describe the coordination & execution of functional processes & administrative requirements necessary for the management of emergency & disasters incidents between:
–Federal dept.s & agencies
–State, tribal, & local entities
–The private sector
–Volunteer organizations
–NGOs
• The nature of the functions in the annexes frequently involves either the support to or the cooperation of all dept.s & agencies involved
• Each annex is
–Managed by one or more coordinating agencies &; supported by various coordinating agencies
• Coordinating agencies are responsible for implementing the processes detailed in the annexes
• Cooperating agencies have specific expertise & capabilities that allow them to assist the coordinating agency in executing incident-related tasks or processes
Organization of the NRF: 4) Incident Annexes
• Address the unique aspects of how we respond to seven broad incident categories:
- -Biological
- -Catastrophic
- -Cyber
- -Nuclear/radiological
- -Food & agriculture
- -Oil & Hazardous Material
- -Terrorism
NRF vs. NRP: one of the biggest changes
One of the biggest changes is that no formal declaration is required to invoke the NRF
NRF Response Doctrine: 5 key principles
1) Engaged partnership
2) Tiered response
3) Scalable, flexible, & adaptable operational capabilities
4) Unity of effort through unity of command
5) Readiness to act
Types of Federal Assistance Available under the NRF: 1) Preincident Services
- Info & intel sharing (counterterrorism)
* Prepositioned resources & staff
Types of Federal Assistance Available under the NRF: 2) Immediate Relief Delivery—Response Actions
• Assets mobilized/resources deployed
• Teams with specialized capabilities are deployed
• Field facilities established to provide:
• Incident management
• Public health
• Assistance provided to support:
–Immediate law enforcement, fire, ambulance & EMS service actions
–Emergency flood fighting
–Evacuations
–Transportation system detours
–Emergency public info
– Actions taken to minimize additional damage
–Urban search & rescue
– Establishment of mass care facilities
– Public health & medical services, food, ice, water
–Debris clearance
–Emergency restoration of critical infrastructure
– Control, containment, & removal of environmental contamination
–Protection of responder health & safety
• During a response to a terrorist event, law enforcement actions to collect & preserve evidence & to apprehend perpetrators
Types of Federal Assistance Available under the NRF: 3) Assistance to Speed Recovery
• Loans & grants to repair or replace damaged housing & personal property
• Grant store pair or replace roads & public buildings
• Technical assistance to identify & implement mitigation opportunities to reduce future losses
• Other assistance such as:
–Crisiscounseling
– Tax relief
–Legal services
–Job placement
Recovery: not easy to classify because
- Often begins in the initial hours & days following a disaster event
- Can continue for months or years
Recovery: involves complex issues like
- Rebuilding homes
- Replacing property
- Resuming employment
- Restoring business
- Permanently repairing & rebuilding infrastructure
Two phases of recovery in the NRF: 1: Short-term recovery
1) Short-term recovery
• Begins immediately upon the occurrence of the disaster
• May overlap response actions
• Includes:
–Providing essential public health & safety services
– Restoring interrupted utility & other essential services
– Reestablishing transportation routes
– Providing food & shelter for displaced persons
Two phases of recovery in the NRF: Long-term recovery
• Involves the restoration of lives & livelihoods once lifelines & critical societal components are restored
• Continues for months/years after the disaster
• Includes:
–Development, coordination, & execution of service/site restoration plans
–Reconstitution of govt. operations & services
–Programs to provide housing & promote
restoration
–Long-term care & treatment of affected persons
–Additional measures for social, political, environmental, & economic restoration
Recovery process occurs at
Joint Field Office (JFO)
JFO divided into two functional branches: 1) Human Services
• Coordinates assistance programs to help individuals, families, & businesses meet basic needs & return to self-sufficiency
JFO divided into two functional branches: 2) Infrastructure Support
• Coordinates assistance programs to aid state & local governments & eligible private nonprofit organizations to repair or replace damaged public facilities
JFO functions:
• Identifying appropriate agency assistance
programs to meet applicant needs
• Synchronizing assistance delivery
• Encouraging incorporation of mitigation
measures where possible
• Conduct briefings for applicants to inform them of available recovery assistance & how to apply
• Individual Assistance
Individuals
• Families
• Business owners
Public Assistance
- Public & private non profit entities for emergency services
- Repair or replacement of disaster-damaged public facilities
Hazard Mitigation Assistance
Available for measures designed to reduce future losses to public & private property
Public Assistance Grant Program designed to
Designed to facilitate repair, restoration, replacement, or reconstruction of public facilities or infrastructure
Who has specific authority relevant to their constituencies to declare a disaster & provide disaster recovery assistance?
Secretary of the Department of Agriculture & the Administrator of the Small Business Administration
