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Evolutionary Psychology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the two evolutionary psychological explanations for religiosity proposed by Kanazawa?

A
  • Religiosity as the byproduct of animistic bias

- Religiosity as a tertiary adaptation

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2
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

False positive

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3
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

False negative

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4
Q

Explain the idea, proposed by Kanazawa, that religion is a byproduct of animistic bias

A

Kanazawa suggests that religion is a byproduct of the human tendency to see ambiguous events as being personal, animate, and intentional

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5
Q

Are primary adaptations domain-specific or domain-general?

A

Domain-specific

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6
Q

Are higher-level adaptations domain-specific or domain-general?

A

Domain-general

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7
Q

What is the “Singularity”?

A

A future period where technological advancement will happen so fast that humans will be irreversibly altered; brain and computer power will be combined

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8
Q

The “Singularity” is suggested by whom?

A

Kurzweil

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9
Q

What does Kurzweil suggest will result from the jump in technological advancement?

A

There will be no distinguishable difference between man and machine, biological and mechanical, etc.

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10
Q

Why are we so unaware of the imminent supposed burst in technological advancement?

A

Because so few people consider that the growth is exponential

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11
Q

Kurzweil suggested that the first half of the 21st century would be characterized by what three overlapping revolutions?

A
  • Genetics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Robotics
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12
Q

Gene expression

A

The process by which cellular components produce proteins according to a genetic blueprint

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13
Q

Gene expression is controlled by what?

A

Peptides and short RNA strands

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14
Q

What can RNA interference do?

A

Turn off a gene by destroying the messenger RNA expressing it

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15
Q

What technologies are considered nanotechnologies?

A

Any technology in which a machine’s key features are measured by fewer than 100 nanometers

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16
Q

Which of the three revolutions outlined by Kurzweil is suggested to be the most profound?

A

Robotics

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17
Q

The human brain is how many standard deviations above the line predicting brain size from body size for primates?

A

Two to three standard deviations

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18
Q

What was one of the first hunter-gatherer groups whose life history was ever studied?

A

The !Kang San of southern Africa

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19
Q

Describe the !Kang San people of southern Africa

A
  • Monogamous
  • Musical
  • Carefully spaced children (~4 years)
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20
Q

The !Kang people might have even migrated into Africa from where?

A

Asia

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21
Q

Describe the Ache of Paraguay

A
  • Forest dwellers
  • Lived in isolation until 1972
  • Devastated by epidemics caught from missionaries
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22
Q

What does Mace suggest are the essential features of the human life history?

A
  • Growth
  • Mortality
  • Fertility
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23
Q

Why are phenotypic correlations problematic?

A

Because heterogeneity in a population can obscure true relationships between life history variables

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24
Q

Human interbirth intervals are around how many years?

A

2.5-3.5 years

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25
Q

What is the grandmother hypothesis?

A

The idea that menopause exists so that women can help their children reproduce

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26
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Acts against both extremes in a distribution to keep population average

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27
Q

Directional selection

A

Acts against one extreme of a phenotype (ie. shifts toward the other)

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28
Q

Disruptive (“diversifying”) selection

A

Acts against intermediate phenotypes (i.e. split in distributions toward extreme values)

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29
Q

Purifying selection (aka negative selection)

A

Conserves fixed trains and weeds out mutations at key loci

30
Q

When does sexually antagonistic selection occur?

A

When the optimal phenotype is not the same for male and female offspring

31
Q

What is the assumption of the adaptationist stance?

A

Phenotypes are adaptively constructed so we can hypothesize about how they increased ancestral fitness; if something common in species then it is probably designed that way because it solved an adaptive problem in an ancestral context

32
Q

What are the strengths of the adaptationist stance?

A
  • Can test different adaptationist hypotheses of adaptive origins
  • Adaptationist hypotheses are fairly straightforward to test
33
Q

What is reverse engineering?

A

Looking at how something works and thinking about what function would cause it to have this design

34
Q

What are the limitations of the adaptationist stance?

