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FRHD2100 - University of Guelph W17 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define theory

A

A set of ideas/concepts used to explain a set of observed facts.

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2
Q

Why is theory helpful in sex research?

A

Provides a framework for explaining/predicting sexual thoughts, attitudes, and behaviours.

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3
Q

What is sociobiology?

A

There is a genetic basis to social and sexual behaviour.

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4
Q

Male mating strategies:

A
  • attracted to cues of fertility

- short-term

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5
Q

Female mating strategies:

A
  • attracted to cues of resources and commitment

- long-term

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6
Q

Erotic plasticity

A

Social and cultural forces that shape levels/expression of sexual drive.

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7
Q

Why is evolutionary theory criticized?

A

It is used to perpetuate stereotypes about gender roles.

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8
Q

Key points of psychoanalytic theory:

A
  • the mind operates at conscious and unconscious levels
  • behaviour represents outcome of clashing inner forces
  • biologically based sex drives are channeled though socially approved outlets
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9
Q

What are erogenous zones?

A

Areas of the body receptive to sexual stimulation.

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10
Q

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A
  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phallic
  4. latency
  5. genital
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11
Q

Behaviourism

A

Emphasizes rewards/punishments in learning process

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12
Q

What is cognitive theory and what does it say about gender roles?

A

Emphasizes importance of cognitive activity in development.

Gender roles are acquired through observation and reinforcement.

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13
Q

Sexual Script Theory

A

We learn scripts about how men and women should behave from our environments.

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14
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

Social behaviours are based on a series of exchanges; exchange seek to minimize costs and maximize rewards.

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15
Q

Feminist Theory

A

Focuses on subordinate/unequal status of women in society and analyzes the relationships between sexism, heterosexism, racism, class oppression, and exploring means of resistance.

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16
Q

What are the core assumptions among different subsections of feminists?

A

Socially constructed distinctions between men and women in order to make women subordinate.

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17
Q

Queer Theory

A

Challenging assumptions about gender and sexuality.

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18
Q

What are the goals of the science of human sexuality?

A
  • describe, explain, predict, and control the events of interest
  • provide demographic, biological, psychological, and sociological variables
  • provide insight to help people better understand themselves and make decisions about heir behaviour
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19
Q

Types of quantitative research:

A
  • random sampling
  • representative samples
  • stratified random samples
  • convenience samples
  • case study
  • survey method
  • naturalistic
  • ethnographic
  • participant
  • laboratory
  • focus groups
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20
Q

How is qualitative research useful in sex research?

A

Good for revealing how individuals and/or specific groups experience their sexuality in more detail than is possible when using quantitative methods.

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21
Q

Key principles of ethics in sex research:

A
  • don’t expose participants to harm
  • keep confidentiality
  • informed consent
  • use of deception
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22
Q

External female sex organs:

A
  • vulva
  • mons venaris
  • labia minora
  • labia majora
  • clitoris
  • vestibule
  • urethral opening
  • vaginal opening
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23
Q

Corpus cavernosa:

A

Erectile tissues that stiffen when aroused.

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24
Q

Underlying structures to the female sex organs:

