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Cell Physiology final.. > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are proteases a type of?

A

caspases

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2
Q

What is cellular senescence a feature of?

A

aging

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3
Q

What gene codes for the longevity protein?

A

SIRT1

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4
Q

How is senescence detrimental for cells?

A

Detrimental for aging

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5
Q

What gene mutation will lead to cancer?

A

Tumor suppressing genes

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6
Q

What becomes less efficient at generating ATP as we age?

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

Dopamine, Glycine, and GABA are all examples of____ neurotransmitters?

A) Excitatory
B) Inhibitory
C) Complex
D) Doug Chidester “DA MITTINNN”

A

B) Inhibitory

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of drugs that affect the neuromuscular junction?

A

ACH - like action,
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors,
ACH receptor antagonists

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9
Q

What types of cancer result from an overexpression Bcl-2?

A

Lymphoma, breast, Prostate, and lung cancer.

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10
Q

Do antioxidants increase lifespan?

A

no

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11
Q

What step in cancer development is the initial genetic insult?

A

Initiation

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12
Q

what type of signal is apoptosis initiation from mitochondria releasing cytochrome c?

A

Internal Signal

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13
Q

What type of drug affects the neuromuscular junction by decreasing the breakdown of ACH? (e.g. alzheimers, nerve gas)

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

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14
Q

Does dietary restriction decrease likelihood of cellular damage?

A

YES

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15
Q

What is the term that describes cells being replaced at the same rate as being lost?

A

Homeostasis.

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16
Q

What breaks up proteins to get a cell to apoptosis?

A

Caspases

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17
Q

Does protein degradation decrease with age?

A

yes

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18
Q

What are the normal genes that control cell growth and differentiation known as?

A

Protooncogenes

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19
Q

What protein can induce reactive oxygen species production?

A

p53

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20
Q

What is telomere attrition a feature of?

A

aging

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21
Q

How many muscle fibers does each motor nerve stimulate?

A

300,000

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22
Q

When a cell is injured or diseased, it will likely go through___, taking days and causing inflammation of the surround tissue.

A) Apoptosis.
B) Necrosis
C) Meiosis
D) Cytotermination

A

B) Necrosis

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23
Q

What is an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack ACH receptors at the neuromuscular junction resulting in an inability to transmit enough signals from nerves to muscles?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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24
Q

What type of drug affects neuromuscular junction by not being destroyed by cholinesterases and keeping persistent action? (e.g. Nicotine)

A

ACH- like action

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25
Q

What can unregulated cell division lead to?

A

Cancer

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26
Q

Why can red wine lead to an increase in lifespan?

A

Resveratol in red wine can induce SIRT1

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27
Q

Does hematopoiesis increase with age?

A

NO

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28
Q

What is known as tumor necrosis factor receptor?

A

Death receptors that can initiate apoptosis

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29
Q

What are mutated proto-oncogenes known as?

A

Oncogenes

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30
Q

What type of cell death is due to injury or disease?

A

Necrosis

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31
Q

What step in cancer development is tumor cell invasion?

A

Metastasis

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32
Q

Is there a difference in the resting membrane potential of a nerve and muscle fiber?

A

NO

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33
Q

What is a typical numeric range for a resting potential?

A

-70 to -80 mV

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34
Q

As the cells of the body age one hallmark of the process is Genomic instability which refers to:

A) Shorter telomeres= increased mortality.
B) Accumulation of DNA damage throughout life.
C) Increase in likelihood of inflammation.
D) Cells being less efficient at generating ATP.

A

B) Accumulation of DNA damage throughout life.

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35
Q

What step in cancer development is tumor development?

A

Progression

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36
Q

Where is a muscle action potential transmitted along?

A

Transvers tubules

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37
Q

What are the 2 big theories of cancer?

A

Clonal evolution model,

Stem cell theory

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38
Q

According to stem cell theory of cancer, are cancer stems cells less likely to be resistant to drugs?

A

NO

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39
Q

How do epigenetic alterations contribute to aging?

A

decrease—>histone actylation

Increase—–>Heterochromatin = silencing of proliferation genes.

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40
Q

Why do the mouths of the ACH receptors have negatively charged amino acids?

A

Keeps out negative ions.
Allows mostly Na+ (small amounts K+ and Ca++) to diffuse through and create a positive charge known as the END plate potential.

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41
Q

Are senescent cells still metabolically active?

A

yes, just no more replication.

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42
Q

What controls cells growth?

A

Protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

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43
Q

The release of what ion causes the stimulation of muscle contraction?

A

Ca++

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44
Q

During what type of cell death will a cell shrink in size?

A

Apoptosis

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45
Q

What step in cancer development is multiple mutations leading to an increased number of mutated cells?

A

Promotion

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46
Q

What are caspases’ major function?

A

apoptosis

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47
Q

Is there a difference in the velocity of conduction of a nerve and muscle fiber?

