Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FRHD2100 - University of Guelph W17 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define theory

A

A set of ideas/concepts used to explain a set of observed facts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is theory helpful in sex research?

A

Provides a framework for explaining/predicting sexual thoughts, attitudes, and behaviours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is sociobiology?

A

There is a genetic basis to social and sexual behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Male mating strategies:

A
  • attracted to cues of fertility

- short-term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Female mating strategies:

A
  • attracted to cues of resources and commitment

- long-term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Erotic plasticity

A

Social and cultural forces that shape levels/expression of sexual drive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is evolutionary theory criticized?

A

It is used to perpetuate stereotypes about gender roles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Key points of psychoanalytic theory:

A
  • the mind operates at conscious and unconscious levels
  • behaviour represents outcome of clashing inner forces
  • biologically based sex drives are channeled though socially approved outlets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are erogenous zones?

A

Areas of the body receptive to sexual stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A
  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phallic
  4. latency
  5. genital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Behaviourism

A

Emphasizes rewards/punishments in learning process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cognitive theory and what does it say about gender roles?

A

Emphasizes importance of cognitive activity in development.

Gender roles are acquired through observation and reinforcement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sexual Script Theory

A

We learn scripts about how men and women should behave from our environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

Social behaviours are based on a series of exchanges; exchange seek to minimize costs and maximize rewards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Feminist Theory

A

Focuses on subordinate/unequal status of women in society and analyzes the relationships between sexism, heterosexism, racism, class oppression, and exploring means of resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the core assumptions among different subsections of feminists?

A

Socially constructed distinctions between men and women in order to make women subordinate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Queer Theory

A

Challenging assumptions about gender and sexuality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the goals of the science of human sexuality?

A
  • describe, explain, predict, and control the events of interest
  • provide demographic, biological, psychological, and sociological variables
  • provide insight to help people better understand themselves and make decisions about heir behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of quantitative research:

A
  • random sampling
  • representative samples
  • stratified random samples
  • convenience samples
  • case study
  • survey method
  • naturalistic
  • ethnographic
  • participant
  • laboratory
  • focus groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is qualitative research useful in sex research?

A

Good for revealing how individuals and/or specific groups experience their sexuality in more detail than is possible when using quantitative methods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Key principles of ethics in sex research:

A
  • don’t expose participants to harm
  • keep confidentiality
  • informed consent
  • use of deception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

External female sex organs:

A
  • vulva
  • mons venaris
  • labia minora
  • labia majora
  • clitoris
  • vestibule
  • urethral opening
  • vaginal opening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Corpus cavernosa:

A

Erectile tissues that stiffen when aroused.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Underlying structures to the female sex organs:

A
  • sphincters
  • crura
  • vestibular bulbs
  • Bartholin’s glands
  • pubococcygeal muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Internal female sex organs:

A
  • vagina
  • cervix
  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes
  • ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The G-Spot

A
  • the Graftenberg spot
  • swells with stimulation, may lead to female ejaculation
  • existence is challenged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females that aren’t directly involved in reproduction.

Ex. female breasts, body hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pelvic examination

A
  • external examination for irritations, swelling, abnormal discharges, and clitoral adhesions
  • speculum inserted to view cervix and vaginal walls
  • PAP test: sample of cells taken from cervix with a wooden spatula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Phases of the menstrual cycle:

A
  1. proliferative phase
  2. ovulatory phase
  3. secretory (luteal phase)
  4. menstruation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Menopause

A

The end of menstruation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Climacteric

A

The gradual decline in the reproductive capacity of the ovaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

A

Synthetic estrogen/progesterone used to replace the loss of natural estrogen and offset negative symptoms of menopause.

Not recommended for long-term use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A
  • pain or discomfort during menstruation
  • prostaglandin: hormones that cause uterine muscles to contract = cramps
  • mastalgia: swelling of breasts causing premenstrual discomfort
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

A

Physical and psychological symptoms that affect a women 4-6 days pre-period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

External male sex organs:

A

Penis:

  • corpus spongiosum
  • corona
  • frenulum
  • root
  • shaft
  • foreskin

Scrotum:

  • spermatic cord
  • vas deferens
  • Cremaster muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Internal male sex organs:

A
  • testes
  • vas deferentia
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • Cowper’s glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the bladder or urethra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Chryptorchidism

A

When at least 1 testicle fails to descend from abdomen into scrotum.
Increases risk of testicular cancer in adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Prostate gland enlarges due to hormonal changes associated with aging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Prostatits

A

Inflammation of the prostate gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Diseases of the male urogenital system

A
  • urethritis
  • testicular cancer
  • benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • prostate cancer
  • prostatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Male sexual functions:

A
  1. Erection
  2. Spinal reflex and sexual response
  3. Ejaculation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Why isn’t there very much information about childhood sexuality?