A
  • sphincters
  • crura
  • vestibular bulbs
  • Bartholin’s glands
  • pubococcygeal muscle
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25
Internal female sex organs:
- vagina - cervix - uterus - fallopian tubes - ovaries
26
The G-Spot
- the Graftenberg spot - swells with stimulation, may lead to female ejaculation - existence is challenged
27
Secondary sex characteristics
Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females that aren't directly involved in reproduction. Ex. female breasts, body hair
28
Pelvic examination
- external examination for irritations, swelling, abnormal discharges, and clitoral adhesions - speculum inserted to view cervix and vaginal walls - PAP test: sample of cells taken from cervix with a wooden spatula
29
Phases of the menstrual cycle:
1. proliferative phase 2. ovulatory phase 3. secretory (luteal phase) 4. menstruation
30
Menopause
The end of menstruation.
31
Climacteric
The gradual decline in the reproductive capacity of the ovaries.
32
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Synthetic estrogen/progesterone used to replace the loss of natural estrogen and offset negative symptoms of menopause. Not recommended for long-term use.
33
Dysmenorrhea
- pain or discomfort during menstruation - prostaglandin: hormones that cause uterine muscles to contract = cramps - mastalgia: swelling of breasts causing premenstrual discomfort
34
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.
35
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Physical and psychological symptoms that affect a women 4-6 days pre-period.
36
External male sex organs:
Penis: - corpus spongiosum - corona - frenulum - root - shaft - foreskin Scrotum: - spermatic cord - vas deferens - Cremaster muscle
37
Internal male sex organs:
- testes - vas deferentia - seminal vesicles - prostate gland - Cowper's glands
38
Urethritis
Inflammation of the bladder or urethra.
39
Chryptorchidism
When at least 1 testicle fails to descend from abdomen into scrotum. Increases risk of testicular cancer in adulthood.
40
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate gland enlarges due to hormonal changes associated with aging.
41
Prostatits
Inflammation of the prostate gland.
42
Diseases of the male urogenital system
- urethritis - testicular cancer - benign prostatic hyperplasia - prostate cancer - prostatitis
43
Male sexual functions:
1. Erection 2. Spinal reflex and sexual response 3. Ejaculation
44
Why isn't there very much information about childhood sexuality?
There is a cultural belief that children are innocent, and adults are reluctant to ask children about sexual behaviour and their understanding of sexuality.
45
Childhood sexuality: infancy (0-2 years)
- boys can have erections for the first few weeks of life - reports of lubrication and genital swelling in girls - masturbation is typical (may start at 5 months)
46
Childhood sexuality: early childhood (2-5 years)
- curiosity about anatomy - hugging, kissing, climbing on others, and rough-and-tumble play is common - kids should be taught basic privacy, autonomy of their bodies, and good vs. bad touch
47
Childhood sexuality: middle childhood (5-8 years)
- crushes and "relationships" - curiosity about genitals - exploratory same-sex play common - awareness of other sexual orientations - important to answer questions factually
48
Childhood sexuality: preadolescence (9-12 years)
- sex-segregated groups/friends common - preoccupation and self-consciousness with bodies - pressure to conform with peers - kids should be informed about physical and emotional changes they'll experience - masturbation for pleasure common - sex-play with others common
49
Primary sex characteristics
Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females that are directly involved in reproduction Ex. sex organs
50
Puberty: female changes
- increased estrogen | - menarche
51
Puberty: male changes
- increased testosterone - pubic hair, facial hair, and underarm hair appears - erections become frequent - voices deepen - get taller, increase muscle mass
52
Key features of sexual self-acceptance in adolescence
- get to know self as sexual being - body image - learning to accept self - exploring sexual identity... leads to sexual well-being
53
How to adolescents interpret their first sexual relationships?
Males: more physically satisfying than emotionally satisfying Females: more emotionally satisfying than physically satisfying
54
How is virginity viewed?
Males: as a stigma Females: as a gift to give
55
Masturbation
- sexual outlet - boys more likely than girls - impacted by cultural and religious norms
56
Sexual touching (petting)
Mutual masturbation is a primary activity for those who don't feel ready for oral sex or intercourse.
57
Problems for sexual minority youth:
- discrimination, prejudice, and violence - trouble with self-acceptance - school is unwelcoming - lack of sex education
58
Developmental tasks of adult sexuality:
- passion - friendship - communication - sexual health
59
Cohabitation
- when 2 people live together as an unmarried couple | - more likely to get divorced
60
Marriage
- found in all societies | - most common lifestyle in Canada
61
Why do people marry?
- personal and cultural needs - legitimizes sexual relationships - permits maintenance of a home life - institution for children to be supported and socialized - assures paternity (in theory) - transmission of wealth from generation to generation - love
62
Types of marriage:
- monogamy - polygamy (polygyny & polyandry) - arranged marriage
63
Who do we marry?
- people who meet out material, sexual, and psychological needs - people with similar social backgrounds
64
Frequency of sex in adults