A
  • Well-acknowledged constraints on optimal designs and genes underwriting them
35
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Distinct phenotypic effects from same allele

36
Q

Phylogeny fallacy

A

Belief that specification for an organism’s particular phenotypic outcomes can exist independently of an in advance of real time developmental processes

37
Q

What are the two sources of mortality?

A
  • Senescence

- Extrinsic mortality

38
Q

Senescence

A

Breakdown in biological function occurring as we reach maximum age

39
Q

Intrinsic mortality

A

Death due to organism’s aging processes (“natural causes”)

40
Q

Extrinsic mortality

A

Death due to environmental causes beyond your control

41
Q

How long did the documented longest living human life?

A

122 years and 164 days

42
Q

Disposable soma theory

A

Reproductive success higher when forgoing perfect self-repair in favour of reproduction

43
Q

Trivers-Willard hypothesis

A

In bad times, it’s better to have daughters, but in good times, it’s better to have sons

44
Q

Bateman’s principle

A

Males gain more of a reproductive advantage from each individual mating partner than females do

45
Q

Variance in reproductive success is greater in what sex?

A

Males

46
Q

What are the only other species with menopause?

A

Pilot whales and killer whales

47
Q

Direct reciprocity

A

Help if benefit to other is greater than the cost to self

48
Q

Indirect reciprocity

A

Help those who have helped others in the past

49
Q

What are some of the benefits for women of long-term mating?

A
  • Physical protection for themselves and their children
  • Recurrent supply of provisions
  • Help with the socialization, training, and influence of their children
50
Q

What are some of the benefits for men of long-term mating?

A
  • Increasing their ability to attract a desirable mate
  • Increasing their paternity certainty by prolonged proximity and sexual access
  • Increasing the survival of their children
  • Increasing the reproductive success of their children
  • Increasing state sand coalition allies through their wife’s extended kin
51
Q

What % of mammalian species are monogamous?

A

3-5%

52
Q

What are two common tactics men use in the “battleground” of pre-mating sexual conflict?

A
  • Deception

- Sexual persistence

53
Q

What are common tactics women use in the “battleground” of pre-mating sexual conflict?

A
  • Frequency of sexual intercourse
  • Expenditures of pooled economic resources
  • Effort devoted to one set of kind vs the other
  • Amount of parental investment each allocates
  • Mating effort diverted to others outside the primary mateship
54
Q

Men are particularly threatened by what kind of potential mate poachers?

A

Those who have superior job prospects, financial resources, and physical strength

55
Q

Women are particularly threatened by what kind of potential mate poachers?

A

Those who surpass them in facial or bodily attractiveness

56
Q

What kind of mating pattern do humans have?

A

Anisogamy

57
Q

Anisogamy

A

2 sexes, fixed gamete sizes

58
Q

Smith’s “Twofold Cost of Males”

A
  • Cost one: individual asexual clones reproduce twice as fast
  • Cost two: asexual females twice fitness of sexual ones due to genetic relation
59
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

Asexual reproduction will create essentially clones, because they have the same DNA, whereas sexual reproduction will create varied beings with different DNA

60
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Phenotypic differences between females and males of same species

61
Q

Sexual conflict theory

A

Potential selection for conflict in all phases of mating

62
Q

Fisher’s sexy son hypothesis

A

Any slight preference for ornament creates a positive feedback loop

63
Q

The social-brain hypothesis is an explanation for what?

A

The fact that monkeys and apes have unusually large brains compared with all other mammals and birds

64
Q

What is the explanation for large brains in primates according to social-brain hypothesis?

A

Primates need large brains because they live in usually complex societies that involve many interdependent relationships that change dynamically

65
Q

According to SBH, how can the typical group size for a species be predicted?

A

From the size of its neocortex (especially the frontal lobe)

66
Q

Humans typically have how many belief states?

A

5

67
Q

Our social world naturally consists of how many individuals?

A

Approx. 150

68
Q

Monogamy

A

Males and females have one mate only (at least per mating season)

69
Q

Polygyny

A

A male and several females (harem)

70
Q

Polyandry

A

A female and several males

71
Q

Promiscuity

A

Multi-male (& multi-female)

Evolutionary Psychology (8 decks)

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