A

There is a cultural belief that children are innocent, and adults are reluctant to ask children about sexual behaviour and their understanding of sexuality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Childhood sexuality: infancy (0-2 years)

A
  • boys can have erections for the first few weeks of life
  • reports of lubrication and genital swelling in girls
  • masturbation is typical (may start at 5 months)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Childhood sexuality: early childhood (2-5 years)

A
  • curiosity about anatomy
  • hugging, kissing, climbing on others, and rough-and-tumble play is common
  • kids should be taught basic privacy, autonomy of their bodies, and good vs. bad touch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Childhood sexuality: middle childhood (5-8 years)

A
  • crushes and “relationships”
  • curiosity about genitals
  • exploratory same-sex play common
  • awareness of other sexual orientations
  • important to answer questions factually
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Childhood sexuality: preadolescence (9-12 years)

A
  • sex-segregated groups/friends common
  • preoccupation and self-consciousness with bodies
  • pressure to conform with peers
  • kids should be informed about physical and emotional changes they’ll experience
  • masturbation for pleasure common
  • sex-play with others common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females that are directly involved in reproduction

Ex. sex organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Puberty: female changes

A
  • increased estrogen

- menarche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Puberty: male changes

A
  • increased testosterone
  • pubic hair, facial hair, and underarm hair appears
  • erections become frequent
  • voices deepen
  • get taller, increase muscle mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Key features of sexual self-acceptance in adolescence

A
  • get to know self as sexual being
  • body image
  • learning to accept self
  • exploring sexual identity… leads to sexual well-being
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How to adolescents interpret their first sexual relationships?

A

Males: more physically satisfying than emotionally satisfying

Females: more emotionally satisfying than physically satisfying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How is virginity viewed?

A

Males: as a stigma

Females: as a gift to give

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Masturbation

A
  • sexual outlet
  • boys more likely than girls
  • impacted by cultural and religious norms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Sexual touching (petting)

A

Mutual masturbation is a primary activity for those who don’t feel ready for oral sex or intercourse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Problems for sexual minority youth:

A
  • discrimination, prejudice, and violence
  • trouble with self-acceptance
  • school is unwelcoming
  • lack of sex education
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Developmental tasks of adult sexuality:

A
  • passion
  • friendship
  • communication
  • sexual health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Cohabitation

A
  • when 2 people live together as an unmarried couple

- more likely to get divorced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Marriage

A
  • found in all societies

- most common lifestyle in Canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Why do people marry?

A
  • personal and cultural needs
  • legitimizes sexual relationships
  • permits maintenance of a home life
  • institution for children to be supported and socialized
  • assures paternity (in theory)
  • transmission of wealth from generation to generation
  • love
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Types of marriage:

A
  • monogamy
  • polygamy (polygyny & polyandry)
  • arranged marriage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Who do we marry?

A
  • people who meet out material, sexual, and psychological needs
  • people with similar social backgrounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Frequency of sex in adults

A

Unmarried couples tend to have more sex than married couples.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Common cultural threads of marital sexuality

A
  • privacy for sexual relations

- restrictions placed on sex during menstruation, certain stages of pregnancy, and for a period of time after childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Extramarital sex

A

Sexual relations between a married person and someone other than their spouse.

Conventional: kept secret
Consensual: engaged openly with consent of spouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Why do people cheat?

A
  • variety
  • break routine
  • express hostility towards spouse
  • retaliation for injustice
  • curiosity
  • personal growth
  • boost self-esteem
  • prove attractiveness
  • lack of satisfaction in relationship
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Effects of extramarital sex:

A
  • anger, jealously, shame, feeling inadequate, insecure
  • breaking trust
  • break relationship, or inspire to repair relationship
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Swinging

A

A form of consensual adultery in which both spouses share extramarital sexual experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Polyamory

A

A form of open relationship that allows for consensual sexual and/or emotional interactions with more than one partner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Divorce

A
  • rates peaked in 1987
  • typically occur 3-4 years after marriage
  • divorced people tend to cohabitate rather than remarry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Why are divorce rates increasing?

A
  • no-fault divorce laws
  • women’s economic independence
  • marriage is thought to be alterable
  • higher expectations for marriage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are the costs of divorce?

A
  • financial and emotional problems
  • stress of solo childrearing
  • feelings of failure
  • loneliness, uncertainty, depression
  • increased physical and mental illness, increased risk of suicide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are the developmental tasks of senior sexuality?

A
  • maintain self-perception as a sexual being
  • adapt to reduced frequency of sexual desire and reduced intensity of genital response
  • adapt to death of partner
  • adapt to entry into long-term care facility
  • use protection against STIs and HIV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Sexual changes in senior men:

A
  • longer time to erection and orgasm
  • less semen
  • less firm erections
  • less intense orgasms
  • longer refractory period
  • decreased feeling a need to ejaculate during sex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Sexual changes in senior women:

A
  • reduced myotonia (muscle tension)
  • reduced vaginal lubrication
  • decreased vaginal elasticity
  • smaller increases in breast size during sexual arousal
  • less intense orgasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Sight and sexual arousal

A
  • visual cues can be sexual turn-ons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Smell and sexual arousal

A
  • body’s natural odours can play a role in arousal and sexual attraction
  • aphrodisiacs
  • pheromones
  • may play a role in selecting a sex partner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Touch and sexual arousal

A
  • erogenous zones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Taste and sexual arousal

A
  • some people are aroused by the taste of genital secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Hearing and sexual arousal

A
  • dirty talk

- music

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Aphrodisiac

A

A substance that arouses or increases one’s capacity for sexual pleasure or response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Anaphrodisiac

A

A substance that decreases sexual arousal and desire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

How is the brain involved in sexual response?