A

Yes, Nerve=FASTER

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48
Q

What gene controls unregulated progression through the cell cycle?

A

Tumor suppressing genes

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49
Q

In the Clonal evolution model theory of cancer, why does therapy require death or removal of all tumor cells?

A

Every mutated cell has potential to develop another tumor.

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50
Q

Does protein degradation increase with age?

A

NO

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51
Q

What type of cell produces high levels of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP’s)

A

Senescent cells

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52
Q

Caspases are a type of protease whose major function is apoptosis?

A)True
B)False

A

A) True

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53
Q

What does the end plate potential stimulate?

A

Contraction of a Muscle.

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54
Q

During what type of cell death is a cell engulfed by a macrophage?

A

Apoptosis

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55
Q

Which horns of the spinal cord do motor neurons originate from?

A

Anterior horns

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56
Q

Does SIRT1 regulate p53?

A

YES

57
Q

Is risk of cancer in those carrying mutations much higher than those w/out the mutations?

A

YES

58
Q

What type of disease occurs from defective apoptosis of autoreactive cells?

A

Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and type 1 diabetes.

59
Q

Are skeletal muscle fibers innervated by large myelinated nerves?

A

YES

60
Q

What type of drug affects the neuromuscular junction by binding to ACH receptors, so ACH cannot?

A

ACH-receptor antagonists

61
Q

What term describes an increase in formation of ROS within the mitochondria, and may cause an adaptive reaction, which produces increased stress resistance and a long-term reduction of oxidative stress?

A

Mitohormesis

62
Q

Serotonin is the primary neurotransmitter used in neuromuscular junctions at motor end plates?

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

63
Q

What is deregulated nutrient sensing a feature of?

A

aging

64
Q

What type of diseases enhance apoptosis of T-helper cells in patients?

A

Autoimmune diseases….HIV

65
Q

When cells build up a resting membrane potential, there should be a high concentration of ____ outside the cell and a high concentration of ____ Inside the cell.

A

Na,

K

66
Q

During acetylcholine secretion, where is the ACH finally released?

A

Synaptic space

67
Q

Why do cell cycles decrease in stem cells in aged cells?

A

More DNA damage and overexpression of INK4A (Cyclin inhibitor)

68
Q

What cell internalizes and degrades cells during apoptosis, preventing inflammation?

A

macrophage

69
Q

Even though cellular senescence can independently occur from DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, telomere shortening, and oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; What can influence the rest to act?

A

Reactive oxygen species

70
Q

What are shorter telomeres associated with at a young age?

A

increased mortality at young age

71
Q

What protein controls expression of genes for antioxidants?

A

p53

72
Q

If the cancer gene being mutated is rare, is the individual at a lower risk of cancer?

A

NO

73
Q

After the release of Ca++ that stimulates muscle contraction, what pumps Ca++ back in the myofibril?

A

Ca pumps in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

74
Q

Which type of mutations mostly affect tumor suppressor genes?

A

inherited mutations

75
Q

What state do cells tend to stay in?

homeostatic, proliferation, or cell death?

A

Homeostatic

76
Q

During what type of cell death will a cell increase in size and lyse?

A

Necrosis

77
Q

What nutrient sensing pathways enhance aging?

A

Anabolic pathways—-(Insulin, Insulin-like growth factor)

78
Q

During acetylcholine secretion, what must initially reach the neuromuscular junction?

A

Nerve impulse

79
Q

What is the most commonly mutated tumor suppressor gene?

A

TP53

80
Q

What do caspases cleave, which in turn lead to apoptosis?

A

Cytoplasmic proteins

81
Q

What contains a death domain that is important in external signaling of apoptosis initiation?

A

Ligands

82
Q

According to stem cells theory of cancer, what should treatment focus on?

A

Eradication of small number of stem cells.

83
Q

During what 2 steps of cancer development is there a recruitment of cells?

A

promotion, Progression.

84
Q

Do senescent cells re-enter the growth cycle?

A

no

85
Q

What is the advantage of having each impulse at the neuromuscular junction being 3 times as much as the end plate potential necessary to stimulate contraction?

A

Safety factor to Prevent repetitive discharge.

86
Q

What type of disease occurs from mutations in apoptotic proteins?

A

Cancer

87
Q

What type of drug must individuals with myasthenia gravis use every few hours in order to function?

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

88
Q

What proteins hide telomere damage from repair mechanisms, contributing to aging?

A

shelterin

89
Q

During acetylcholine secretion, how many vesicles fuse with the terminal membrane?

A

125

90
Q

What type of channels are found in ACH receptors?

A

Chemical gated ion channels:

-With small diameters and negatively charged amino acids at the mouth to keep negative ions out

91
Q

How does a voltage change result in muscle contraction?

A

Voltage change triggers dihydropyridine receptors linked to Ca release channels to release Ca causing a contraction.

92
Q

If the cancer gene being mutated is rare, is the individual at a higher risk of cancer?