Unmarried couples tend to have more sex than married couples.
65
Common cultural threads of marital sexuality
- privacy for sexual relations | - restrictions placed on sex during menstruation, certain stages of pregnancy, and for a period of time after childbirth
66
Extramarital sex
Sexual relations between a married person and someone other than their spouse. Conventional: kept secret Consensual: engaged openly with consent of spouse
67
Why do people cheat?
- variety - break routine - express hostility towards spouse - retaliation for injustice - curiosity - personal growth - boost self-esteem - prove attractiveness - lack of satisfaction in relationship
68
Effects of extramarital sex:
- anger, jealously, shame, feeling inadequate, insecure - breaking trust - break relationship, or inspire to repair relationship
69
Swinging
A form of consensual adultery in which both spouses share extramarital sexual experiences.
70
Polyamory
A form of open relationship that allows for consensual sexual and/or emotional interactions with more than one partner.
71
Divorce
- rates peaked in 1987 - typically occur 3-4 years after marriage - divorced people tend to cohabitate rather than remarry
72
Why are divorce rates increasing?
- no-fault divorce laws - women's economic independence - marriage is thought to be alterable - higher expectations for marriage
73
What are the costs of divorce?
- financial and emotional problems - stress of solo childrearing - feelings of failure - loneliness, uncertainty, depression - increased physical and mental illness, increased risk of suicide
74
What are the developmental tasks of senior sexuality?
- maintain self-perception as a sexual being - adapt to reduced frequency of sexual desire and reduced intensity of genital response - adapt to death of partner - adapt to entry into long-term care facility - use protection against STIs and HIV
75
Sexual changes in senior men:
- longer time to erection and orgasm - less semen - less firm erections - less intense orgasms - longer refractory period - decreased feeling a need to ejaculate during sex
76
Sexual changes in senior women:
- reduced myotonia (muscle tension) - reduced vaginal lubrication - decreased vaginal elasticity - smaller increases in breast size during sexual arousal - less intense orgasms
77
Sight and sexual arousal
- visual cues can be sexual turn-ons
78
Smell and sexual arousal
- body's natural odours can play a role in arousal and sexual attraction - aphrodisiacs - pheromones - may play a role in selecting a sex partner
79
Touch and sexual arousal
- erogenous zones
80
Taste and sexual arousal
- some people are aroused by the taste of genital secretions
81
Hearing and sexual arousal
- dirty talk | - music
82
Aphrodisiac
A substance that arouses or increases one's capacity for sexual pleasure or response.
83
Anaphrodisiac
A substance that decreases sexual arousal and desire.
84
How is the brain involved in sexual response?
- cerebral cortex: cells fire when we experience sexual thoughts, images, and fantasies - limbic system: active in memory, motivation, and emotion
85
What are the organizing effects of sex hormones?
Influence type of behaviour expressed.
86
What are the activating effects of sex hormones?
Influence frequency/intensity of the drive that motivates the behaviour and ability to perform the behaviour.
87
Sex hormones and male sexual behaviour
- sex hormones influence sex drive/response - hormonal variation is more influential at puberty - castration decreases sex drive/response
88
Sex hormones and female sexual behaviour
- sex hormones don't appear to play a direct role in sexual motivation or response - sexual responsiveness may be influence by circulating androgens - ovarectomy doesn't have an impact on sex drive/interest
89
Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle
1. excitement phase 2. plateau phase 3. orgasmic phase 4. resolution phase
90
Kaplan's 3 stages of sexual response
1. desire 2. excitement 3. orgasm
91
Basson's intimacy model of female sexual response
1. process may not always begin with desire 2. women may fell aroused for intimacy reasons 3. arousal may precede desire 4. arousal may not lead to orgasm
92
Partnered orgasm
More flushing sensations, general spasms, pleasurable satisfaction, emotional intimacy, and ecstasy.
93
Solitary orgasm
Greater feelings of relaxation.
94
How do disabilities influence sexuality?
- possible adjustments to sexual activity - ~same sex drive as able-bodied people - internalized stigmas may impair confidence and desire - ability to express needs depends on physical limitations - can be hard to find a loving and supporting partner
95
Sexual wellness for disabled people
- positive self-concept - knowledge about sexuality - positive, productive relationships - ability to cope with social, environmental, physical, and emotional barriers to sexuality - maintenance of good physical and sexual health
96
Sexual dysfunction
The persistent or recurring lack of sexual desire or difficulty becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm. Must occur for 6+ months, happen 75-100% of the time, and cause significant distress. Can be lifelong or acquired, generalized, or situational.
97
Sexual arousal-related disorder
Failure to achieve or sustain erections or lubrication; lack subjective feelings of sexual pleasure.
98
Male erectile disorder
Persistent difficulty in achieving/maintaining an erection.
99
Female sexual interest/arousal disorder (and subtypes)
- sexual responses may not be linear - combined-arousal disorder: no subjective arousal, no genital response - subjective-arousal disorder: aware genitals respond physically to stimulation, but feel no subjective arousal - genital-arousal disorder: become aroused by stimulation other than to genitals