A
  • cerebral cortex: cells fire when we experience sexual thoughts, images, and fantasies
  • limbic system: active in memory, motivation, and emotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What are the organizing effects of sex hormones?

A

Influence type of behaviour expressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What are the activating effects of sex hormones?

A

Influence frequency/intensity of the drive that motivates the behaviour and ability to perform the behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Sex hormones and male sexual behaviour

A
  • sex hormones influence sex drive/response
  • hormonal variation is more influential at puberty
  • castration decreases sex drive/response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Sex hormones and female sexual behaviour

A
  • sex hormones don’t appear to play a direct role in sexual motivation or response
  • sexual responsiveness may be influence by circulating androgens
  • ovarectomy doesn’t have an impact on sex drive/interest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle

A
  1. excitement phase
  2. plateau phase
  3. orgasmic phase
  4. resolution phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Kaplan’s 3 stages of sexual response

A
  1. desire
  2. excitement
  3. orgasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Basson’s intimacy model of female sexual response

A
  1. process may not always begin with desire
  2. women may fell aroused for intimacy reasons
  3. arousal may precede desire
  4. arousal may not lead to orgasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Partnered orgasm

A

More flushing sensations, general spasms, pleasurable satisfaction, emotional intimacy, and ecstasy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Solitary orgasm

A

Greater feelings of relaxation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

How do disabilities influence sexuality?

A
  • possible adjustments to sexual activity
  • ~same sex drive as able-bodied people
  • internalized stigmas may impair confidence and desire
  • ability to express needs depends on physical limitations
  • can be hard to find a loving and supporting partner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Sexual wellness for disabled people

A
  • positive self-concept
  • knowledge about sexuality
  • positive, productive relationships
  • ability to cope with social, environmental, physical, and emotional barriers to sexuality
  • maintenance of good physical and sexual health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Sexual dysfunction

A

The persistent or recurring lack of sexual desire or difficulty becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm.

Must occur for 6+ months, happen 75-100% of the time, and cause significant distress.

Can be lifelong or acquired, generalized, or situational.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Sexual arousal-related disorder

A

Failure to achieve or sustain erections or lubrication; lack subjective feelings of sexual pleasure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Male erectile disorder

A

Persistent difficulty in achieving/maintaining an erection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder (and subtypes)

A
  • sexual responses may not be linear
  • combined-arousal disorder: no subjective arousal, no genital response
  • subjective-arousal disorder: aware genitals respond physically to stimulation, but feel no subjective arousal
  • genital-arousal disorder: become aroused by stimulation other than to genitals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Female orgasmic disorder

A

Unable to reach orgasm, or have difficulty reaching orgasm after what would typically be adequate stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Delayed ejaculation and premature ejactulation

A

What they sound like lol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Dyspareunia

A

Painful intercourse or persistent pain associated with any stimulation of the vaginal area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Vulvodynia

A

Vulval pain; chronic burning, itching, irritation, and soreness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Vaginismus

A

Involuntary contraction of the pelvic muscles that surround the outer 1/3 of the vaginal barrel = pain; reflexive reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Biological factors that influence sexual dysfunctions:

A
  • medical conditions/health problems
  • aging
  • drugs
  • SSRIs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Psychosocial factors that influence sexual dysfunctions:

A
  • culture
  • psychosexual trauma
  • emotional factors
  • misinformation
  • ineffective sexual techniques
  • lack of sexual communication
  • boredom and routine
  • relationship issues
  • performance anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

PLISSIT Model (treatment of sexual dysfunctions)

A
  • Permission (P)
  • Limited Information (LI)
  • Specific Suggestions (SS)
  • Intensive Therapy (IT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Masters and Johnson approach to treating sexual dysfunctions

A
  • direct behavioural approach; focus on behavioural change
  • couple considered dysfunctional, not individual
  • daily sensate-focus exercises
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Sensate-focus exercises

A

Partners take turns giving and receiving pleasure in non-genital areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Treating sexual aversion:

A
  • medicine to reduce anxiety
  • therapy to overcome underlying sexual phobia
  • couples therapy
  • sensate-focus exercises
  • behavioural exercises
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

The Attraction-Similarity Hypothesis

A

People tend to develop relationships with others who are similar in attractiveness and other traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Physical Attractiveness

A
  • key factor in initial attraction
  • varies by culture
  • taller men are generally considered more attractive
  • hourglass figure valued in most cultures
  • menstrual cycle influences attractiveness of women, as well as who they’re attracted to
  • people who are attractive know it
113
Q

Evolutionary perspective + mate preference

A
  • evolutionary psychologists believe gender differences are favoured by evolutionary forces because they offer reproductive advantages
  • woman’s reproductive value tied to youth and health
  • man’s reproductive value tied to ability to provide for family
114
Q

Why is the evolutionary perspective on mate preference criticized?

