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Surgical Procedures I > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Nephrectomy

A
  • total or subtotal removal of the kidney
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2
Q

Kidney Transplant

A
  • to place a healthy kidney from a live or deceased donor into a person whose kidneys no longer function properly
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3
Q

Adrenalectomy (for Wilm’s tumor)

A
  • to remove the adrenal gland that has the tumor
  • partial or total excision of one or both adrenal glands, usually performed because of a benign, malignant, or metastatic tumor
  • be gentle when retracting during surgery
  • if both are taken pt. will likely be on daily meds forever
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4
Q

Ureteroscopy

A
  • a procedure in which a small scope is inserted into the bladder and ureter and it is used to diagnose and treat
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5
Q

Ureteropyelithotomy

A
  • open or laparoscopic surgical removal of a stone from the ureter
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6
Q

TUR-BT

A
  • Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT)
  • a procedure in which bladder tumors can be removed from the bladder wal
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7
Q

Cystectomy with Creation of Ileal Conduit

A
  • A cystectomy is surgery to remove the bladder.
    • In men, the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles and lymph nodes are removed.
    • In women, the bladder and lymph nodes are removed. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and urethra may also be removed.
  • An ileal conduit, also called a urostomy, is a way to redirect urine to drain through a small opening in the abdomen called a “stoma” During surgery, a short piece of the small intestine (ileum) is connected to the ureters. One end of the conduit will be closed and the other end will be pulled through the skin of your abdomen to make the new stoma.
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8
Q

Suspension (TVT Sling)

A
  • Tension-free vaginal tape
  • polypropylene-meshed tape, placed mid urethra
  • used for urinary incontinenece
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9
Q

TURP

A
  • Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgery used to treat urinary problems due to an enlarged prostate
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10
Q

Prostate Seeding

A
  • Radioactive seed implants are a form of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Brachytherapy, or internal radiation therapy, are also terms used to describe this procedure
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11
Q

Circumcision

A
  • Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin covering the tip of the penis
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12
Q

Epispadius Repair

A
  • epispadias is a congential condition of the urethra
  • there are 3 types
  • this is the repairing of the condition
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13
Q

Hypospadius Repair

A
  • repair of the congential condition of the urethra hypospadias
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14
Q

Penile Implant Insertion

A
  • A penile prosthesis is another treatment option for men with erectile dysfunction. These devices are either malleable (bendable) or inflatable. The simplest type of prosthesis consists of a pair of malleable rods surgically implanted within the erection chambers of the penis
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15
Q

Penectomy

A
  • surgical amputation of the penis
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16
Q

Hydrocelectomy

A
  • Hydrocelectomy is surgery to remove a hydrocele. A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac inside the scrotum
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17
Q

Orchiopexy

A
  • cryptorchidism occurs whn one or both testicles fail to descend into the scotum after the first yr of life
  • Surgery to move an undescended testicle into the scrotum
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18
Q

Orchiectomy

A
  • surgical removal of one or both testicles
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19
Q

Double Baloon Davis Catheter

A
  • diagnostic Foley catheter that aids in the diagnosis of urethral diverticula
  • Urethral diverticula are pouch-like enlargements that can develop along the bladder and urethra and can cause urinary tract infections, incontinence, post-emptying leakage, and abdominal pain among other symptoms
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20
Q

Micturation

A

urination

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21
Q

Hematuria

A

blood in urine

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22
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

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23
Q

Azotemia/Uremia

A

presence of nitrogenous wastes in blood

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24
Q

Nocturia

A

frequent nighttime urination

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25
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary urination

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26
Q

Polyuria/Diuresis

A

increased urine output

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27
Q

Oliguria

A

decreased urine output

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28
Q

Urgency

A

strong desire to urinate

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29
Q

Bacteremia

A

WBCs in urine

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30
Q

Albuminuria

A

presence of albumin in urine

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31
Q

K.U.B.

A
  • Diagnostic test
  • a flat plate= regular x-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (kidney stones show up on here)
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32
Q

I.V.P.

A
  • Diagnostic test
  • Intra-venous pyelogram- regular x-ray of the kindneys, ureters, and bladder after injection of a radiopaque dye (contrast) into the venous system
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33
Q

R.P.G.