100
Female orgasmic disorder
Unable to reach orgasm, or have difficulty reaching orgasm after what would typically be adequate stimulation.
101
Delayed ejaculation and premature ejactulation
What they sound like lol
102
Dyspareunia
Painful intercourse or persistent pain associated with any stimulation of the vaginal area.
103
Vulvodynia
Vulval pain; chronic burning, itching, irritation, and soreness.
104
Vaginismus
Involuntary contraction of the pelvic muscles that surround the outer 1/3 of the vaginal barrel = pain; reflexive reaction.
105
Biological factors that influence sexual dysfunctions:
- medical conditions/health problems - aging - drugs - SSRIs
106
Psychosocial factors that influence sexual dysfunctions:
- culture - psychosexual trauma - emotional factors - misinformation - ineffective sexual techniques - lack of sexual communication - boredom and routine - relationship issues - performance anxiety
107
PLISSIT Model (treatment of sexual dysfunctions)
- Permission (P) - Limited Information (LI) - Specific Suggestions (SS) - Intensive Therapy (IT)
108
Masters and Johnson approach to treating sexual dysfunctions
- direct behavioural approach; focus on behavioural change - couple considered dysfunctional, not individual - daily sensate-focus exercises
109
Sensate-focus exercises
Partners take turns giving and receiving pleasure in non-genital areas.
110
Treating sexual aversion:
- medicine to reduce anxiety - therapy to overcome underlying sexual phobia - couples therapy - sensate-focus exercises - behavioural exercises
111
The Attraction-Similarity Hypothesis
People tend to develop relationships with others who are similar in attractiveness and other traits.
112
Physical Attractiveness
- key factor in initial attraction - varies by culture - taller men are generally considered more attractive - hourglass figure valued in most cultures - menstrual cycle influences attractiveness of women, as well as who they're attracted to - people who are attractive know it
113
Evolutionary perspective + mate preference
- evolutionary psychologists believe gender differences are favoured by evolutionary forces because they offer reproductive advantages - woman's reproductive value tied to youth and health - man's reproductive value tied to ability to provide for family
114
Why is the evolutionary perspective on mate preference criticized?
Male dominated societies maintain mate preferences.
115
Storge
Loving attachment and non-sexual affection; type of emotion that bonds parents and kids.
116
Agape
Selfless love; similar to generosity and charity.
117
Philia
Love between friends; based on liking and respect.
118
Eros
Type of love closest to passion; romantic love.
119
Romantic love
- idealized in Western culture - most Canadians believe romantic love is a prerequisite for marriage - can be a source of deep fulfillment and ecstasy - in adolescence: strong sexual arousal + idealized images of objects of desire = feelings labelled as "love"
120
Unrequited love leads to...
...loneliness and despair
121
Infatuation
A state of intense absorption in or focus on another person; usually accompanied by sexual desire, elation, or general physiological excitement.
122
Biological mechanisms and love
- bodily changes that come with feelings of love | - neural pathways, brain chemistry, hormones
123
Love as appraisal of arousal
- cognitive appraisal of intense physiological reactions as love
124
The perception of love requires:
- state of arousal connected to love object - culture that idealizes romantic love - attribution of arousal to feelings of love
125
Pragma
Logical love
126
Mania
Possessive, excited love
127
Ludus
Game-playing love
128
Intimacy
The experience of warmth toward another person that arises from feelings of closeness, bondedness, and connectedness; desire to give and receive emotional support and share innermost thoughts.
129
Passion
An intense romantic or sexual desire for another person accompanied by physiological arousal.
130
Commitment
Dedication to maintaining the relationship through good and bad times.
131
Passion alone =
infatuation
132
Commitment alone =
empty love
133
Intimacy alone =
liking
134
Intimacy + passion =
romantic love
135
Intimacy + commitment =
companionate love
136
Passion + commitment =
fatuous love
137
Intimacy + passion + commitment =
Consummate love
138
ABC(DE)s of Romantic Relationships
``` Attraction Building Continuation Deterioration Ending ```
139
Small talk
Superficial; allows for information exchange.
140
Self-disclosure
Revealing personal (sometimes intimate) information about self; key to building intimate relationships.
141
Jealousy
Found in all cultures, but more common in cultures with stronger machismo traditions where men view women's infidelities as threats to their honour. Mild forms not necessarily destructive.
142
Jealousy can lead to...
- loss of affection - feelings of insecurity and rejection - anxiety - low self-esteem - mistrust of current and future partners - depression - abuse - suicide and murder
143
Evolutionary theory and jealousy
- males are more upset by sexual infidelity | - females are more upset by emotional infidelity
144
Model of Mutual Cyclical Growth
1. feeling of needing partner promotes commitment and dependence 2. commitment encourages you to do things that are good for the relationship 3. partner sees pro-relationship acts 4. partner's perception of acts enhances trust in you and the relationship 5. partner's feelings of trust and dependence increase
145
Differences between heterosexual and LGB relationships:
- gay and lesbian couples tend to distribute household chores more evenly