A

Male dominated societies maintain mate preferences.

115
Q

Storge

A

Loving attachment and non-sexual affection; type of emotion that bonds parents and kids.

116
Q

Agape

A

Selfless love; similar to generosity and charity.

117
Q

Philia

A

Love between friends; based on liking and respect.

118
Q

Eros

A

Type of love closest to passion; romantic love.

119
Q

Romantic love

A
  • idealized in Western culture
  • most Canadians believe romantic love is a prerequisite for marriage
  • can be a source of deep fulfillment and ecstasy
  • in adolescence: strong sexual arousal + idealized images of objects of desire = feelings labelled as “love”
120
Q

Unrequited love leads to…

A

…loneliness and despair

121
Q

Infatuation

A

A state of intense absorption in or focus on another person; usually accompanied by sexual desire, elation, or general physiological excitement.

122
Q

Biological mechanisms and love

A
  • bodily changes that come with feelings of love

- neural pathways, brain chemistry, hormones

123
Q

Love as appraisal of arousal

A
  • cognitive appraisal of intense physiological reactions as love
124
Q

The perception of love requires:

A
  • state of arousal connected to love object
  • culture that idealizes romantic love
  • attribution of arousal to feelings of love
125
Q

Pragma

A

Logical love

126
Q

Mania

A

Possessive, excited love

127
Q

Ludus

A

Game-playing love

128
Q

Intimacy

A

The experience of warmth toward another person that arises from feelings of closeness, bondedness, and connectedness; desire to give and receive emotional support and share innermost thoughts.

129
Q

Passion

A

An intense romantic or sexual desire for another person accompanied by physiological arousal.

130
Q

Commitment

A

Dedication to maintaining the relationship through good and bad times.

131
Q

Passion alone =

A

infatuation

132
Q

Commitment alone =

A

empty love

133
Q

Intimacy alone =

A

liking

134
Q

Intimacy + passion =

A

romantic love

135
Q

Intimacy + commitment =

A

companionate love

136
Q

Passion + commitment =

A

fatuous love

137
Q

Intimacy + passion + commitment =

A

Consummate love

138
Q

ABC(DE)s of Romantic Relationships

A 
Attraction
Building
Continuation
Deterioration
Ending
139
Q

Small talk

A

Superficial; allows for information exchange.

140
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Revealing personal (sometimes intimate) information about self; key to building intimate relationships.

141
Q

Jealousy

A

Found in all cultures, but more common in cultures with stronger machismo traditions where men view women’s infidelities as threats to their honour.
Mild forms not necessarily destructive.

142
Q

Jealousy can lead to…

A
  • loss of affection
  • feelings of insecurity and rejection
  • anxiety
  • low self-esteem
  • mistrust of current and future partners
  • depression
  • abuse
  • suicide and murder
143
Q

Evolutionary theory and jealousy

A
  • males are more upset by sexual infidelity

- females are more upset by emotional infidelity

144
Q

Model of Mutual Cyclical Growth

A
  1. feeling of needing partner promotes commitment and dependence
  2. commitment encourages you to do things that are good for the relationship
  3. partner sees pro-relationship acts
  4. partner’s perception of acts enhances trust in you and the relationship
  5. partner’s feelings of trust and dependence increase
145
Q

Differences between heterosexual and LGB relationships:

A
  • gay and lesbian couples tend to distribute household chores more evenly
146
Q

Similarities between heterosexual and LGB relationships:

A
  • satisfaction is associated with social support from partners, shared power, fair fighting, and perceived relationship commitment
147
Q

Obstacles to sexual communication:

A
  • opinion on sex talk
  • irrational beliefs about relationships and sex
  • sexual compatibility
  • fearing offending partner
  • low sexual self-esteem
  • lack of experience
148
Q

How to talk to partner about sexual issues:

A
  • admit it’s hard to talk about sex
  • pick a time when you’re relaxed and rested
  • pick a private place
  • ask permission to raise an issue
149
Q

How to keep the spark alive in a relationship:

A
  • communal motivation (respond to partner’s needs w/o expecting reciprocation)
  • communicate sexual needs
  • listen effectively
150
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Direction of one’s erotic attraction and romantic interest.

151
Q

Why is the term “homosexual” controversial?

A
  • draws attention to sexual behaviour
  • historically associated with deviance and mental illness
  • typically used only in reference to men, ignoring lesbians
152
Q

Queer

A

A positive, self-affirming term for people who don’t see themselves fitting into standard classifications of sexual orientation.

153
Q

Pansexual

A

Sexual or emotional attraction to people, regardless of their gender identity or sexual orientation.

Challenges the heterosexual-homosexual dichotomy, and the male-female dichotomy.