A

Yes

93
Q

What can accumulation of oncogenes lead to?

A

Deregulation of the Cell Cycle.

Eventually daughter cell will form tumor.

94
Q

What do ligands, containing a “death domain” activate?

A

caspase 8 or 10

95
Q

what is a loss of protein homeostasis a feature of?

A

aging

96
Q

During acetylcholine secretion, a nerve impulse at the neuromuscular junction causes what channels to open and flux into the presynaptic terminal?

A

Ca Channels

Ca flows in.

97
Q

In what type of diseases does Fas signaling not work?

A

Autoimmune diseases

98
Q

Does hematopoiesis decrease with age?

A

YES

99
Q

Is there a difference in the duration of action potential of a nerve and muscle fiber?

A

YES, MUSCLE=LONGER

100
Q

According to stem cell theory of cancer, what percentage of all cells in the tumor have stem cell activity?

A

<1%

101
Q

During acetylcholine secretion, what attracts the ACH vesicles to the membrane next to the dense bars?

A

Ca

102
Q

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes differ in all of these ways except:
A) Presence/absence of a nucleus.

B) Organization of DNA/RNA.

C) Presence/Absence of membrane-bound organelles.

D) Presence/Absence of ribosomes.

A

D) Presence/Absence of ribosomes.

103
Q

What is found in synaptic space degrading ACH to acetyl-CoA and choline?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

104
Q

What could be weakened and not reach threshold levels with some meds and toxin, such as botox, resulting in paralysis?

A

End Plate Potential

105
Q

How is senescence beneficial for cells?

A

Beneficial for tumor suppression

106
Q

What type of cell death is programmed and self induced?

A

Apoptosis

107
Q

What signals nutrient scarcity and promotes cell survival and catabolism?

A

Sirtuins

108
Q

In what type of cell death are the intracellular contents inflammatory?

A

Necrosis

109
Q

How are cells lost in body?

A

Death, Sloughing off, or injury

110
Q

Does dietary restriction increase likelihood of cellular damage?

A

no

111
Q

What are the 4 causes of cellular senescence?

A

DNA damage
Telomere shortening
Reactive oxygen species
Oncongenes and tumor suppressor genes

112
Q

What triggers apoptosome complex in the cytoplasm during apoptosis initiation?

A

Cytochrome C (from mitochondria)

113
Q

What protein is important for tumor suppressing?

A

p53

114
Q

What induces SIRT1 expression, thus not increasing lifespan?

A

over nutrition.

115
Q

What part of the cell cycle are senescent cells in?

A

G-1

116
Q

What is an altered intracellular communication a feature of?

A

aging

117
Q

What is the biological significance of apoptosis during embryonic development?

A

Forming the digits of the hands and feet.

118
Q

What is mitochondrial dysfunction a feature of?

A

aging

119
Q

Are skeletal muscle fibers innervated by small unmyelinated nerves?

A

NO

120
Q

In what type of cell death will mitochondria release cytochrome c?

A

Apoptosis

121
Q

What leads to the production of reactive oxygen species?

A

mitochondrial dysfunction

122
Q

What may be our body’s defense against stress by stimulating proliferative and survival signals?

A

Reactive oxygen species

123
Q

What ion influx creates a positive potential charge at the postsynaptic muscle fiber known as the END Plate Potential?

A

Na+ Mostly

124
Q

In a normal healthy nervous system, chemical synapses can only transmit a signal in one direction.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

125
Q

What is stem cell exhaustion a feature of?

A

aging

126
Q

What type of signal is apoptosis initiation from ligands activating caspase 8 or 10?

A

External signal

127
Q

what are epigenetic alterations a feature of?

A

aging

128
Q

In what type of cell death will a cell’s plasma membrane bud off?

A

Apoptosis

129
Q

What type of proteins are associated with a loss of stability due to the reduction of them in numbers as we age?

A

Chaperone proteins

130
Q

What causes an altered intracellular communication and thus lead to aging?

A

increases in inflammation

131
Q

What is genomic instability a feature of?

A

Aging

132
Q

What are the 4 steps of cancer development?

A

1) Initiation
2) Promotion—-(Multiple mutations lead to increased # of mutated cells)
3) Progression—(Tumor development)
4) Metastasis——(Tumor cells invasion)

133
Q

How does genomic instability contribute to aging?

A

Loss of DNA repair mechanisms = Aging acceleration

Damage to Nuclear Lamina = increases premature aging.

134
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase degrade acetylcholine into?

A

Acetyl-CoA,

Choline

135
Q

According to the stem cell theory of cancer, are cancer stem cells more likely to be resistant to drugs?

A

YES

136
Q

Does excess reactive oxygen species increase aging?

A

no

137
Q

Where is acetylcholinesterase found?

A

Synaptic cleft

138
Q

Do eukaryotic cell indefinitely divide?

A

no

Cell Physiology final.. (1 decks)

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