146
Similarities between heterosexual and LGB relationships:
- satisfaction is associated with social support from partners, shared power, fair fighting, and perceived relationship commitment
147
Obstacles to sexual communication:
- opinion on sex talk - irrational beliefs about relationships and sex - sexual compatibility - fearing offending partner - low sexual self-esteem - lack of experience
148
How to talk to partner about sexual issues:
- admit it's hard to talk about sex - pick a time when you're relaxed and rested - pick a private place - ask permission to raise an issue
149
How to keep the spark alive in a relationship:
- communal motivation (respond to partner's needs w/o expecting reciprocation) - communicate sexual needs - listen effectively
150
Sexual orientation
Direction of one's erotic attraction and romantic interest.
151
Why is the term "homosexual" controversial?
- draws attention to sexual behaviour - historically associated with deviance and mental illness - typically used only in reference to men, ignoring lesbians
152
Queer
A positive, self-affirming term for people who don't see themselves fitting into standard classifications of sexual orientation.
153
Pansexual
Sexual or emotional attraction to people, regardless of their gender identity or sexual orientation. Challenges the heterosexual-homosexual dichotomy, and the male-female dichotomy.
154
Historical and religious perspectives on sexual orientation:
- male-male sexual activity seen as sin | - gay rights are an international struggle
155
Cross-cultural perspectives on sexual orientation:
- male-male sexual behaviour has occurred across cultures and history - little is known about female-female sexual activity in non-western cultures
156
Cross-species perspectives on sexual orientation:
- same-sex behaviour has been observed in 450 animal species | - displays of dominance and submissiveness seem sexual
157
Biological perspectives on sexual orientation:
- strong male-male and female-female relationships = advantages to group survival - women related to gay males tend to bear more children - similarities in brain structures of het. males and lesbians, and between gay males and het. females - gay and lesbian orientations run in families
158
Psychological perspectives on sexual orientation:
- failure to resolve Oedipus/Electra complex results in homosexuality - early sexual patterns are reinforced (learning theory) - gays and lesbians likely to report childhood behaviours typical of the other gender
159
Homophobia
Derogatory names; disparaging "queer jokes"; barring gay people from housing, jobs, and social opportunities; verbal abuse; physical abuse.
160
Heterosexism
The tendency of society to view the world in heterosexual terms; devalues other kinds of relationships.
161
When was same-sex behaviour decriminalized in Canada?
1969
162
What are the steps to coming out?
1. Coming to terms themselves | 2. Coming out to others
163
What are the steps in development of sexual identity?
1. Attraction to members of same gender 2. Self-labelling as gay or lesbian 3. Sexual contact with members of same gender 4. Disclosure of sexual orientation to other people
164
Facts about LGB youth adjustment:
- more likely to have experienced physical and sexual abuse, harassment in school, and discrimination in the community - more likely to have run away from home, be sexually experienced, and engage in HIV-risky behaviour - less likely to participate in sports - feel less connected to family
165
Zygote
Fertilized ovum
166
Embryo
Begins with implantation of fertilized ovum and ends with development of major organ systems.
167
Klinefelter's Syndrome
- extra X chromosome - men fail to develop appropriate secondary sex characteristics - fail to produce sperm - tend to have mild mental retardation
168
Turner Syndrome
- female has just one X chromosome | - may not naturally undergo puberty (treated with hormones to spur secondary sex characteristics)
169
Gender identity
Internal/individual sense of being male, female, or other.
170
Assigned sex
Classification of anatomic sex assigned at birth (male, female, or intersex).
171
Intersex
When a person has the gonads of one gender, and external genitalia of the other gender.
172
Hermaphrodite
- possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue | - usually assume gender identity and gender role assigned at birth
173
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
- common female intersex condition - genetic female has internal female structures but masculinized external genitals - increased interest in male-typed toys, more likely to have boys as friends, and more likely to want masculine-typed careers
174
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome
- genetic males who have lower-than-normal prenatal sensitivity to androgens due to a mutated gene - external genitals are feminized
175
Dominican Republic Disorder
- genetic enzyme disorder that prevents testosterone from masculinizing external genitals - boys resemble girls at birth, and are reared as such - secondary sex characteristics develop at puberty
176
Gender dysphoria
A sense of incongruity between assigned sex and gender identity that causes significant distress. Diagnosis is dependent on distress.
177
Transitioning
The activities that some trans people may pursue to begin living as the gender they identify as.
178
Gender typing
Process by which children acquire behaviour that is deemed appropriate to their gender.
179
Evolutionary perspective on gender typing
- men = hunters - women = caregivers and gatherers - criticized for maintaining status quo and rationalizing gender inequality
180