154
Q

Historical and religious perspectives on sexual orientation:

A
  • male-male sexual activity seen as sin

- gay rights are an international struggle

155
Q

Cross-cultural perspectives on sexual orientation:

A
  • male-male sexual behaviour has occurred across cultures and history
  • little is known about female-female sexual activity in non-western cultures
156
Q

Cross-species perspectives on sexual orientation:

A
  • same-sex behaviour has been observed in 450 animal species

- displays of dominance and submissiveness seem sexual

157
Q

Biological perspectives on sexual orientation:

A
  • strong male-male and female-female relationships = advantages to group survival
  • women related to gay males tend to bear more children
  • similarities in brain structures of het. males and lesbians, and between gay males and het. females
  • gay and lesbian orientations run in families
158
Q

Psychological perspectives on sexual orientation:

A
  • failure to resolve Oedipus/Electra complex results in homosexuality
  • early sexual patterns are reinforced (learning theory)
  • gays and lesbians likely to report childhood behaviours typical of the other gender
159
Q

Homophobia

A

Derogatory names; disparaging “queer jokes”; barring gay people from housing, jobs, and social opportunities; verbal abuse; physical abuse.

160
Q

Heterosexism

A

The tendency of society to view the world in heterosexual terms; devalues other kinds of relationships.

161
Q

When was same-sex behaviour decriminalized in Canada?

A

1969

162
Q

What are the steps to coming out?

A
  1. Coming to terms themselves

2. Coming out to others

163
Q

What are the steps in development of sexual identity?

A
  1. Attraction to members of same gender
  2. Self-labelling as gay or lesbian
  3. Sexual contact with members of same gender
  4. Disclosure of sexual orientation to other people
164
Q

Facts about LGB youth adjustment:

A
  • more likely to have experienced physical and sexual abuse, harassment in school, and discrimination in the community
  • more likely to have run away from home, be sexually experienced, and engage in HIV-risky behaviour
  • less likely to participate in sports
  • feel less connected to family
165
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized ovum

166
Q

Embryo

A

Begins with implantation of fertilized ovum and ends with development of major organ systems.

167
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A
  • extra X chromosome
  • men fail to develop appropriate secondary sex characteristics
  • fail to produce sperm
  • tend to have mild mental retardation
168
Q

Turner Syndrome

A
  • female has just one X chromosome

- may not naturally undergo puberty (treated with hormones to spur secondary sex characteristics)

169
Q

Gender identity

A

Internal/individual sense of being male, female, or other.

170
Q

Assigned sex

A

Classification of anatomic sex assigned at birth (male, female, or intersex).

171
Q

Intersex

A

When a person has the gonads of one gender, and external genitalia of the other gender.

172
Q

Hermaphrodite

A
  • possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue

- usually assume gender identity and gender role assigned at birth

173
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

A
  • common female intersex condition
  • genetic female has internal female structures but masculinized external genitals
  • increased interest in male-typed toys, more likely to have boys as friends, and more likely to want masculine-typed careers
174
Q

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome

A
  • genetic males who have lower-than-normal prenatal sensitivity to androgens due to a mutated gene
  • external genitals are feminized
175
Q

Dominican Republic Disorder

A
  • genetic enzyme disorder that prevents testosterone from masculinizing external genitals
  • boys resemble girls at birth, and are reared as such
  • secondary sex characteristics develop at puberty
176
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

A sense of incongruity between assigned sex and gender identity that causes significant distress.
Diagnosis is dependent on distress.

177
Q

Transitioning

A

The activities that some trans people may pursue to begin living as the gender they identify as.

178
Q

Gender typing

A

Process by which children acquire behaviour that is deemed appropriate to their gender.

179
Q

Evolutionary perspective on gender typing

A
  • men = hunters
  • women = caregivers and gatherers
  • criticized for maintaining status quo and rationalizing gender inequality
180
Q

Prenatal brain organization + gender typing

A
  • prenatal sex hormones may masculinize or feminize the brain by creating predispositions that are consistent with gender role stereotypes
181
Q

Psychoanalytic theory + gender typing

A
  • appropriate gender typing requires boys to identify with their fathers and girls with their mothers
182
Q

Social-cognitive theory + gender typing

A
  • observational learning, identification, and socialization
183
Q

Cognitive-developmental theory + gender typing

A
  • children are active in gender typing by forming schemas about gender
  • gender stability
  • gender constancy
184
Q

Gender-schema theory + gender typing

A
  • children develop schemas as a way of organizing their worlds
  • gains emphasis because of society’s emphasis
185
Q

Traditional Sexual Script

A

A sexual script based on stereotypical standards for sexual behaviour.
Dictates males = assertive and active roles, and females = receptive and passive roles.

186
Q

Psychological Androgyny

A

A state characterized by possession of both stereotypical masculine and feminine traits.
An individual may better meet the demands of various situations and better express desires and talents.