A
  • Retrograde Pyelogram
  • typically done intra-operatively during cystoscopy; involves injection of a radiopaque dye (contrast) through the bladder into the ureters
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34
Q

Hypospadias

A
  • An abnormal congential opening of the male urethra upon the undersurface of the penis
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35
Q

Epispadias

A
  • An abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra upon the dorsum of the penis
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36
Q

Chordee

A
  • painful downward curvature of the penis during erection; it occurs in congenital anomaly (hypospadia), in urethral infections (e.g. gonorrhea), or Peyronie’s plaque
37
Q

Peyronie’s Plaque

A
  • A dorsal deformity or curvature of the penis caused by fibrous tissue or “plaque” within the tunica albuginea (superficial fascia that surrounds the corpora cavernosa)
38
Q

Phimosis

A
  • stenosis or narrowing of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis
39
Q

Paraphimosis

A
  • Strangulation of the glans penis due to retraction of a narrowed or inflamed foreskin
40
Q

Priaprism

A
  • Abnormal, painful, and continued erection of the penis caused by disease, occurring usually without sexual desire
41
Q

Balantitis

A
  • Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis
42
Q

Orchitis

A
  • Inflammation of the testis due to trauma, ischemia, metastasis, mumps, or infection elsewhere in the body
43
Q

Epididymitis

A
  • Inflammation of the epididymis, usually as a result of infection
44
Q

Prostatitis

A
  • Inflammation of the prostate, usually as a result of infection
45
Q

Hydrocele

A
  • the accumulation of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis testes
46
Q

Spermatocele

A
  • a cystic tumor of the epididymis containing spermatozoa and seminal plasma
47
Q

Variococele

A
  • enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord, commonly occurring above the left testicle
48
Q

Testicular Torsion

A
  • A twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis. Two types”
    • extravaginal- less common; occurs almost exclusively in neonates, hwen the testicle and the fascial tunicae thta surround it rotate around the spermatic cord well above the tunica vaginalis
    • intravaginal- much more common, especially adolescents and young adults; typically the testis rotate about the distal spermatic cord.
49
Q

French size

A
  • the larger the number is, the bigger around it is
50
Q
A
  • Robinson catheter
  • non-retaining
  • drain bladder, that’s it (in & out)
51
Q
A
  • Coude catheter
  • non-retaining
52
Q
A
  • Whistle tip catheter
  • non-retaining
53
Q
A
  • Multieyed catheter
  • non-retaining
54
Q
A
  • indwelling/self-retaining catheter
  • 16 Fr is the standard adult size, 5cc baloon
  • can drain bladder and inflate balloon
55
Q
A
  • Indwelling/ Self-retaining
  • 30 cc balloon
  • can drain, inflate, irrigate
  • We use when doing a TURP, big balloon provides hemostasis when prostate comes out
56
Q
A
  • Pezzer (mushroom)
  • Malecot (4-winged)
  • Self-retaining
  • drain suprapubicly
  • drain bladder or kidney
  • diverting from normal path
  • can also be used as gastroscopy tube
57
Q

Stent can be used for

A
  • ureteral catheter
  • identify, shoot x-ray
58
Q

The Urinary system consists of:

A
  • Kidneys
  • renal pelvis
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
  • (all retroperitoneum)
59
Q

The main funtion of the urinary system is:

A
  • Producing urine
  • getting rid of nitrogenous wastes
60
Q

renal function requires a…

A
  • low-pressure, obstruction free transport and storage system from the renal pelvis to the urethral meatus
  • basic plumbing system
61
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • they are NOT a part of the urinary system (they are part of the endocrine system)
  • pathological conditions: addison’s disease and cushing’s syndrome- remove adrenal gland
62
Q

Kidney

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • receivs some protection from the lower part of the rib cage
63
Q

Hilus/ Hilum

A
  • indention or cleft on the medial side of each kidney where the major structures enter and exit the kidney
    • renal artery- comes off the aorta-coming
    • renal vein- drains into the inferior vena cava –leaving
    • the ureter- leaving
64
Q

external kidney

A
  • covered by 3 separate layers
    • renal capsule- fibrous, transparent innermost layer
    • adipose tissue- protective padding, helps hold kidney in place-mid layer
    • renal fascia (Gerota’s fascia)- fibro-ereolar, connective tissue, anchors kidneys to surrounding organs- outermost layer
65
Q

Internal kidney

A
  • renal pelvis- first opening
  • renal medulla- branches
  • renal cortex- outermost portion
    • most important area because nephrons live here!
      • nephrons= blood-processing and urine producing basic units
66
Q

Ureter

A
  • travels down to the bladder, taking a medial turn and coursing obliquley through the posteriot bladder wall. this prevents backflow of urine
  • as urine enters the renal pelvis, peristaltic waves are initiated, forcing urine into the ureter and then into the bladder
67
Q

3 areas of potential stricture of ureter due to anatomy

A
  • uretero-pelvic junction (UJP)- (renal pelvis& ureter)
  • crossing over and under the iliac ateries
  • uretero-vesicular junction (UVJ)- vesicle= bladder