Prenatal brain organization + gender typing
- prenatal sex hormones may masculinize or feminize the brain by creating predispositions that are consistent with gender role stereotypes
181
Psychoanalytic theory + gender typing
- appropriate gender typing requires boys to identify with their fathers and girls with their mothers
182
Social-cognitive theory + gender typing
- observational learning, identification, and socialization
183
Cognitive-developmental theory + gender typing
- children are active in gender typing by forming schemas about gender - gender stability - gender constancy
184
Gender-schema theory + gender typing
- children develop schemas as a way of organizing their worlds - gains emphasis because of society's emphasis
185
Traditional Sexual Script
A sexual script based on stereotypical standards for sexual behaviour. Dictates males = assertive and active roles, and females = receptive and passive roles.
186
Psychological Androgyny
A state characterized by possession of both stereotypical masculine and feminine traits. An individual may better meet the demands of various situations and better express desires and talents.
187
Men who have sadistic rape fantasies are:
- more likely to be socially isolated and emotionally unstable - sometimes work with professionals to change fantasies - don't necessarily want fantasies to occur in real life!!
188
Typical fantasies during partnered sex:
- about another partner - group sex and orgies - making love in interesting places
189
LGB fantasies:
- lesbian and bisexual women are more likely to fantasize about common activities with partners if they're satisfied with their relationship
190
Functions of sexual fantasies:
- fantasize about partners and behaviours that would increase reproductive success - men: sex with many partners - women: close, protective partners
191
Masturbation in history:
- religious: condemned as sinful - views carried into 18th century medicine - mid-19th century: parents were encouraged to prevent children from masturbating
192
Masturbation today:
- most people masturbate at some time - men tend to masturbate more than women - older women tend to masturbate more than teenage women - when having regular partnered sex, men tend to masturbate less while women tend to masturbate more often - frequency of masturbation increases with education
193
Foreplay
Physical interactions that are sexually stimulating and set the stage for intercourse. Similarity between genders on desired length of foreplay.
194
Fellatio
Oral stimulation of the male genitals.
195
Cunnilingus
Oral stimulation of the female genitals.
196
Statistical infrequency
How much sexual behaviour deviates from the statistical norm.
197
Social norm
How closely sexual behaviour is aligned with current accepted norms in society.
198
When is sexual behaviour considered abnormal?
Sexual behaviour is abnormal if it causes stress, anxiety or unhappiness for the individual or harms someone else.
199
Paraphilia
Any intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners.
200
Paraphilic disorder
A paraphilia that causes distress or impairment to the individual, causes personal distress and/or harm to the individual or others.
201
Fetishism
Inanimate object such as an article of clothing, items made out of rubber, leather, or silk that elicit sexual arousal.
202
Trasvestism
When a person repeatedly cross-dresses to achieve sexual arousal or gratification, or is troubled with persistent, recurrent urges to cross-dress.
203
Exhibitionism
Persistent, powerful urges to expose genitals to unsuspecting strangers.
204
Telephone scatologia
People (typically male) who become sexually aroused by shocking victims with obscene phone calling.
205
Voyeurism
Strong repetitive urges and sexual fantasies related to observing unsuspecting strangers who are naked, disrobing, or engaged in sexual relations.
206
Sexual sadism
The desire to inflict pain or humiliation on others to enhance sexual arousal and attain gratification.
207
Sado-masochism (S&M)
Mutually gratifying sexual interaction between 2 consenting partners in which sexual arousal is associated with inflicting and receiving pain and humiliation.
208
Frotteurism
Recurrent, powerful sexual urges and fantasies that involve rubbing against/touching another person (nonconsensually).
209
Zoophilia
Urges and fantasies that involve sexual relations with animals. Actual contact with animals is known as bestiality.
210
Necrophilia
Desire for sexual activity with corpses.
211
Klismaphilia
Sexual arousal derived from the used of enemas.
212
Corophilia
Sexual arousal attained in connection with feces.
213
Cognitive-behaviour therapy + paraphilia treatment
Systematic application of the principles of learning in order to modify a problem behaviour.
214
Systematic desensitization + paraphilia treatment
Attempts to terminate connection between a stimulus and an inappropriate response.
215
Aversion therapy + paraphilia treatment
Pairs unwanted behaviour with an unpleasant stimulus.
216
Covert sensitization + paraphilia treatment
Thoughts of engaging in undesirable behaviour are paired with imagined aversive stimuli.
217
Orgasmic reconditioning + paraphilia treatment
Pair desired stimulus with orgasm.
218
What is the 6 level schema for treatment of paraphilias (mild-severe)
- CBT - SSRIs - SSRIs + low does anti-androgens - Anti-androgens or hormonal treatment - Anti-androgens/hormonal treatment by injection - High doses of anti-androgens or LHRH administered by therapist
219
What is the 6 level schema for treatment of paraphilias (mild-severe)
- CBT - SSRIs - SSRIs + low does anti-androgens - Anti-androgens or hormonal treatment - Anti-androgens/hormonal treatment by injection - High doses of anti-androgens or LHRH administered by therapist