187
Q

Men who have sadistic rape fantasies are:

A
  • more likely to be socially isolated and emotionally unstable
  • sometimes work with professionals to change fantasies
  • don’t necessarily want fantasies to occur in real life!!
188
Q

Typical fantasies during partnered sex:

A
  • about another partner
  • group sex and orgies
  • making love in interesting places
189
Q

LGB fantasies:

A
  • lesbian and bisexual women are more likely to fantasize about common activities with partners if they’re satisfied with their relationship
190
Q

Functions of sexual fantasies:

A
  • fantasize about partners and behaviours that would increase reproductive success
  • men: sex with many partners
  • women: close, protective partners
191
Q

Masturbation in history:

A
  • religious: condemned as sinful
  • views carried into 18th century medicine
  • mid-19th century: parents were encouraged to prevent children from masturbating
192
Q

Masturbation today:

A
  • most people masturbate at some time
  • men tend to masturbate more than women
  • older women tend to masturbate more than teenage women
  • when having regular partnered sex, men tend to masturbate less while women tend to masturbate more often
  • frequency of masturbation increases with education
193
Q

Foreplay

A

Physical interactions that are sexually stimulating and set the stage for intercourse.

Similarity between genders on desired length of foreplay.

194
Q

Fellatio

A

Oral stimulation of the male genitals.

195
Q

Cunnilingus

A

Oral stimulation of the female genitals.

196
Q

Statistical infrequency

A

How much sexual behaviour deviates from the statistical norm.

197
Q

Social norm

A

How closely sexual behaviour is aligned with current accepted norms in society.

198
Q

When is sexual behaviour considered abnormal?

A

Sexual behaviour is abnormal if it causes stress, anxiety or unhappiness for the individual or harms someone else.

199
Q

Paraphilia

A

Any intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners.

200
Q

Paraphilic disorder

A

A paraphilia that causes distress or impairment to the individual, causes personal distress and/or harm to the individual or others.

201
Q

Fetishism

A

Inanimate object such as an article of clothing, items made out of rubber, leather, or silk that elicit sexual arousal.

202
Q

Trasvestism

A

When a person repeatedly cross-dresses to achieve sexual arousal or gratification, or is troubled with persistent, recurrent urges to cross-dress.

203
Q

Exhibitionism

A

Persistent, powerful urges to expose genitals to unsuspecting strangers.

204
Q

Telephone scatologia

A

People (typically male) who become sexually aroused by shocking victims with obscene phone calling.

205
Q

Voyeurism

A

Strong repetitive urges and sexual fantasies related to observing unsuspecting strangers who are naked, disrobing, or engaged in sexual relations.

206
Q

Sexual sadism

A

The desire to inflict pain or humiliation on others to enhance sexual arousal and attain gratification.

207
Q

Sado-masochism (S&M)

A

Mutually gratifying sexual interaction between 2 consenting partners in which sexual arousal is associated with inflicting and receiving pain and humiliation.

208
Q

Frotteurism

A

Recurrent, powerful sexual urges and fantasies that involve rubbing against/touching another person (nonconsensually).

209
Q

Zoophilia

A

Urges and fantasies that involve sexual relations with animals.
Actual contact with animals is known as bestiality.

210
Q

Necrophilia

A

Desire for sexual activity with corpses.

211
Q

Klismaphilia

A

Sexual arousal derived from the used of enemas.

212
Q

Corophilia

A

Sexual arousal attained in connection with feces.

213
Q

Cognitive-behaviour therapy + paraphilia treatment

A

Systematic application of the principles of learning in order to modify a problem behaviour.

214
Q

Systematic desensitization + paraphilia treatment

A

Attempts to terminate connection between a stimulus and an inappropriate response.

215
Q

Aversion therapy + paraphilia treatment

A

Pairs unwanted behaviour with an unpleasant stimulus.

216
Q

Covert sensitization + paraphilia treatment

A

Thoughts of engaging in undesirable behaviour are paired with imagined aversive stimuli.

217
Q

Orgasmic reconditioning + paraphilia treatment

A

Pair desired stimulus with orgasm.

218
Q

What is the 6 level schema for treatment of paraphilias (mild-severe)

A
  • CBT
  • SSRIs
  • SSRIs + low does anti-androgens
  • Anti-androgens or hormonal treatment
  • Anti-androgens/hormonal treatment by injection
  • High doses of anti-androgens or LHRH administered by therapist
219
Q

What is the 6 level schema for treatment of paraphilias (mild-severe)

A
  • CBT
  • SSRIs
  • SSRIs + low does anti-androgens
  • Anti-androgens or hormonal treatment
  • Anti-androgens/hormonal treatment by injection
  • High doses of anti-androgens or LHRH administered by therapist
220
Q

Sex addiction

A
  • sex addict engages in sexual behaviour to relieve anxiety, but doesn’t feel a high level of sexual gratification
  • experience withdrawal symptoms
221
Q

Compulsive sexual behaviour

A
  • excessively frequent, out-of-control sexual behaviour is not an indication of a sex addiction
  • seen as an obsessive-compulsive disorder
222
Q

Types of female sex work (low tier-high tier)

A
  • street-based sex workers (20%)
  • brothel workers
  • massage parlour workers
  • escorts
  • call girls
    +
  • stripping
223
Q

Patterns of entry into sex work (mostly for street-based)

A
  • backgrounds of poverty and sexual/physical abuse

- voluntary

224
Q

Motives for buying sex:

A
  • sex without negotiation
  • no emotional commitment
  • eroticism and variety
  • a way to fill psychological or sexual needs that can’t be filled otherwise
  • prostitution as a social outlet
  • sex away from home
  • difficulty attracting a partner
225
Q

Gigolos

A

Males who service females; rare.