(common sites for lodging stones)

68
Q

Bladder

(vesicle, cyst-)

A
  • muscular sac located retroperitoneally, just posterior to the symphysis pubis
  • interior bladder has 2 openings for ureters and 1 opening for the urethra
  • Trigone- triangular region outlined by the three interior openings, also a pooling area for urine, increasing chance of bladder infection
69
Q

Urinary Bladder is composed of 4 layers

A
  1. fibrous adventita- outerlayer
  2. muscular layer= Detrusor muscle- very important in process of urination (micturation)
    1. have nerve endings goes to brain and goes to the external sphincter where you have control
  3. connective tissue mucosa-middle layer
  4. mucosa of transitional epithelium- inner layer
70
Q

Urethra has 2 sphincters

A
  • internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
  • external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
71
Q

Urethra femal vs. male

A
  • Female: shorter, more likely to have bladder infections
  • Male: has 3 areas
    • prostatic urethra- 2.5 cm long
    • membranous urethra- 2 cm long
    • penile urethra- 15cm long (depends)
  • also serves a double funtion- carrying semen and urine out of body
72
Q

Types of renal failure

A
  • Acute
  • Chronic
73
Q

Acute renal failure

A
  • is reversible
    • pre-renal- hypovolemia, dehydration, hemmorrhage, burns, heart failure, septicemia
    • intra-renal- glomerulonephritis, renal ischemia, pylonephritis, nephro-toxic agents
    • post-renal- ureteral obstruction, tumors, bladder outlet syndrome
74
Q

Chronic renal failure

A
  • non-reversible
  • progressive
  • end-stage renal failure= 10-15% of normal glomerular fultration rate (GFR) left
  • just need one working kidney though!
75
Q

Pathologies that can cause renal failure

A
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
  • Mercury poisoning
  • Hydronephrosis
  • Pylonephritis
76
Q

Renal calculi= Nephrolithiasis= kidney stone

A
  • one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract
  • men affected more than women
77
Q

Types of Kidney stones

Which one is most common?

A
  • Calcium (oxalate or Phosphate)- most common, get them down south because of diet
  • Magnesium Ammonium Phospate (struvite or staghorn)
  • uric acid- not visible on x-ray
  • cystine
78
Q

How do you deal with a kidney stone specimen?

A
  • always in a dry container
79
Q

Renal Colic

A
  • the colicky pain accompanying urinary obstruction due to stones- excrutiating!!!!
80
Q

The male reproductive system consists of

A
  • 2 testes
  • 2 epididymides
  • 2 vas deferens
  • 2 seminal vesicles
  • 2 ejaculatory ducts
  • 2 bulbourethral glands (cowpers glands)
  • 1 prostate gland
  • 1 urethra
  • 1 penis
81
Q

Scrotum

A
  • pouch of skin and superficial fascia.
  • superficial fascia forms an incomplete septum, dividing the scrotum into right and left halves, each housing a testicle (testes)
  • changes in scrotal surface help maintain a fairly constant intra-scotal temp.
82
Q

Cremaster muscle

A
  • of the scrotum
  • bands of skeletal muscle arising from the internal oblique muscle which elevates the scrotum in cold temps and lovers it in warmer temps
  • sperm need a specific temp
83
Q

Vas Deferens

A
  • (ductus deferens)
  • lies within the spermatic cord
  • spermatic cord also contains veins, arteries, lymphatics, nerves and surrounding connective tissue (cremaster muscle) which gives support to the testes
  • the end portion of each vas deferens is called the ejaculatory duct
84
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • ducts found, bilaterally, at the base of the bladder on the backside
  • these join with the vas deferend on the same side to form the ejaculatory duct
  • sperm and seminal fluid mix in the ejaculatory duct and enter the prostatic urethra during ejaculation
85
Q

Bulbo-urethral gland (Cowper’s gland)

A
  • secretes pre-ejaculate
  • has no sperm in it
  • urine is acidic, it preps the urethra for the sperm to make it more alkaline
86
Q

Penis

A
  • has 2 outer bodies called the right corpus cavernosum and left corpus cavernosum and an inner body, the copus spongiosum.
  • these tissue fill with blood during an erection
  • can have fractured penis
87
Q

Prostate gland

A
  • size of a walnut
  • 2 major regions
    • the peripheral zone and the central zone (aka intra-urethral lobe- right and left lateral). BPH-benign prostatic hypertrophy generally occurs in this area
    • prostate enlarges with age
  • lobes of the prostate secrete highly alkaline fluid
88
Q

Normal sperm count

A
  • 50-200 million per ml with 60-80% motility

Surgical Procedures I (5 decks)

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