220
Sex addiction
- sex addict engages in sexual behaviour to relieve anxiety, but doesn't feel a high level of sexual gratification - experience withdrawal symptoms
221
Compulsive sexual behaviour
- excessively frequent, out-of-control sexual behaviour is not an indication of a sex addiction - seen as an obsessive-compulsive disorder
222
Types of female sex work (low tier-high tier)
- street-based sex workers (20%) - brothel workers - massage parlour workers - escorts - call girls + - stripping
223
Patterns of entry into sex work (mostly for street-based)
- backgrounds of poverty and sexual/physical abuse | - voluntary
224
Motives for buying sex:
- sex without negotiation - no emotional commitment - eroticism and variety - a way to fill psychological or sexual needs that can't be filled otherwise - prostitution as a social outlet - sex away from home - difficulty attracting a partner
225
Gigolos
Males who service females; rare.
226
Types of male sex workers:
- "beach boys" - strippers - kept boys - call boys - punks - drag prostitutes - brothel prostitutes - bar and street hustlers
227
Pornography
Written, visual, or audiotaped material that is sexually explicit and designed to elicit/enhance sexual arousal.
228
Cybersex addiction/compulsivity
- when online viewing becomes all-consuming - compulsives may ignore their partners and children and risk their jobs - may spend hours a day masturbating
229
Sexual assault
Non-consensual bodily contact for a sexual purpose.
230
Level 1 sexual assault:
- any form of sexual activity forced on another person, or non-consensual bodily contact for a sexual purpose - touching, kissing, and oral, vaginal, and anal sex - minor or no physical injury - up to 10 year in prison
231
Level 2 sexual assault:
- sexual assault in which a perpetrator uses or threatens to use a weapon, threatens the victim's family/friends, causes bodily harm to a 3rd party, or commits the assault with another person - up to 14 years in prison
232
Level 3 sexual assault:
- a sexual assault that wounds, mains, or disfigures the victim, or endangers the victims life
233
Where are the highest rates of sexual assault reported in Canada?
Nunavut, NWT, and Yukon
234
Where are the lowest rates of sexual assault reported in Canada?
Ontario, BC, and Quebec
235
Stranger sexual assault
- committed by an assailant previously unknown to the victim - assailant selects target who seems vulnerable and seeks out a safe time and place to attack - 18%
236
Acquaintance sexual assault
- when victims know the perpetrator - less likely to be reported - 82%
237
Date sexual assault
- common form of acquaintance SA | - more likely to occur if couple has been drinking and parks in a man's car, or goes into his home
238
Gang sexual assault
- exercise of power - may be expressing anger against women - tend to be more vicious - low report rates among survivors
239
Sexual assault against males
- tend to be committed by heterosexual men, often in prison - domination, control, revenge, retaliation, sadism, degradation, status/affiliation - more common than people assume
240
Partner/marital sexual assault
- "traditional" men may believe it's a woman's duty to satisfy him, even when she's not interested - problem because a relationship has already been established - frequently goes unreported - domination/degradation - occurs within patterns of violence and physical intimidation
241
Why are societal myths and attitudes a problem when it comes to sexual assault?
- create a climate that legitimizes sexual assault | - society encourages sexual assault because males are socialized into socially and sexually dominant roles
242
2-stage process for post-sexual assault treatment
- helping victim through crisis after attack | - fostering long-term adjustment
243
Psychotherapy for sexual assault treatmen
- helps deal with emotional consequences - avoid self-blame - increases self-esteem - validates experiences - helps establish or maintain loving relationships - mobilizes social support
244
Preventing sexual assault
- elimination would require massive changes to cultural attitudes and socialization processes - education - confront the attacker (crying, screaming, pleading, fighting back) - take precautions (ex. establish signals with other women; use deadbolt locks; keep keys hand when approaching car or front door; avoid deserted areas...)
245
Common coercive verbal pressure tactics:
- using alcohol and drugs to loosen a partner's reluctance to have sex - using obligations, expectations, and guilt - exploiting emotional and economic vulnerabilities
246
Pedophilia
A paraphilia that involves sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours that involve sexual activity with a prepubescent child.
247
Pedophilia is associated with:
- head injury before age of 6 - having older brothers - school failure by more than one year, and subsequent enrolment in special education - lower intelligence levels - brain differences
248
Family factors that contribute to incest:
- general family disruption - spousal abuse - alcoholic or physically abusive parents - stressful events in father's life - uneven power relationship between spouses - generations of abuse history
249
Effects of sexual abuse on children:
- short and long-term psychological complaints (anger, depression, anxiety, eating disorders) - "acting out" - signs of PTSD - aversely affected sexual development - boys likely to externalize, girls to internalize
250
Treatment of childhood sexual abuse
- psychotherapy in adulthood (chance to confront pain, anger, and misplaced guilt) - group and individual therapy
251
Sexual Harassment