226
Q

Types of male sex workers:

A
  • “beach boys”
  • strippers
  • kept boys
  • call boys
  • punks
  • drag prostitutes
  • brothel prostitutes
  • bar and street hustlers
227
Q

Pornography

A

Written, visual, or audiotaped material that is sexually explicit and designed to elicit/enhance sexual arousal.

228
Q

Cybersex addiction/compulsivity

A
  • when online viewing becomes all-consuming
  • compulsives may ignore their partners and children and risk their jobs
  • may spend hours a day masturbating
229
Q

Sexual assault

A

Non-consensual bodily contact for a sexual purpose.

230
Q

Level 1 sexual assault:

A
  • any form of sexual activity forced on another person, or non-consensual bodily contact for a sexual purpose
  • touching, kissing, and oral, vaginal, and anal sex
  • minor or no physical injury
  • up to 10 year in prison
231
Q

Level 2 sexual assault:

A
  • sexual assault in which a perpetrator uses or threatens to use a weapon, threatens the victim’s family/friends, causes bodily harm to a 3rd party, or commits the assault with another person
  • up to 14 years in prison
232
Q

Level 3 sexual assault:

A
  • a sexual assault that wounds, mains, or disfigures the victim, or endangers the victims life
233
Q

Where are the highest rates of sexual assault reported in Canada?

A

Nunavut, NWT, and Yukon

234
Q

Where are the lowest rates of sexual assault reported in Canada?

A

Ontario, BC, and Quebec

235
Q

Stranger sexual assault

A
  • committed by an assailant previously unknown to the victim
  • assailant selects target who seems vulnerable and seeks out a safe time and place to attack
  • 18%
236
Q

Acquaintance sexual assault

A
  • when victims know the perpetrator
  • less likely to be reported
  • 82%
237
Q

Date sexual assault

A
  • common form of acquaintance SA

- more likely to occur if couple has been drinking and parks in a man’s car, or goes into his home

238
Q

Gang sexual assault

A
  • exercise of power
  • may be expressing anger against women
  • tend to be more vicious
  • low report rates among survivors
239
Q

Sexual assault against males

A
  • tend to be committed by heterosexual men, often in prison
  • domination, control, revenge, retaliation, sadism, degradation, status/affiliation
  • more common than people assume
240
Q

Partner/marital sexual assault

A
  • “traditional” men may believe it’s a woman’s duty to satisfy him, even when she’s not interested
  • problem because a relationship has already been established
  • frequently goes unreported
  • domination/degradation
  • occurs within patterns of violence and physical intimidation
241
Q

Why are societal myths and attitudes a problem when it comes to sexual assault?

A
  • create a climate that legitimizes sexual assault

- society encourages sexual assault because males are socialized into socially and sexually dominant roles

242
Q

2-stage process for post-sexual assault treatment

A
  • helping victim through crisis after attack

- fostering long-term adjustment

243
Q

Psychotherapy for sexual assault treatmen

A
  • helps deal with emotional consequences
  • avoid self-blame
  • increases self-esteem
  • validates experiences
  • helps establish or maintain loving relationships
  • mobilizes social support
244
Q

Preventing sexual assault

A
  • elimination would require massive changes to cultural attitudes and socialization processes
  • education
  • confront the attacker (crying, screaming, pleading, fighting back)
  • take precautions (ex. establish signals with other women; use deadbolt locks; keep keys hand when approaching car or front door; avoid deserted areas…)
245
Q

Common coercive verbal pressure tactics:

A
  • using alcohol and drugs to loosen a partner’s reluctance to have sex
  • using obligations, expectations, and guilt
  • exploiting emotional and economic vulnerabilities
246
Q

Pedophilia

A

A paraphilia that involves sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours that involve sexual activity with a prepubescent child.

247
Q

Pedophilia is associated with:

A
  • head injury before age of 6
  • having older brothers
  • school failure by more than one year, and subsequent enrolment in special education
  • lower intelligence levels
  • brain differences
248
Q

Family factors that contribute to incest:

A
  • general family disruption
  • spousal abuse
  • alcoholic or physically abusive parents
  • stressful events in father’s life
  • uneven power relationship between spouses
  • generations of abuse history
249
Q

Effects of sexual abuse on children:

A
  • short and long-term psychological complaints (anger, depression, anxiety, eating disorders)
  • “acting out”
  • signs of PTSD
  • aversely affected sexual development
  • boys likely to externalize, girls to internalize
250
Q

Treatment of childhood sexual abuse

A
  • psychotherapy in adulthood (chance to confront pain, anger, and misplaced guilt)
  • group and individual therapy
251
Q

Sexual Harassment

A

Deliberate or repeated unsolicited and unwanted comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature.

252
Q

Workplace sexual harassment

A

Any behaviour of a sexual nature that interferes with an individual’s work performance or creates a hostile, intimidating, or offensive work environment.

253
Q

What are the most common form of contraceptive in Canada?