Deliberate or repeated unsolicited and unwanted comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature.
252
Workplace sexual harassment
Any behaviour of a sexual nature that interferes with an individual's work performance or creates a hostile, intimidating, or offensive work environment.
253
What are the most common form of contraceptive in Canada?
- condoms | - oral contraceptive
254
Oral contraceptives
- fools body into thinking woman is pregnant; progesterone inhibits development of endometrium, making implantation difficult; cervical mucus thickens and becomes more acidic (bars sperm) - ~3% failure rate (typical use) - regularizes menstrual cycle and reduces cramping - doesn't interrupt spontaneity
255
Contraceptive patch
- delivers estrogen and progestin to prevent ovulation and implantation - 99% effective - doesn't interrupt spontaneity
256
Emergency Contraceptive
- prevents sperm and egg joining, as well as prevent fertilized egg from attaching to uterine wall - most effective within 72 hours - 1-3% failure rate
257
Vaginal ring
- delivers estrogen and progestin through the skin - inserted in the vagina and worn for 3 consecutive weeks + 1 ring-free week - unknown long-term side effects
258
Injectable contraception
- hormone solution injected every 12 weeks - 99.7% effective - prolonged use associated with bone loss - spontaneous sex
259
Intrauterine devices (IUDS)
- small object inserted into uterus that prevents sperm from fertilizing egg, and fertilized egg from implanting - ~99% effective for ~5 years - relatively maintenance free - can cause excessive menstrual cramping and heavy bleeding, as well as spotting
260
Diaphragm
- shallow cup/dome made of latex or rubber that forms a barrier against sperm when placed over cervical opening - must be used with spermicide - left in place 6 hours after sex - 18% failure rate (typical use), 6% failure rate (correct use) - use as needed, but disruptive
261
Spermicides
- coat the cervical opening, blocking passage and killing sperm - must be inserted ahead of time and allowed to dissolve, and left in vagina several hours after sex - 21% failure rate (typical use), 6% failure rate (correct use) - can be irritating to some women and men
262
Natural birth control/fertility awareness methods
- calendar method (no sex on days 10-17 of menstrual cycle) - basal-body temperature - cervical-mucus method - ovulation prediction kits - 20% failure rate - no side effects - relatively ineffective - low reliability - abstaining from sex
263
Vasectomy
Surgically cutting each vas deferens and tying/cauterizing to prevent sperm reaching urethra.
264
Tubal litigation
Fallopian tubes are surgically blocked to prevent meeting of sperm and ova.
265
Hysterectomy
Removal of ovaries and uterus; inappropriate method of sterilization.
266
Induced Abortion
Purposeful termination of a pregnancy before the embryo/fetus is capable of sustaining independent life.
267
Vacuum aspiration (abortion)
Removal of uterine contents via suction; used during first trimester.
268
Dilation and evacuation/D&E (abortion)
Removal of uterine contents via a suction tube and forceps; uterine wall may be scraped to ensure lining is completely gone; used during second trimester.
269
What are the most common STIs in Canada?
- HPV and genital herpes (HSV) are the most common, but not most reportable - Chlamydia is the most reportable
270
Biological factors that contribute to the spread of STIs:
- multiple means of transmission - lifelong infections - asymptomatic cases - increased vulnerability from some STIs to contracting others - gender - lack of vaccines and cures
271
Psychological factors that contribute to the spread of STIs:
- perceived low risk - lack of communication - psychological obstacles to condom use (love and trust; embarrassment about buying; decreased spontaneity and pleasure) - alcohol and drug use
272
Social factors that contribute to the spread of STIs:
- socioeconomic status - social capital - gender inequality - sexual orientation - ethnocultural factors
273
Abstinence only sex education:
- no sex until older or married - doesn't include information on birth control or safe sex - usually associated with religious schools - generally ineffective in preventing pregnancy/STI spread
274
Broadly based sex education programs:
- incorporate wide range of objectives and ideas - include information on mutually satisfying relationships, sexual orientation, gender-role stereotyping, and gender identity - allow space for students to make use of learned information to make decisions for themselves - programs don't encourage young people to become sexually active - has a positive impact on behaviour (delay first intercourse, encourage use of condoms, encourage decrease of sexually risky behaviour)
275
Parental attitudes toward sex education:
- many parents have favourable attitudes towards sexual health education in schools - are in agreement with providing youth with information on a range of topics
276
Youth attitudes toward sex education:
- want sex ed in schools - disappointed with quality of sex education received - dissatisfaction because programs neglect emotional and positive aspects of sex
277
What sources are considered most valuable to young people when it comes to information about sex?
Parents and school are rated most useful and most valuable.
278
What are advantages to internet as a source of sexual information?
- anonymous | - accessible
279
What are disadvantages to internet as a source of sexual information?
- questions about credibility | - concerns about effects of porn

FRHD2100 - University of Guelph W17 (1 decks)

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