A
  • condoms

- oral contraceptive

254
Q

Oral contraceptives

A
  • fools body into thinking woman is pregnant; progesterone inhibits development of endometrium, making implantation difficult; cervical mucus thickens and becomes more acidic (bars sperm)
  • ~3% failure rate (typical use)
  • regularizes menstrual cycle and reduces cramping
  • doesn’t interrupt spontaneity
255
Q

Contraceptive patch

A
  • delivers estrogen and progestin to prevent ovulation and implantation
  • 99% effective
  • doesn’t interrupt spontaneity
256
Q

Emergency Contraceptive

A
  • prevents sperm and egg joining, as well as prevent fertilized egg from attaching to uterine wall
  • most effective within 72 hours
  • 1-3% failure rate
257
Q

Vaginal ring

A
  • delivers estrogen and progestin through the skin
  • inserted in the vagina and worn for 3 consecutive weeks + 1 ring-free week
  • unknown long-term side effects
258
Q

Injectable contraception

A
  • hormone solution injected every 12 weeks
  • 99.7% effective
  • prolonged use associated with bone loss
  • spontaneous sex
259
Q

Intrauterine devices (IUDS)

A
  • small object inserted into uterus that prevents sperm from fertilizing egg, and fertilized egg from implanting
  • ~99% effective for ~5 years
  • relatively maintenance free
  • can cause excessive menstrual cramping and heavy bleeding, as well as spotting
260
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • shallow cup/dome made of latex or rubber that forms a barrier against sperm when placed over cervical opening
  • must be used with spermicide
  • left in place 6 hours after sex
  • 18% failure rate (typical use), 6% failure rate (correct use)
  • use as needed, but disruptive
261
Q

Spermicides

A
  • coat the cervical opening, blocking passage and killing sperm
  • must be inserted ahead of time and allowed to dissolve, and left in vagina several hours after sex
  • 21% failure rate (typical use), 6% failure rate (correct use)
  • can be irritating to some women and men
262
Q

Natural birth control/fertility awareness methods

A
  • calendar method (no sex on days 10-17 of menstrual cycle)
  • basal-body temperature
  • cervical-mucus method
  • ovulation prediction kits
  • 20% failure rate
  • no side effects
  • relatively ineffective
  • low reliability
  • abstaining from sex
263
Q

Vasectomy

A

Surgically cutting each vas deferens and tying/cauterizing to prevent sperm reaching urethra.

264
Q

Tubal litigation

A

Fallopian tubes are surgically blocked to prevent meeting of sperm and ova.

265
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Removal of ovaries and uterus; inappropriate method of sterilization.

266
Q

Induced Abortion

A

Purposeful termination of a pregnancy before the embryo/fetus is capable of sustaining independent life.

267
Q

Vacuum aspiration (abortion)

A

Removal of uterine contents via suction; used during first trimester.

268
Q

Dilation and evacuation/D&E (abortion)

A

Removal of uterine contents via a suction tube and forceps; uterine wall may be scraped to ensure lining is completely gone; used during second trimester.

269
Q

What are the most common STIs in Canada?

A
  • HPV and genital herpes (HSV) are the most common, but not most reportable
  • Chlamydia is the most reportable
270
Q

Biological factors that contribute to the spread of STIs:

A
  • multiple means of transmission
  • lifelong infections
  • asymptomatic cases
  • increased vulnerability from some STIs to contracting others
  • gender
  • lack of vaccines and cures
271
Q

Psychological factors that contribute to the spread of STIs:

A
  • perceived low risk
  • lack of communication
  • psychological obstacles to condom use (love and trust; embarrassment about buying; decreased spontaneity and pleasure)
  • alcohol and drug use
272
Q

Social factors that contribute to the spread of STIs:

A
  • socioeconomic status
  • social capital
  • gender inequality
  • sexual orientation
  • ethnocultural factors
273
Q

Abstinence only sex education:

A
  • no sex until older or married
  • doesn’t include information on birth control or safe sex
  • usually associated with religious schools
  • generally ineffective in preventing pregnancy/STI spread
274
Q

Broadly based sex education programs:

A
  • incorporate wide range of objectives and ideas
  • include information on mutually satisfying relationships, sexual orientation, gender-role stereotyping, and gender identity
  • allow space for students to make use of learned information to make decisions for themselves
  • programs don’t encourage young people to become sexually active
  • has a positive impact on behaviour (delay first intercourse, encourage use of condoms, encourage decrease of sexually risky behaviour)
275
Q

Parental attitudes toward sex education:

A
  • many parents have favourable attitudes towards sexual health education in schools
  • are in agreement with providing youth with information on a range of topics
276
Q

Youth attitudes toward sex education:

A
  • want sex ed in schools
  • disappointed with quality of sex education received
  • dissatisfaction because programs neglect emotional and positive aspects of sex
277
Q

What sources are considered most valuable to young people when it comes to information about sex?

A

Parents and school are rated most useful and most valuable.

278
Q

What are advantages to internet as a source of sexual information?

A
  • anonymous

- accessible

279
Q

What are disadvantages to internet as a source of sexual information?

A
  • questions about credibility

- concerns about effects of porn

FRHD2100 - University of Guelph W17 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions